The Synthesis of New Neutron-Rich Heavy Nuclei

Loveland, Walter David

doi:10.3389/fphy.2019.00023

Title: The Synthesis of New Neutron-Rich Heavy Nuclei

Abstract

All the known isotopes of the elements Fm through Og are neutron-deficient relative to β-stability. In this contribution, I discuss two methods of producing more n-rich heavy nuclei, i.e., the use of radioactive nuclear beams (RNBs) and the use of multi-nucleon transfer (MNT) reactions. In the former case, I discuss recent studies of the interaction of ^39,46K with ¹⁸¹Ta and their implications for the synthesis of more n-rich isotopes of Bh and Hs. In the case of MNT reactions, I discuss recent results for the reaction of ¹³⁶Xe with ²⁰⁸Pb, ²⁰⁴Hg + ¹⁹⁸Pt, and ¹³⁶Xe + ¹⁹⁸Pt. I compare measured distributions of the target-like fragments (TLFs) and projectile-like fragments (PLFs) with current models of MNT reactions.

Authors:

Loveland, Walter David ^[1]

Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR (United States)

Publication Date:: Fri Mar 08 00:00:00 EST 2019

Research Org.:: Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: National Science Foundation (NSF); USDOE Office of Science (SC), Nuclear Physics (NP)

OSTI Identifier:: 1612159

Grant/Contract Number:: SC0014380; 1505043-PHY

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Frontiers in Physics

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 7; Journal ID: ISSN 2296-424X

Publisher:: Frontiers Research Foundation

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSICS; physics; heavy ion collisions; multi-nucleon transfer reactions; GRAZING model; DNS model; ImQMD model; TDHF model; radioactive nuclear beams

Citation Formats


                    Loveland, Walter David. The Synthesis of New Neutron-Rich Heavy Nuclei.  United States: N. p., 2019. 
Web.  doi:10.3389/fphy.2019.00023.

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                    Loveland, Walter David. The Synthesis of New Neutron-Rich Heavy Nuclei.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.3389/fphy.2019.00023

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                    Loveland, Walter David. Fri .  
"The Synthesis of New Neutron-Rich Heavy Nuclei".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.3389/fphy.2019.00023.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1612159.

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@article{osti_1612159,

  title        = {The Synthesis of New Neutron-Rich Heavy Nuclei},

  author       = {Loveland, Walter David},

  abstractNote = {All the known isotopes of the elements Fm through Og are neutron-deficient relative to β-stability. In this contribution, I discuss two methods of producing more n-rich heavy nuclei, i.e., the use of radioactive nuclear beams (RNBs) and the use of multi-nucleon transfer (MNT) reactions. In the former case, I discuss recent studies of the interaction of 39,46K with 181Ta and their implications for the synthesis of more n-rich isotopes of Bh and Hs. In the case of MNT reactions, I discuss recent results for the reaction of 136Xe with 208Pb, 204Hg + 198Pt, and 136Xe + 198Pt. I compare measured distributions of the target-like fragments (TLFs) and projectile-like fragments (PLFs) with current models of MNT reactions.},

  doi          = {10.3389/fphy.2019.00023},

  journal      = {Frontiers in Physics},

  number       = ,

  volume       = 7,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Fri Mar 08 00:00:00 EST 2019},

  month        = {Fri Mar 08 00:00:00 EST 2019}

}

Copy to clipboard

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Adamian, G. G.; Antonenko, N. V.; Diaz-Torres, A.
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${}^{136}{Xe} + {}^{208}{Pb}$ reaction: A test of models of multinucleon transfer reactions

Journal Article Barrett, J. S. ; Loveland, W. ; Yanez, R. ; ... - Physical Review. C, Nuclear Physics

The yields of over 200 projectile-like fragments (PLFs) and target-like fragments (TLFs) from the interaction of (E-c.m. = 450 MeV) Xe-136 with a thick target of Pb-208 were measured using Gammasphere and off-line gamma-ray spectroscopy, giving a comprehensive picture of the production cross sections in this reaction. The measured yields were compared to predictions of the GRAZING model and the predictions of Zagrebaev and Greiner using a quantitative metric, the theory evaluation factor tef. The GRAZING model predictions are adequate for describing the yields of nuclei near the target or projectile but they grossly underestimate the yields of all othermore »« less
https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.91.064615
High-spin structure of ${}^{134}{Xe}$

Journal Article Vogt, A. ; Birkenbach, B. ; Reiter, P. ; ... - Physical Review C

Detailed spectroscopic information on the N~82 nuclei is necessary to benchmark shell-model calculations in the region. The nuclear structure above long-lived isomers in ¹³⁴Xe is investigated after multinucleon transfer (MNT) and actinide fission. Xenon-134 was populated as (i) a transfer product in ¹³⁶Xe+²³⁸U and ¹³⁶Xe+²⁰⁸Pb MNT reactions and (ii) as a fission product in the ¹³⁶Xe+²³⁸U reaction employing the high-resolution Advanced Gamma Tracking Array (AGATA). Trajectory reconstruction has been applied for the complete identification of beamlike transfer products with the magnetic spectrometer PRISMA. The ¹³⁶Xe+¹⁹⁸Pt MNT reaction was studied with the γ-ray spectrometer GAMMASPHERE in combination with the gas detectormore »« less
Cited by 10
https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.93.054325

Full Text Available
Nuclear Data Sheets for A=266,270,274,278,282,286,290,294,298☆

Journal Article Singh, Balraj - Nuclear Data Sheets

Spectroscopic information such as production, identification, half-lives, decay modes and possible excited states for experimentally known nuclides of mass numbers 266, 270, 274, 278, 282, 286, 290, 294, and 298 are presented together with the recommended values, superseding information and data in the previous ENSDF and NDS evaluation by 2005Gu33. No nuclides have yet been identified for A=302. In the last 14 years, large amounts of new and definitive data on the superheavy nuclides (SHN) have become available, thus changing almost entirely the landscape of nuclear data in this mass region, as also indicated by a number of recent reviewmore »« less
https://doi.org/10.1016/J.NDS.2019.02.004
Modeling multi-nucleon transfer in symmetric collisions of massive nuclei

Journal Article Welsh, T. ; Loveland, W. ; Yanez, R. ; ... - Physics Letters B

We propose symmetric collisions of massive nuclei, such as ²³⁸U + ²⁴⁸Cm, as ways to make new n-rich heavy nuclei via multi-nucleon transfer (MNT) reactions. We have measured the yields of several projectile-like and target-like fragments from the reaction of 1360 MeV ²⁰⁴Hg + ¹⁹⁸Pt. We also find that current models for this symmetric collision (GRAZING, DNS, ImQMD) significantly underestimate the yields of these transfer products, even for small transfers.
Cited by 48
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2017.05.044

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Title: The Synthesis of New Neutron-Rich Heavy Nuclei

Abstract

Citation Formats

Optimal incident energies for production of neutron-deficient actinide nuclei in the reaction Ni 58 + U 238 journal, April 2017

Time-dependent Hartree-Fock calculations for multinucleon transfer processes in 40 , 48 Ca+ 124 Sn, 40 Ca+ 208 Pb, and 58 Ni+ 208 Pb reactions journal, July 2013

Nucleus-Nucleus Potential Deduced from Experimental Fusion Cross Sections journal, August 1977

Development of the detector system for β -decay spectroscopy at the KEK Isotope Separation System journal, June 2016

Search for Superheavy Elements in the Bombardment of Cm 248 with Ca 48 journal, August 1977

Dynamical deformation of nuclei in deep-inelastic collisions: A gamma coincidence study of 130Te+275 MeV 64Ni and 208Pb+345 MeV 58Ni heavy ion reactions journal, January 2010

Actinide collisions for QED and superheavy elements with the time-dependent Hartree-Fock theory and the Balian-Vénéroni variational principle journal, January 2011

Predicting the production of neutron-rich heavy nuclei in multinucleon transfer reactions using a semi-classical model including evaporation and fission competition, GRAZING-F journal, April 2015

Gamma coincidence study of 208Pb+350 MeV 64Ni collisions journal, September 2003

Properties of the hypothetical spherical superheavy nuclei journal, August 1997

Production cross sections of neutron-rich No 261 − 263 isotopes journal, May 2017

Theoretical study on production cross sections of exotic actinide nuclei in multinucleon transfer reactions journal, November 2017

Actinide production in reactions of heavy ions with Cm 248 journal, April 1986

Beta-decay spectroscopy of r-process nuclei around N = 126 journal, January 2016

Isomers and high-spin structures in the N = 81 isotones Xe 135 and Ba 137 journal, February 2017

Time-dependent Hartree-Fock calculations for multinucleon transfer and quasifission processes in the Ni 64 + U 238 reaction journal, May 2016

Observation of an isomeric state in Au 197 journal, August 2006

Capture cross sections for the synthesis of new heavy nuclei using radioactive beams journal, February 2018

α -decay energies of superheavy nuclei: Systematic trends journal, January 2019

Fusion enhancement in the S 38 + Pb 208 reaction journal, October 2006

Xe 136 + Pb 208 reaction: A test of models of multinucleon transfer reactions journal, June 2015

On the synthesis of neutron-rich isotopes along the N = 126 shell in multinucleon transfer reactions journal, October 2014

Syntheses of transuranium isotopes with atomic numbers Z≤ 103 in multi-nucleon transfer reactions journal, December 2015

Modeling multi-nucleon transfer in symmetric collisions of massive nuclei journal, August 2017

New way for the production of heavy neutron-rich nuclei journal, September 2008

Multi-quasiparticle states in 184 W via multi-nucleon transfer journal, June 2004

Production of neutron-rich transcalifornium nuclei in U 238 -induced transfer reactions journal, November 2016

Production of heavy and superheavy neutron-rich nuclei in transfer reactions journal, April 2011

On the synthesis of neutron-rich isotopes along the N = 126 shell in multinucleon transfer reactions text, January 2015

SPIRAL2 at GANIL: A world leading ISOL facility at the dawn of the next decade journal, July 2007

A novel approach to the island of stability of super-heavy elements search journal, January 2016

The reaction238U +238U at 7.42MeV/u journal, June 1979

Microscopic description of production cross sections including deexcitation effects journal, July 2017

Comment on “Possibility of synthesizing a doubly magic superheavy nucleus” journal, June 2007

Quantum molecular dynamics study of the mass distribution of products in 7.0 A MeV U 238 + U 238 collisions journal, November 2009

Production mechanism of new neutron-rich heavy nuclei in the Xe 136 + 198 Pt reaction journal, January 2018

Influence of neutron excess of projectile on multinucleon transfer reactions journal, October 2018

Synthesis of transactinide nuclei using radioactive beams journal, July 2007

Production of neutron-rich Pt 209 – 212 isotopes based on a dinuclear system model journal, July 2018

Study of collisions of 136Xe+198Pt for the KEK isotope separator journal, December 2013

Modeling near-barrier collisions of heavy ions based on a Langevin-type approach journal, August 2017

Multinucleon transfer reactions – a pathway to new heavy and superheavy nuclei? journal, May 2018

Mechanism of multinucleon transfer reaction based on the GRAZING model and DNS model journal, October 2017

Covariant density functional theory: Reexamining the structure of superheavy nuclei journal, November 2015

Sub-barrier quasifission in heavy element formation reactions with deformed actinide target nuclei journal, February 2018

Ba 136 studied via deep-inelastic collisions: Identification of the ( ν h 11 ∕ 2 ) 10 + − 2 isomer journal, February 2004

Production of neutron-rich isotopes around N = 126 in multinucleon transfer reactions journal, February 2017

Dissipation, polarization and fluctuation in grazing heavy-ion collisions and the boundary to the chaotic regime journal, November 1995

Production mechanism of neutron-rich transuranium nuclei in U 238 + U 238 collisions at near-barrier energies journal, August 2015

Radiochemical study of the kinematics of multi-nucleon transfer reactions in 48Ca + 248Cm collisions 10% above the Coulomb barrier journal, May 2017

Multinucleon transfer in the Xe 136 + Pb 208 reaction journal, January 2016

Population of 195Os via a deep-inelastic reaction conference, January 2004

Actinide Production in Collisions of U 238 with Cm 248 journal, March 1982

Dependence of actinide production on the mass number of the projectile: Xe + 248 Cm journal, January 1987

Synthetic Paths to the Heaviest Elements journal, March 2013

Production cross sections for exotic nuclei with multinucleon transfer reactions journal, September 2018

The time scale of quasifission process in reactions with heavy ions journal, May 2014

Experimental Search for Super and Hyper Heavy Nuclei at Cyclotron Institute Texas A\&M University journal, January 2014

Production of heavy neutron-rich nuclei in transfer reactions within the dinuclear system model journal, June 2015

Bombarding-energy dependence of the Bi 209 + Xe 136 reaction journal, July 1980

Low-energy collisions of heavy nuclei: dynamics of sticking, mass transfer and fusion journal, October 2006

Bi 209 + Xe 136 reaction at E lab = 1422 MeV journal, November 1981

Present status of the KISS project conference, January 2018

Charge and mass transfer in the reaction136Xe+208Pb at energies close to the coulomb barrier journal, September 1979

Study of multi-nucleon transfer reactions in 58, 64Ni + 207Pb collisions at the velocity filter SHIP journal, September 2013

Pathway for the Production of Neutron-Rich Isotopes around the N = 126 Shell Closure journal, October 2015

Nuclear Properties for Astrophysical and Radioactive-Ion-Beam Applications journal, July 1997

Production of New Heavy Isotopes in Low-Energy Multinucleon Transfer Reactions journal, September 2008

Search for Heavy and Superheavy systems in 197 Au + 232 Th Collisions near the Coulomb Barrier journal, September 2011

Theoretical study on production of heavy neutron-rich isotopes around the N = 126 shell closure in radioactive beam induced transfer reactions journal, April 2017

Production of unknown neutron-rich isotopes in U 238 + U 238 collisions at near-barrier energy journal, August 2016

High-spin states following multi-nucleon transfer journal, November 2000

The Super Separator Spectrometer S 3 and the associated detection systems: SIRIUS & LEB-REGLIS3 journal, June 2016

Yrast states in 194 Os : The prolate-oblate transition region journal, December 2000

Mass distributions of the system 136 Xe + 208 Pb at laboratory energies around the Coulomb barrier: A candidate reaction for the production of neutron-rich nuclei at N = 126 journal, October 2012

Possibilities of production of neutron-rich Md isotopes in multi-nucleon transfer reactions journal, December 2016

Grazing reactions in collisions between heavy nuclei journal, May 1994

Optimal incident energies for production of neutron-deficient actinide nuclei in the reaction ${}^{58}{Ni} + {}^{238}U$
journal, April 2017

Time-dependent Hartree-Fock calculations for multinucleon transfer processes in $^{40, 48}$ Ca+ $^{124}$ Sn, $^{40}$ Ca+ $^{208}$ Pb, and $^{58}$ Ni+ $^{208}$ Pb reactions
journal, July 2013

Nucleus-Nucleus Potential Deduced from Experimental Fusion Cross Sections
journal, August 1977

Development of the detector system for $β$ -decay spectroscopy at the KEK Isotope Separation System
journal, June 2016

Search for Superheavy Elements in the Bombardment of ${}^{248}{Cm}$ with ${}^{48}{Ca}$
journal, August 1977

Dynamical deformation of nuclei in deep-inelastic collisions: A gamma coincidence study of 130Te+275 MeV 64Ni and 208Pb+345 MeV 58Ni heavy ion reactions
journal, January 2010

Actinide collisions for QED and superheavy elements with the time-dependent Hartree-Fock theory and the Balian-Vénéroni variational principle
journal, January 2011

Predicting the production of neutron-rich heavy nuclei in multinucleon transfer reactions using a semi-classical model including evaporation and fission competition, GRAZING-F
journal, April 2015

Gamma coincidence study of 208Pb+350 MeV 64Ni collisions
journal, September 2003

Properties of the hypothetical spherical superheavy nuclei
journal, August 1997

Production cross sections of neutron-rich ${}^{261 - 263}{No}$ isotopes
journal, May 2017

Theoretical study on production cross sections of exotic actinide nuclei in multinucleon transfer reactions
journal, November 2017

Actinide production in reactions of heavy ions with ${}^{248}{Cm}$
journal, April 1986

Beta-decay spectroscopy of r-process nuclei around N = 126
journal, January 2016

Isomers and high-spin structures in the $N = 81$ isotones ${}^{135}{Xe}$ and ${}^{137}{Ba}$
journal, February 2017

Time-dependent Hartree-Fock calculations for multinucleon transfer and quasifission processes in the ${}^{64}{Ni} + {}^{238}U$ reaction
journal, May 2016

Observation of an isomeric state in ${}^{197}{Au}$
journal, August 2006

Capture cross sections for the synthesis of new heavy nuclei using radioactive beams
journal, February 2018

$α$ -decay energies of superheavy nuclei: Systematic trends
journal, January 2019

Fusion enhancement in the ${}^{38}S + {}^{208}{Pb}$ reaction
journal, October 2006

${}^{136}{Xe} + {}^{208}{Pb}$ reaction: A test of models of multinucleon transfer reactions
journal, June 2015

On the synthesis of neutron-rich isotopes along the N = 126 shell in multinucleon transfer reactions
journal, October 2014

Syntheses of transuranium isotopes with atomic numbers Z≤ 103 in multi-nucleon transfer reactions
journal, December 2015

Modeling multi-nucleon transfer in symmetric collisions of massive nuclei
journal, August 2017

New way for the production of heavy neutron-rich nuclei
journal, September 2008

Multi-quasiparticle states in 184 W via multi-nucleon transfer
journal, June 2004

Production of neutron-rich transcalifornium nuclei in ${}^{238}U$ -induced transfer reactions
journal, November 2016

Production of heavy and superheavy neutron-rich nuclei in transfer reactions
journal, April 2011

On the synthesis of neutron-rich isotopes along the N = 126 shell in multinucleon transfer reactions
text, January 2015

SPIRAL2 at GANIL: A world leading ISOL facility at the dawn of the next decade
journal, July 2007

A novel approach to the island of stability of super-heavy elements search
journal, January 2016

The reaction238U +238U at 7.42MeV/u
journal, June 1979

Microscopic description of production cross sections including deexcitation effects
journal, July 2017

Comment on “Possibility of synthesizing a doubly magic superheavy nucleus”
journal, June 2007

Quantum molecular dynamics study of the mass distribution of products in $7.0 A$ MeV ${}^{238}U + {}^{238}U$ collisions
journal, November 2009

Production mechanism of new neutron-rich heavy nuclei in the ${}^{136}{Xe} +^{198} Pt$ reaction
journal, January 2018

Influence of neutron excess of projectile on multinucleon transfer reactions
journal, October 2018

Synthesis of transactinide nuclei using radioactive beams
journal, July 2007

Production of neutron-rich ${}^{209 – 212}{Pt}$ isotopes based on a dinuclear system model
journal, July 2018

Study of collisions of 136Xe+198Pt for the KEK isotope separator
journal, December 2013

Modeling near-barrier collisions of heavy ions based on a Langevin-type approach
journal, August 2017

Multinucleon transfer reactions – a pathway to new heavy and superheavy nuclei?
journal, May 2018

Mechanism of multinucleon transfer reaction based on the GRAZING model and DNS model
journal, October 2017

Covariant density functional theory: Reexamining the structure of superheavy nuclei
journal, November 2015

Sub-barrier quasifission in heavy element formation reactions with deformed actinide target nuclei
journal, February 2018

${}^{136}{Ba}$ studied via deep-inelastic collisions: Identification of the ${(ν h_{11 ∕ 2})}_{10 +}^{- 2}$ isomer
journal, February 2004

Production of neutron-rich isotopes around $N = 126$ in multinucleon transfer reactions
journal, February 2017

Dissipation, polarization and fluctuation in grazing heavy-ion collisions and the boundary to the chaotic regime
journal, November 1995

Production mechanism of neutron-rich transuranium nuclei in ${}^{238}U + {}^{238}U$ collisions at near-barrier energies
journal, August 2015

Radiochemical study of the kinematics of multi-nucleon transfer reactions in 48Ca + 248Cm collisions 10% above the Coulomb barrier
journal, May 2017

Multinucleon transfer in the ${}^{136}{Xe} + {}^{208}{Pb}$ reaction
journal, January 2016

Population of 195Os via a deep-inelastic reaction
conference, January 2004

Actinide Production in Collisions of ${}^{238}U$ with ${}^{248}{Cm}$
journal, March 1982

Dependence of actinide production on the mass number of the projectile: Xe $+^{248}$ Cm
journal, January 1987

Synthetic Paths to the Heaviest Elements
journal, March 2013

Production cross sections for exotic nuclei with multinucleon transfer reactions
journal, September 2018

The time scale of quasifission process in reactions with heavy ions
journal, May 2014

Experimental Search for Super and Hyper Heavy Nuclei at Cyclotron Institute Texas A\&M University
journal, January 2014

Production of heavy neutron-rich nuclei in transfer reactions within the dinuclear system model
journal, June 2015

Bombarding-energy dependence of the ${}^{209}{Bi}$ + ${}^{136}{Xe}$ reaction
journal, July 1980

Low-energy collisions of heavy nuclei: dynamics of sticking, mass transfer and fusion
journal, October 2006

${}^{209}{Bi}$ + ${}^{136}{Xe}$ reaction at $E_{lab} = 1422$ MeV
journal, November 1981

Present status of the KISS project
conference, January 2018

Charge and mass transfer in the reaction136Xe+208Pb at energies close to the coulomb barrier
journal, September 1979

Study of multi-nucleon transfer reactions in 58, 64Ni + 207Pb collisions at the velocity filter SHIP
journal, September 2013

Pathway for the Production of Neutron-Rich Isotopes around the $N = 126$ Shell Closure
journal, October 2015

Nuclear Properties for Astrophysical and Radioactive-Ion-Beam Applications
journal, July 1997

Production of New Heavy Isotopes in Low-Energy Multinucleon Transfer Reactions
journal, September 2008

Search for Heavy and Superheavy systems in ¹⁹⁷ Au + ²³² Th Collisions near the Coulomb Barrier
journal, September 2011

Theoretical study on production of heavy neutron-rich isotopes around the N = 126 shell closure in radioactive beam induced transfer reactions
journal, April 2017

Production of unknown neutron-rich isotopes in ${}^{238}U + {}^{238}U$ collisions at near-barrier energy
journal, August 2016

High-spin states following multi-nucleon transfer
journal, November 2000

The Super Separator Spectrometer $S^{3}$ and the associated detection systems: SIRIUS & LEB-REGLIS3
journal, June 2016

Yrast states in $^{194} Os :$ The prolate-oblate transition region
journal, December 2000

Mass distributions of the system $^{136} Xe +^{208}$ Pb at laboratory energies around the Coulomb barrier: A candidate reaction for the production of neutron-rich nuclei at $N = 126$
journal, October 2012

Possibilities of production of neutron-rich Md isotopes in multi-nucleon transfer reactions
journal, December 2016

Grazing reactions in collisions between heavy nuclei
journal, May 1994

Mechanisms of very heavy-ion collisions: The 209Bi + 136Xe reaction at ELab = 1130 MeV
journal, September 1978

Theoretical predictions on production of neutron-deficient nuclei with Z ≥ 93 in multinucleon transfer reactions
journal, August 2017

High-Spin states following multi-nucleon transfer
journal, October 1997