PSR J0030+0451 Mass and Radius from NICER Data and Implications for the Properties of Neutron Star Matter

Miller, M. C.; Lamb, F. K.; Dittmann, A. J.; Bogdanov, S.; Arzoumanian, Z.; Gendreau, K. C.; Guillot, S.; Harding, A. K.; Ho, W. C.  G.; Lattimer, J. M.; Ludlam, R. M.; Mahmoodifar, S.; Morsink, S. M.; Ray, P. S.; Strohmayer, T. E.; Wood, K. S.; Enoto, T.; Foster, R.; Okajima, T.; Prigozhin, G.; Soong, Y.

doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ab50c5

Title: PSR J0030+0451 Mass and Radius from NICER Data and Implications for the Properties of Neutron Star Matter

Abstract

Neutron stars are not only of astrophysical interest, but are also of great interest to nuclear physicists because their attributes can be used to determine the properties of the dense matter in their cores. One of the most informative approaches for determining the equation of state (EoS) of this dense matter is to measure both a star's equatorial circumferential radius R_e and its gravitational mass M. Here we report estimates of the mass and radius of the isolated 205.53 Hz millisecond pulsar PSR J0030+0451 obtained using a Bayesian inference approach to analyze its energy-dependent thermal X-ray waveform, which was observed using the Neutron Star Interior Composition Explorer (NICER). This approach is thought to be less subject to systematic errors than other approaches for estimating neutron star radii. We explored a variety of emission patterns on the stellar surface. In this work, our best-fit model has three oval, uniform-temperature emitting spots and provides an excellent description of the pulse waveform observed using NICER. The radius and mass estimates given by this model are $${R}_{e}={13.02}_{-1.06}^{+1.24}$$ km and $$M={1.44}_{-0.14}^{+0.15}\,{M}_{\odot }$$ (68%). The independent analysis reported in the companion paper by Riley et al. explores different emitting spot models, but finds spot shapes and locations and estimates of R_e and M that are consistent with those found in this work. We show that our measurements of R_e and M for PSR J0030+0451 improve the astrophysical constraints on the EoS of cold, catalyzed matter above nuclear saturation density.

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Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD (United States). Dept. of Astronomy and Joint Space-Science Institute
Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL (United States). Center for Theoretical Astrophysics and Dept. of Physics; Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL (United States). Dept. of Astronomy
Columbia Univ., New York, NY (United States). Columbia Astrophysics Lab
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD (United States). X-Ray Astrophysics Lab
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) (France); Univ. of Toulouse (France)
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD (United States). Astrophysics Science Div.
Haverford College, Haverford, PA (United States). Dept. of Physics and Astronomy; Univ. of Southampton (United Kingdom)
Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (United States). Dept. of Physics and Astronomy
California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA (United States). Cahill Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics
Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD (United States). Dept. of Astronomy and Joint Space-Science Institute; NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD (United States). Astrophysics Science Div.
Univ. of Alberta, Edmonton, AB (Canada)
U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC (United States). Space Science Div.
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD (United States). Astrophysics Science Division and Joint Space-Science Institute
Naval Research Lab. (NRL), Washington, DC (United States)
Kyoto Univ. (Japan)
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA (United States). MIT Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research

Publication Date:: Thu Dec 12 00:00:00 EST 2019

Research Org.:: State Univ. of New York (SUNY), Albany, NY (United States); Research Foundation of New York, NY (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA); National Science Foundation (NSF); USDOE Office of Science (SC), Nuclear Physics (NP)

OSTI Identifier:: 1800655

Alternate Identifier(s):: OSTI ID: 1864796

Grant/Contract Number:: FG02-87ER40317; NSF PHY-1748958; 80NSSC17K0554; HST-HF2-51440.001

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: The Astrophysical Journal. Letters (Online)

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Name: The Astrophysical Journal. Letters (Online); Journal Volume: 887; Journal Issue: 1; Journal ID: ISSN 2041-8213

Publisher:: IOP Publishing

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS; X-ray sources; Millisecond pulsars; Neutron stars; Neutron star cores

Citation Formats


                    Miller, M. C., Lamb, F. K., Dittmann, A. J., Bogdanov, S., Arzoumanian, Z., Gendreau, K. C., Guillot, S., Harding, A. K., Ho, W. C.  G., Lattimer, J. M., Ludlam, R. M., Mahmoodifar, S., Morsink, S. M., Ray, P. S., Strohmayer, T. E., Wood, K. S., Enoto, T., Foster, R., Okajima, T., Prigozhin, G., and Soong, Y. PSR J0030+0451 Mass and Radius from NICER Data and Implications for the Properties of Neutron Star Matter.  United States: N. p., 2019. 
Web.  doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ab50c5.

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                    Miller, M. C., Lamb, F. K., Dittmann, A. J., Bogdanov, S., Arzoumanian, Z., Gendreau, K. C., Guillot, S., Harding, A. K., Ho, W. C.  G., Lattimer, J. M., Ludlam, R. M., Mahmoodifar, S., Morsink, S. M., Ray, P. S., Strohmayer, T. E., Wood, K. S., Enoto, T., Foster, R., Okajima, T., Prigozhin, G., & Soong, Y. PSR J0030+0451 Mass and Radius from NICER Data and Implications for the Properties of Neutron Star Matter.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab50c5

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                    Miller, M. C., Lamb, F. K., Dittmann, A. J., Bogdanov, S., Arzoumanian, Z., Gendreau, K. C., Guillot, S., Harding, A. K., Ho, W. C.  G., Lattimer, J. M., Ludlam, R. M., Mahmoodifar, S., Morsink, S. M., Ray, P. S., Strohmayer, T. E., Wood, K. S., Enoto, T., Foster, R., Okajima, T., Prigozhin, G., and Soong, Y. Thu .  
"PSR J0030+0451 Mass and Radius from NICER Data and Implications for the Properties of Neutron Star Matter".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab50c5.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1800655.

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@article{osti_1800655,

  title        = {PSR J0030+0451 Mass and Radius from NICER Data and Implications for the Properties of Neutron Star Matter},

  author       = {Miller, M. C. and Lamb, F. K. and Dittmann, A. J. and Bogdanov, S. and Arzoumanian, Z. and Gendreau, K. C. and Guillot, S. and Harding, A. K. and Ho, W. C.  G. and Lattimer, J. M. and Ludlam, R. M. and Mahmoodifar, S. and Morsink, S. M. and Ray, P. S. and Strohmayer, T. E. and Wood, K. S. and Enoto, T. and Foster, R. and Okajima, T. and Prigozhin, G. and Soong, Y.},

  abstractNote = {Neutron stars are not only of astrophysical interest, but are also of great interest to nuclear physicists because their attributes can be used to determine the properties of the dense matter in their cores. One of the most informative approaches for determining the equation of state (EoS) of this dense matter is to measure both a star's equatorial circumferential radius Re and its gravitational mass M. Here we report estimates of the mass and radius of the isolated 205.53 Hz millisecond pulsar PSR J0030+0451 obtained using a Bayesian inference approach to analyze its energy-dependent thermal X-ray waveform, which was observed using the Neutron Star Interior Composition Explorer (NICER). This approach is thought to be less subject to systematic errors than other approaches for estimating neutron star radii. We explored a variety of emission patterns on the stellar surface. In this work, our best-fit model has three oval, uniform-temperature emitting spots and provides an excellent description of the pulse waveform observed using NICER. The radius and mass estimates given by this model are ${R}_{e}={13.02}_{-1.06}^{+1.24}$ km and $M={1.44}_{-0.14}^{+0.15}\,{M}_{\odot }$ (68%). The independent analysis reported in the companion paper by Riley et al. explores different emitting spot models, but finds spot shapes and locations and estimates of Re and M that are consistent with those found in this work. We show that our measurements of Re and M for PSR J0030+0451 improve the astrophysical constraints on the EoS of cold, catalyzed matter above nuclear saturation density.},

  doi          = {10.3847/2041-8213/ab50c5},

  journal      = {The Astrophysical Journal. Letters (Online)},

  number       = 1,

  volume       = 887,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Thu Dec 12 00:00:00 EST 2019},

  month        = {Thu Dec 12 00:00:00 EST 2019}

}

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Works referencing / citing this record:

A NICER View of PSR J0030+0451: Evidence for a Global-scale Multipolar Magnetic Field
journal, December 2019

Bilous, A. V.; Watts, A. L.; Harding, A. K.
The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 887, Issue 1
DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/ab53e7

A NICER View of PSR J0030+0451: Implications for the Dense Matter Equation of State
journal, December 2019

Raaijmakers, G.; Riley, T. E.; Watts, A. L.
The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 887, Issue 1
DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/ab451a

Constraining the Neutron Star Mass-Radius Relation and Dense Matter Equation of State with NICER. I. The Millisecond Pulsar X-ray Data Set
text, January 2019

Bogdanov, Slavko; Guillot, Sebastien; Ray, Paul S.
arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.1912.05706

A NICER view of PSR J0030+0451: Implications for the dense matter equation of state
text, January 2019

Raaijmakers, G.; Riley, T. E.; Watts, A. L.
arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.1912.05703

Constraining the Neutron Star Mass–Radius Relation and Dense Matter Equation of State with NICER . I. The Millisecond Pulsar X-Ray Data Set
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A NICER View of PSR J0030+0451: Millisecond Pulsar Parameter Estimation
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Alvarez‐Castillo, David Edwin; Antoniadis, John; Ayriyan, Alexander
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On the Possibility of GW190425 Being a Black Hole–Neutron Star Binary Merger
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Kyutoku, Koutarou; Fujibayashi, Sho; Hayashi, Kota
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de Lima, Rafael C. R.; Coelho, Jaziel G.; Pereira, Jonas P.
The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 889, Issue 2
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Constraining the Neutron Star Mass–Radius Relation and Dense Matter Equation of State with NICER . II. Emission from Hot Spots on a Rapidly Rotating Neutron Star
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Bogdanov, Slavko; Lamb, Frederick K.; Mahmoodifar, Simin
The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 887, Issue 1
DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/ab5968

On the possibility of GW190425 being a black hole--neutron star binary merger
text, January 2020

Kyutoku, Koutarou; Fujibayashi, Sho; Hayashi, Kota
arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.2001.04474

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Both the mass and radius of the millisecond pulsar PSR J0030+0451 have been inferred via pulse-profile modeling of X-ray data obtained by NASA’s Neutron Star Interior Composition Explorer (NICER) mission. In this letter we study the implications of the mass–radius inference reported for this source by Riley et al. for the dense matter equation of state (EoS), in the context of prior information from nuclear physics at low densities. Using a Bayesian framework we infer central densities and EoS properties for two choices of high-density extensions: a piecewise-polytropic model and a model based on assumptions of the speed of soundmore »« less
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Title: PSR J0030+0451 Mass and Radius from NICER Data and Implications for the Properties of Neutron Star Matter

Abstract

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New Neutron Star Equation of State with Quark-Hadron Crossover
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Light Curves for Rapidly-Rotating Neutron Stars
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New Neutron Star Equation of State with Quark–Hadron Crossover
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Equation of state sensitivities when inferring neutron star and dense matter properties
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The Nearest Millisecond Pulsar Revisited with XMM-Newton: Improved Mass-Radius Constraints for PSR J0437-4715
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Thermal X‐Rays from Millisecond Pulsars: Constraining the Fundamental Properties of Neutron Stars
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Causal Representations of Neutron-Star Equations of State
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Detection of Reflection Features in the Neutron Star Low-mass X-Ray Binary Serpens X-1 with NICER
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Equation of state sensitivities when inferring neutron star and dense matter properties
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A unified equation of state of dense matter and neutron star structure
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GW170817: Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Neutron Star Inspiral
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