Figure the impact of steel microstructure and heat treatment on the formation of white etching cracks
Abstract
White etching crack (WECs) associated macro-pitting is a dominant mode of damage within wind turbine gearbox bearings. This damage is characterized by broadly branching crack networks surrounded by local regions of microstructural alterations. The definitive cause of WECs in the field is unknown; therefore, the implementation of effective mitigation techniques has proven difficult. The current work utilized an accelerated benchtop testing technique in order to quantify differences in performance between through-hardened AISI 52100 steel and carburized AISI 3310 steel. It was found that the carburized AISI 3310 steel demonstrated a more than twofold increase in the time elapsed until WEC macro-pitting damage occurred compared to the through-hardened AISI 52100 steel samples.
- Authors:
-
- Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States)
- Timken Company World Headquarters, North Canton, OH (United States)
- Publication Date:
- Research Org.:
- Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States)
- Sponsoring Org.:
- The Timken Company; USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Renewable Power Office. Wind Energy Technologies Office
- OSTI Identifier:
- 1557843
- Grant/Contract Number:
- AC02-06CH11357
- Resource Type:
- Accepted Manuscript
- Journal Name:
- Tribology International
- Additional Journal Information:
- Journal Volume: 134; Journal Issue: C; Journal ID: ISSN 0301-679X
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
- Subject:
- 36 MATERIALS SCIENCE; bearing; carburization; microstructural alterations; premature fatigue; white etching cracks
Citation Formats
Gould, Benjamin, Paladugu, Mohanchand, Demas, Nicholaos G., Greco, Aaron C., and Hyde, R. Scott. Figure the impact of steel microstructure and heat treatment on the formation of white etching cracks. United States: N. p., 2019.
Web. doi:10.1016/j.triboint.2019.02.003.
Gould, Benjamin, Paladugu, Mohanchand, Demas, Nicholaos G., Greco, Aaron C., & Hyde, R. Scott. Figure the impact of steel microstructure and heat treatment on the formation of white etching cracks. United States. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2019.02.003
Gould, Benjamin, Paladugu, Mohanchand, Demas, Nicholaos G., Greco, Aaron C., and Hyde, R. Scott. Wed .
"Figure the impact of steel microstructure and heat treatment on the formation of white etching cracks". United States. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2019.02.003. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1557843.
@article{osti_1557843,
title = {Figure the impact of steel microstructure and heat treatment on the formation of white etching cracks},
author = {Gould, Benjamin and Paladugu, Mohanchand and Demas, Nicholaos G. and Greco, Aaron C. and Hyde, R. Scott},
abstractNote = {White etching crack (WECs) associated macro-pitting is a dominant mode of damage within wind turbine gearbox bearings. This damage is characterized by broadly branching crack networks surrounded by local regions of microstructural alterations. The definitive cause of WECs in the field is unknown; therefore, the implementation of effective mitigation techniques has proven difficult. The current work utilized an accelerated benchtop testing technique in order to quantify differences in performance between through-hardened AISI 52100 steel and carburized AISI 3310 steel. It was found that the carburized AISI 3310 steel demonstrated a more than twofold increase in the time elapsed until WEC macro-pitting damage occurred compared to the through-hardened AISI 52100 steel samples.},
doi = {10.1016/j.triboint.2019.02.003},
journal = {Tribology International},
number = C,
volume = 134,
place = {United States},
year = {Wed Feb 06 00:00:00 EST 2019},
month = {Wed Feb 06 00:00:00 EST 2019}
}
Free Publicly Available Full Text
Publisher's Version of Record
Other availability
Search WorldCat to find libraries that may hold this journal
Cited by: 13 works
Citation information provided by
Web of Science
Web of Science
Save to My Library
You must Sign In or Create an Account in order to save documents to your library.
Works referenced in this record:
Material wear and fatigue in wind turbine Systems
journal, April 2013
- Greco, A.; Sheng, S.; Keller, J.
- Wear, Vol. 302, Issue 1-2
Solute redistribution in the nanocrystalline structure formed in bearing steels
journal, October 2013
- Kang, J.-H.; Hosseinkhani, B.; Williams, C.A.
- Scripta Materialia, Vol. 69, Issue 8, p. 630-633
Electron microscopy investigations of microstructural alterations due to classical Rolling Contact Fatigue (RCF) in martensitic AISI 52100 bearing steel
journal, May 2017
- Šmeļova, Viktorija; Schwedt, Alexander; Wang, Ling
- International Journal of Fatigue, Vol. 98
Microstructural changes in White Etching Cracks (WECs) and their relationship with those in Dark Etching Region (DER) and White Etching Bands (WEBs) due to Rolling Contact Fatigue (RCF)
journal, July 2017
- Šmeļova, Viktorija; Schwedt, Alexander; Wang, Ling
- International Journal of Fatigue, Vol. 100
Deformation-induced amorphization and austenitization in white etching area of a martensite bearing steel under rolling contact fatigue
journal, December 2017
- Su, Yun-Shuai; Li, Shu-Xin; Lu, Si-Yuan
- International Journal of Fatigue, Vol. 105
The Influence of Sliding and Contact Severity on the Generation of White Etching Cracks
journal, October 2015
- Gould, Benjamin; Greco, Aaron
- Tribology Letters, Vol. 60, Issue 2, Article No. 29
EBSD investigation of the crack initiation and TEM/FIB analyses of the microstructural changes around the cracks formed under Rolling Contact Fatigue (RCF)
journal, March 2010
- Grabulov, A.; Petrov, R.; Zandbergen, H. W.
- International Journal of Fatigue, Vol. 32, Issue 3, p. 576-583
TEM/SEM investigation of microstructural changes within the white etching area under rolling contact fatigue and 3-D crack reconstruction by focused ion beam
journal, October 2007
- Grabulov, A.; Ziese, U.; Zandbergen, H. W.
- Scripta Materialia, Vol. 57, Issue 7
Sub-Surface Initiated Rolling Contact Fatigue—Influence of Non-Metallic Inclusions, Processing History, and Operating Conditions
journal, January 2010
- Lund, Thore B.; Beswick, John; Dean, S. W.
- Journal of ASTM International, Vol. 7, Issue 5
White-Etching Matter in Bearing Steel. Part II: Distinguishing Cause and Effect in Bearing Steel Failure
journal, July 2014
- Solano-Alvarez, W.; Bhadeshia, H. K. D. H.
- Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, Vol. 45, Issue 11
Steels for bearings
journal, February 2012
- Bhadeshia, H. K. D. H.
- Progress in Materials Science, Vol. 57, Issue 2
Serial sectioning investigation of butterfly and white etching crack (WEC) formation in wind turbine gearbox bearings
journal, April 2013
- Evans, M.-H.; Richardson, A. D.; Wang, L.
- Wear, Vol. 302, Issue 1-2, p. 1573-1582
Characterisation of white etching crack damage in wind turbine gearbox bearings
journal, September 2015
- Bruce, T.; Rounding, E.; Long, H.
- Wear, Vol. 338-339
Investigating the Process of White Etching Crack Initiation in Bearing Steel
journal, April 2016
- Gould, Benjamin; Greco, Aaron
- Tribology Letters, Vol. 62, Issue 2, Article No. 26
Influence of Currents from Electrostatic Charges on WEC Formation in Rolling Bearings
journal, June 2016
- Loos, Joerg; Bergmann, Iris; Goss, Matthias
- Tribology Transactions, Vol. 59, Issue 5
Effects of wind shear on wind turbine rotor loads and planetary bearing reliability: Pitch moments as contributors to wind turbine bearing failure
journal, July 2015
- Gould, B. J.; Burris, D. L.
- Wind Energy, Vol. 19, Issue 6
The Cause of Premature Wind Turbine Bearing Failures: Overloading or Underloading?
journal, April 2018
- Garabedian, Nikolay T.; Gould, Benjamin J.; Doll, Gary L.
- Tribology Transactions, Vol. 61, Issue 5
Reproduction of white etching cracks under rolling contact loading on thrust bearing and two-disc test rigs
journal, November 2017
- Gutiérrez Guzmán, F.; Oezel, M.; Jacobs, G.
- Wear, Vol. 390-391
Multiscale characterization of White Etching Cracks (WEC) in a 100Cr6 bearing from a thrust bearing test rig
journal, January 2017
- Danielsen, H. K.; Guzmán, F. Gutiérrez; Dahl, K. V.
- Wear, Vol. 370-371
The Evolution of White Etching Cracks (WECs) in Rolling Contact Fatigue-Tested 100Cr6 Steel
journal, November 2017
- Richardson, A. D.; Evans, M. -H.; Wang, L.
- Tribology Letters, Vol. 66, Issue 1
Thermal Desorption Analysis of Hydrogen in Non-hydrogen-Charged Rolling Contact Fatigue-Tested 100Cr6 Steel
journal, November 2017
- Richardson, A. D.; Evans, M. -H.; Wang, L.
- Tribology Letters, Vol. 66, Issue 1
Empirical Investigation of Electricity Self-Generation in a Lubricated Sliding–Rolling Contact
journal, July 2017
- Ščepanskis, Mihails; Gould, Benjamin; Greco, Aaron
- Tribology Letters, Vol. 65, Issue 3
Confirming subsurface initiation at non-metallic inclusions as one mechanism for white etching crack (WEC) formation
journal, July 2014
- Evans, M. -H.; Richardson, A. D.; Wang, L.
- Tribology International, Vol. 75
The Effect of Lubricant Composition on White Etching Crack Failures
journal, November 2018
- Gould, Benjamin; Demas, Nicholaos G.; Pollard, Grant
- Tribology Letters, Vol. 67, Issue 1
The effect of over-based calcium sulfonate detergent additives on white etching crack (WEC) formation in rolling contact fatigue tested 100Cr6 steel
journal, May 2019
- Richardson, A. D.; Evans, M. -H.; Wang, L.
- Tribology International, Vol. 133
The origins of white etching cracks and their significance to rolling bearing failures
journal, March 2019
- Manieri, Francesco; Stadler, Kenred; Morales-Espejel, Guillermo E.
- International Journal of Fatigue, Vol. 120
The Effects of Hydrogen on Microstructural Change and Surface Originated Flaking in Rolling Contact Fatigue
journal, January 2011
- Uyama, Hideyuki; Yamada, Hiroki; Hidaka, Hideyuki
- Tribology Online, Vol. 6, Issue 2
The influence of hydrogen on rolling contact fatigue life and its improvement
journal, July 2003
- Kino, N.
- JSAE Review, Vol. 24, Issue 3
Occurrence of brittle flaking on bearings used for automotive electrical instruments and auxiliary devices
journal, November 1996
- Tamada, K.; Tanaka, H.
- Wear, Vol. 199, Issue 2, p. 245-252
The effect of hydrogen on the rolling contact fatigue life of AISI 52100 and 440C steel balls
journal, April 1973
- Ciruna, J. A.; Szieleit, H. J.
- Wear, Vol. 24, Issue 1
The Formation of Hydrogen Peroxide on Fresh Metal Surfaces
journal, March 1953
- Grunberg, L.
- Proceedings of the Physical Society. Section B, Vol. 66, Issue 3
Quantifying diffused hydrogen in AISI-52100 bearing steel and in silver steel under tribo-mechanical action: Pure rotating bending, sliding–rotating bending, rolling–rotating bending and uni-axial tensile loading
journal, July 2006
- Imran, Tajammal; Jacobson, Bo; Shariff, Asad
- Wear, Vol. 261, Issue 1
Hydrogen embrittlement of a stainless ball bearing steel
journal, December 1980
- Ray, D.; Vincent, L.; Coquillet, B.
- Wear, Vol. 65, Issue 1
A Novel Method to Evaluate the Influence of Hydrogen on Fatigue Properties of High Strength Steels
journal, January 2006
- Matsubara, Y.; Hamada, H.
- Journal of ASTM International, Vol. 3, Issue 2
Hydrogen-enhanced dislocation emission, motion and nucleation of hydrogen-induced cracking for steel
journal, October 1997
- Lü, Hong; Li, Midan; Zhang, Tiancheng
- Science in China Series E: Technological Sciences, Vol. 40, Issue 5
Effect of hydrogen on Mode II fatigue crack behavior of tempered bearing steel and microstructural changes
journal, June 2010
- Fujita, Shinji; Matsuoka, Saburo; Murakami, Yukitaka
- International Journal of Fatigue, Vol. 32, Issue 6
Effect of hydrogen on butterfly and white etching crack (WEC) formation under rolling contact fatigue (RCF)
journal, August 2013
- Evans, M. -H.; Richardson, A. D.; Wang, L.
- Wear, Vol. 306, Issue 1-2
Understanding white etching cracks in rolling element bearings: The effect of hydrogen charging on the formation mechanisms
journal, February 2014
- Ruellan, Arnaud; Ville, Fabrice; Kleber, Xavier
- Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology, Vol. 228, Issue 11
White etching crack (WEC) investigation by serial sectioning, focused ion beam and 3-D crack modelling
journal, September 2013
- Evans, M. -H.; Wang, L.; Jones, H.
- Tribology International, Vol. 65
White etching matter promoted by intergranular embrittlement
journal, March 2017
- Paladugu, Mohanchand; Scott Hyde, R.
- Scripta Materialia, Vol. 130
Microstructure deformation and white etching matter formation along cracks
journal, November 2017
- Paladugu, Mohanchand; Hyde, R. Scott
- Wear, Vol. 390-391
Microstructural evolution in bearing steel under rolling contact fatigue
journal, June 2017
- Li, Shu-Xin; Su, Yun-Shuai; Shu, Xue-Dao
- Wear, Vol. 380-381
Formation of white etching cracks at manganese sulfide (MnS) inclusions in bearing steel due to hammering impact loading: White etching crack formation in bearing steel
journal, January 2016
- Bruce, T.; Long, H.; Slatter, T.
- Wind Energy, Vol. 19, Issue 10
An analysis of premature cracking associated with microstructural alterations in an AISI 52100 failed wind turbine bearing using X-ray tomography
journal, March 2017
- Gould, Benjamin; Greco, Aaron; Stadler, Kenred
- Materials & Design, Vol. 117
Using advanced tomography techniques to investigate the development of White Etching Cracks in a prematurely failed field bearing
journal, December 2017
- Gould, Benjamin; Greco, Aaron; Stadler, Kenred
- Tribology International, Vol. 116
Effect of retained austenite – Compressive residual stresses on rolling contact fatigue life of carburized AISI 8620 steel
journal, June 2015
- Shen, Yi; Moghadam, Sina Mobasher; Sadeghi, Farshid
- International Journal of Fatigue, Vol. 75
Surface processing to improve the fatigue resistance of advanced bar steels for automotive applications
journal, December 2005
- Matlock, David K.; Alogab, Khaled A.; Richards, Mark D.
- Materials Research, Vol. 8, Issue 4
Investigations of Bearing Failures Associated with White Etching Areas (WEAs) in Wind Turbine Gearboxes
journal, November 2013
- Errichello, Robert; Budny, Robert; Eckert, Rainer
- Tribology Transactions, Vol. 56, Issue 6
Investigation of Microstructural Alterations in Low- and High-Speed Intermediate-Stage Wind Turbine Gearbox Bearings
journal, May 2017
- Singh, Harpal; Pulikollu, Raja V.; Hawkins, Wayne
- Tribology Letters, Vol. 65, Issue 3
White structure flaking (WSF) in wind turbine gearbox bearings: effects of ‘butterflies’ and white etching cracks (WECs)
journal, January 2012
- Evans, M-H
- Materials Science and Technology, Vol. 28, Issue 1
Works referencing / citing this record:
The state-of-art of microstructural evolution of bearing materials under Rolling Contact Fatigue
journal, October 2019
- Zheng, Xiaomeng; Zhang, Yongzhen; Du, Sanming
- Materials Science and Technology, Vol. 36, Issue 2