Enhancement in Oxygen Reduction Reaction Activity of Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanostructures in Acidic Media through Chloride-Ion Exposure

Jain, Deeksha; Mamtani, Kuldeep; Gustin, Vance; Gunduz, Seval; Celik, Gokhan; Waluyo, Iradwikanari; Hunt, Adrian; Co, Anne C.; Ozkan, Umit S.

doi:10.1002/celc.201800134

Title: Enhancement in Oxygen Reduction Reaction Activity of Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanostructures in Acidic Media through Chloride-Ion Exposure

Abstract

Abstract Nitrogen‐doped carbon nanostructures (CN _x ) are promising cathode materials as catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells. Incorporation of chlorine into CN _x catalysts using a facile methodology can lead to a significant improvement in the ORR activity in acidic media, as confirmed by electrochemical half‐cell measurements. The chlorine‐containing CN _x catalyst (CN _x −Cl) is synthesized by soaking CN _x powder in 0.3 M HCl. The analysis of near‐edge X‐ray absorption fine structure spectra collected in the C K‐edge region and Fourier‐transform infrared spectra confirm the formation of C−Cl bonds in CN _x −Cl. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results reveal the presence of three distinct chlorine species in the CN _x −Cl sample: (i) organic chlorine (C−Cl), (ii) anionic chloride in the positively charged environment of a pyridinium ring (N ⁺ Cl ⁻ ), and (iii) physisorbed ionic chloride. Results from temperature‐programmed desorption studies under inert atmosphere corroborate the conclusions from XPS depth profiling analysis. The improvement in ORR activity after exposure of the CN _x catalyst to chloride anions can be attributed to themore »« less

Authors:

Jain, Deeksha ^[1]; Mamtani, Kuldeep ^[1]; Gustin, Vance ^[1]; Gunduz, Seval ^[1]; Celik, Gokhan ^[1]; Waluyo, Iradwikanari ^[2]; Hunt, Adrian ^[2]; Co, Anne C. ^[3];

^[1]

The Ohio State Univ., Columbus, OH (United States). William G. Lowrie Dept. of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
Brookhaven National Lab. (BNL), Upton, NY (United States). National Synchrotron Light Source II (NSLS-II)
The Ohio State Univ., Columbus, OH (United States). Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry

Publication Date:: Tue May 08 00:00:00 EDT 2018

Research Org.:: Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES)

OSTI Identifier:: 1480962

Alternate Identifier(s):: OSTI ID: 1493472

Report Number(s):: BNL-209368-2018-JAAM
Journal ID: ISSN 2196-0216

Grant/Contract Number:: SC0012704; FG02-07ER15896

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: ChemElectroChem

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 5; Journal Issue: 14; Journal ID: ISSN 2196-0216

Publisher:: ChemPubSoc Europe

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

Citation Formats


                    Jain, Deeksha, Mamtani, Kuldeep, Gustin, Vance, Gunduz, Seval, Celik, Gokhan, Waluyo, Iradwikanari, Hunt, Adrian, Co, Anne C., and Ozkan, Umit S. Enhancement in Oxygen Reduction Reaction Activity of Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanostructures in Acidic Media through Chloride-Ion Exposure.  United States: N. p., 2018. 
Web.  doi:10.1002/celc.201800134.

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                    Jain, Deeksha, Mamtani, Kuldeep, Gustin, Vance, Gunduz, Seval, Celik, Gokhan, Waluyo, Iradwikanari, Hunt, Adrian, Co, Anne C., & Ozkan, Umit S. Enhancement in Oxygen Reduction Reaction Activity of Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanostructures in Acidic Media through Chloride-Ion Exposure.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1002/celc.201800134

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                    Jain, Deeksha, Mamtani, Kuldeep, Gustin, Vance, Gunduz, Seval, Celik, Gokhan, Waluyo, Iradwikanari, Hunt, Adrian, Co, Anne C., and Ozkan, Umit S. Tue .  
"Enhancement in Oxygen Reduction Reaction Activity of Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanostructures in Acidic Media through Chloride-Ion Exposure".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1002/celc.201800134.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1480962.

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@article{osti_1480962,

  title        = {Enhancement in Oxygen Reduction Reaction Activity of Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanostructures in Acidic Media through Chloride-Ion Exposure},

  author       = {Jain, Deeksha and Mamtani, Kuldeep and Gustin, Vance and Gunduz, Seval and Celik, Gokhan and Waluyo, Iradwikanari and Hunt, Adrian and Co, Anne C. and Ozkan, Umit S.},

  abstractNote = {Abstract Nitrogen‐doped carbon nanostructures (CN x ) are promising cathode materials as catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells. Incorporation of chlorine into CN x catalysts using a facile methodology can lead to a significant improvement in the ORR activity in acidic media, as confirmed by electrochemical half‐cell measurements. The chlorine‐containing CN x catalyst (CN x −Cl) is synthesized by soaking CN x powder in 0.3 M HCl. The analysis of near‐edge X‐ray absorption fine structure spectra collected in the C K‐edge region and Fourier‐transform infrared spectra confirm the formation of C−Cl bonds in CN x −Cl. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results reveal the presence of three distinct chlorine species in the CN x −Cl sample: (i) organic chlorine (C−Cl), (ii) anionic chloride in the positively charged environment of a pyridinium ring (N + Cl − ), and (iii) physisorbed ionic chloride. Results from temperature‐programmed desorption studies under inert atmosphere corroborate the conclusions from XPS depth profiling analysis. The improvement in ORR activity after exposure of the CN x catalyst to chloride anions can be attributed to the creation of C−Cl functionalities as additional active sites. The difference in the electronegativity of C and Cl atoms results in a net positive charge on adjacent carbon sites, leading to the side‐on adsorption of oxygen molecules and breakage of the O−O bond during ORR.},

  doi          = {10.1002/celc.201800134},

  journal      = {ChemElectroChem},

  number       = 14,

  volume       = 5,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Tue May 08 00:00:00 EDT 2018},

  month        = {Tue May 08 00:00:00 EDT 2018}

}

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Nitrogen‐doped Carbon–CoO _x Nanohybrids: A Precious Metal Free Cathode that Exceeds 1.0 W cm ⁻² Peak Power and 100 h Life in Anion‐Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells

Journal Article Peng, Xiong ; Omasta, Travis J. ; Magliocca, Emanuele ; ... - Angewandte Chemie

Abstract Efficient and durable nonprecious metal electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction (ORR) are highly desirable for several electrochemical devices, including anion exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs). Here, a 2D planar electrocatalyst with CoO _x embedded in nitrogen‐doped graphitic carbon (N‐C‐CoO _x ) was created through the direct pyrolysis of a metal–organic complex with a NaCl template. The N‐C‐CoO _x catalyst showed high ORR activity, indicated by excellent half‐wave (0.84 V vs. RHE) and onset (1.01 V vs. RHE) potentials. This high intrinsic activity was also observed in operating AEMFCs where the kinetic current was 100 mA cm ⁻²more »« less
https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.201811099
Nitrogen‐doped Carbon–CoO _x Nanohybrids: A Precious Metal Free Cathode that Exceeds 1.0 W cm ⁻² Peak Power and 100 h Life in Anion‐Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells

Journal Article Peng, Xiong ; Omasta, Travis J. ; Magliocca, Emanuele ; ... - Angewandte Chemie (International Edition)

Abstract Efficient and durable nonprecious metal electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction (ORR) are highly desirable for several electrochemical devices, including anion exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs). Here, a 2D planar electrocatalyst with CoO _x embedded in nitrogen‐doped graphitic carbon (N‐C‐CoO _x ) was created through the direct pyrolysis of a metal–organic complex with a NaCl template. The N‐C‐CoO _x catalyst showed high ORR activity, indicated by excellent half‐wave (0.84 V vs. RHE) and onset (1.01 V vs. RHE) potentials. This high intrinsic activity was also observed in operating AEMFCs where the kinetic current was 100 mA cm ⁻²more »« less
Cited by 104
https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201811099

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Citation Formats

Comparison of experimental and density functional study on the molecular structure, infrared and Raman spectra and vibrational assignments of 6-chloronicotinic acid journal, December 2008

Revealing the Role of Catalysts in Carbon Nanotubes and Nanofibers by Scanning Transmission X-ray Microscopy journal, January 2014

Nitrogen doped graphitic carbon ribbons from cellulose as non noble metal catalyst for oxygen reduction reaction journal, August 2016

Nitrogen and Chlorine Dual-doped Mesoporous Carbon as Efficient Nonprecious Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Reduction Reaction Both in Alkaline and Acidic Electrolytes journal, September 2014

Activity and stability of non-precious metal catalysts for oxygen reduction in acid and alkaline electrolytes journal, October 2010

Use of carbon monoxide and cyanide to probe the active sites on nitrogen-doped carbon catalysts for oxygen reduction journal, February 2012

Solution phase synthesis of halogenated graphene and the electrocatalytic activity for oxygen reduction reaction journal, June 2014

Halogenation of Graphene with Chlorine, Bromine, or Iodine by Exfoliation in a Halogen Atmosphere journal, January 2013

Near-Edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure Spectroscopy as a Tool for Investigating Nanomaterials journal, January 2006

In Search of the Active Site in Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanotube Electrodes for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction journal, August 2010

Counterion exchange at the surface of polyelectrolyte multilayer film for wettability modulation journal, January 2009

Advantages of soft X-ray absorption over TEM-EELS for solid carbon studies––a comparative study on diesel soot with EELS and NEXAFS journal, January 2005

The second order Raman spectroscopy in carbon crystallinity journal, February 2004

The effect of phosphorus in nitrogen-containing carbon nanostructures on oxygen reduction in PEM fuel cells journal, October 2010

Probing the Oxygen Reduction Reaction Active Sites over Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanostructures (CN x ) in Acidic Media Using Phosphate Anion journal, September 2016

Edge-Selectively Halogenated Graphene Nanoplatelets (XGnPs, X = Cl, Br, or I) Prepared by Ball-Milling and Used as Anode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries journal, September 2014

Methanol Tolerance of CN x Oxygen Reduction Catalysts journal, November 2007

Fluorine-Doped Carbon Blacks: Highly Efficient Metal-Free Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction journal, July 2013

Edge-halogenated graphene nanoplatelets with F, Cl, or Br as electrocatalysts for all-vanadium redox flow batteries journal, August 2016

Highly Active Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanotubes for Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Fuel Cell Applications journal, August 2009

Nitrogen-doped Fe/Fe 3 C@graphitic layer/carbon nanotube hybrids derived from MOFs: efficient bifunctional electrocatalysts for ORR and OER journal, January 2015

Nitrogen-doped graphene nanosheet-supported non-precious iron nitride nanoparticles as an efficient electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction journal, January 2011

Fe-based electrocatalysts made with microporous pristine carbon black supports for the reduction of oxygen in PEM fuel cells journal, November 2008

Synthesis and electrochemical properties of poly (2-ethynylpyridine) functionalized graphene nanosheets journal, August 2015

Vertically Aligned BCN Nanotubes as Efficient Metal-Free Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction: A Synergetic Effect by Co-Doping with Boron and Nitrogen journal, October 2011

Enhancement of electron field emission of nitrogenated carbon nanotubes on chlorination journal, February 2009

Direct evaluation of the sp3 content in diamond-like-carbon films by XPS journal, October 1998

Synthesis of highly nitrogen-doped hollow carbon nanoparticles and their excellent electrocatalytic properties in dye-sensitized solar cells journal, January 2010

The influence of activated carbon surface chemical composition on the adsorption of acetaminophen (paracetamol) in vitro journal, February 2001

Recent Advances in Heteroatom-Doped Metal-Free Electrocatalysts for Highly Efficient Oxygen Reduction Reaction journal, January 2015

XPS Studies of Some Chemically Synthesized Polypyrrole–Organic Acceptor Complexes journal, October 1988

Nitrogen and Fluorine co-doped carbon catalyst with high oxygen reduction performance, prepared by pyrolyzing a mixture of melamine and PTFE journal, November 2015

Iron-based Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction in PEM Fuel Cells: Expanded Study Using the Pore-filling Method conference, January 2009

Heteroatom-Doped Carbon Nanostructures as Oxygen Reduction Reaction Catalysts in Acidic Media: An Overview journal, November 2014

Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering enhancement of thymine adsorbed on graphene oxide journal, May 2014

Doping carbons beyond nitrogen: an overview of advanced heteroatom doped carbons with boron, sulphur and phosphorus for energy applications journal, January 2013

Studies of oxygen reduction reaction active sites and stability of nitrogen-modified carbon composite catalysts for PEM fuel cells journal, March 2010

Hierarchically porous fluorine-doped graphene nanosheets as efficient metal-free electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction in gas diffusion electrode journal, March 2017

Nitrogen-Doped Graphene as Efficient Metal-Free Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Reduction in Fuel Cells journal, February 2010

CO Poisoning Effects on FeNC and CN x ORR Catalysts: A Combined Experimental–Computational Study journal, July 2016

Superior Thermal Conductivity of Single-Layer Graphene journal, March 2008

Synergistic effects of dopants on the spin density of catalytic active centres of N-doped fluorinated graphene for oxygen reduction reaction journal, December 2015

Electrolyte effects on oxygen reduction kinetics at platinum: A rotating ring-disc electrode analysis journal, May 1983

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies of the chemical structure of polyaniline journal, April 1989

Ionic liquid-induced strategy for carbon quantum dots/BiOX (X=Br, Cl) hybrid nanosheets with superior visible light-driven photocatalysis journal, February 2016

N-doped double-walled carbon nanotubes synthesized by chemical vapor deposition journal, September 2005

Facile, scalable synthesis of edge-halogenated graphene nanoplatelets as efficient metal-free eletrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction journal, June 2013

Investigation of sulfur poisoning of CNx oxygen reduction catalysts for PEM fuel cells journal, January 2012

Nitrogen and fluorine co-doped graphite nanofibers as high durable oxygen reduction catalyst in acidic media for polymer electrolyte fuel cells journal, November 2015

Simultaneous doping of nitrogen and fluorine into reduced graphene oxide: A highly active metal-free electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction journal, April 2016

Nitrogen doped graphene nanoplatelets as catalyst support for oxygen reduction reaction in proton exchange membrane fuel cell journal, January 2010

XPS study of the halogenation of carbon black—Part 2. Chlorination journal, January 1995

Comparative XPS surface study of polyaniline thin films journal, December 2008

Electronic structures and bonding properties of chlorine-treated nitrogenated carbon nanotubes: X-ray absorption and scanning photoelectron microscopy studies journal, May 2007

Raman Spectrum of Graphene and Graphene Layers journal, October 2006

Iron-Based Catalysts with Improved Oxygen Reduction Activity in Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells journal, April 2009

A comparison of N-containing carbon nanostructures (CN ) and N-coordinated iron–carbon catalysts (FeNC) for the oxygen reduction reaction in acidic media journal, August 2014

The role of nanostructure in nitrogen-containing carbon catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction journal, April 2006

Nitrogen and Sulfur Dual-Doped Reduced Graphene Oxide: Synergistic Effect of Dopants Towards Oxygen Reduction Reaction journal, May 2015

Near-edge x-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy study of nitrogen incorporation in chemically reduced graphene oxide journal, July 2013

Vertically Aligned BCN Nanotubes as Efficient Metal-Free Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction: A Synergetic Effect by Co-Doping with Boron and Nitrogen journal, October 2011

Changes in Active Sites on Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon Catalysts Under Oxygen Reduction Reaction: A Combined Post‐Reaction Characterization and DFT Study journal, October 2019

Comparison of experimental and density functional study on the molecular structure, infrared and Raman spectra and vibrational assignments of 6-chloronicotinic acid
journal, December 2008

Revealing the Role of Catalysts in Carbon Nanotubes and Nanofibers by Scanning Transmission X-ray Microscopy
journal, January 2014

Nitrogen doped graphitic carbon ribbons from cellulose as non noble metal catalyst for oxygen reduction reaction
journal, August 2016

Nitrogen and Chlorine Dual-doped Mesoporous Carbon as Efficient Nonprecious Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Reduction Reaction Both in Alkaline and Acidic Electrolytes
journal, September 2014

Activity and stability of non-precious metal catalysts for oxygen reduction in acid and alkaline electrolytes
journal, October 2010

Use of carbon monoxide and cyanide to probe the active sites on nitrogen-doped carbon catalysts for oxygen reduction
journal, February 2012

Solution phase synthesis of halogenated graphene and the electrocatalytic activity for oxygen reduction reaction
journal, June 2014

Halogenation of Graphene with Chlorine, Bromine, or Iodine by Exfoliation in a Halogen Atmosphere
journal, January 2013

Near-Edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure Spectroscopy as a Tool for Investigating Nanomaterials
journal, January 2006

In Search of the Active Site in Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanotube Electrodes for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction
journal, August 2010

Counterion exchange at the surface of polyelectrolyte multilayer film for wettability modulation
journal, January 2009

Advantages of soft X-ray absorption over TEM-EELS for solid carbon studies––a comparative study on diesel soot with EELS and NEXAFS
journal, January 2005

The second order Raman spectroscopy in carbon crystallinity
journal, February 2004

The effect of phosphorus in nitrogen-containing carbon nanostructures on oxygen reduction in PEM fuel cells
journal, October 2010

Probing the Oxygen Reduction Reaction Active Sites over Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanostructures (CN _x ) in Acidic Media Using Phosphate Anion
journal, September 2016

Edge-Selectively Halogenated Graphene Nanoplatelets (XGnPs, X = Cl, Br, or I) Prepared by Ball-Milling and Used as Anode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries
journal, September 2014

Methanol Tolerance of CN x Oxygen Reduction Catalysts
journal, November 2007

Fluorine-Doped Carbon Blacks: Highly Efficient Metal-Free Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction
journal, July 2013

Edge-halogenated graphene nanoplatelets with F, Cl, or Br as electrocatalysts for all-vanadium redox flow batteries
journal, August 2016

Highly Active Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanotubes for Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Fuel Cell Applications
journal, August 2009

Nitrogen-doped Fe/Fe ₃ C@graphitic layer/carbon nanotube hybrids derived from MOFs: efficient bifunctional electrocatalysts for ORR and OER
journal, January 2015

Nitrogen-doped graphene nanosheet-supported non-precious iron nitride nanoparticles as an efficient electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction
journal, January 2011

Fe-based electrocatalysts made with microporous pristine carbon black supports for the reduction of oxygen in PEM fuel cells
journal, November 2008

Synthesis and electrochemical properties of poly (2-ethynylpyridine) functionalized graphene nanosheets
journal, August 2015

Vertically Aligned BCN Nanotubes as Efficient Metal-Free Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction: A Synergetic Effect by Co-Doping with Boron and Nitrogen
journal, October 2011

Enhancement of electron field emission of nitrogenated carbon nanotubes on chlorination
journal, February 2009

Direct evaluation of the sp3 content in diamond-like-carbon films by XPS
journal, October 1998

Synthesis of highly nitrogen-doped hollow carbon nanoparticles and their excellent electrocatalytic properties in dye-sensitized solar cells
journal, January 2010

The influence of activated carbon surface chemical composition on the adsorption of acetaminophen (paracetamol) in vitro
journal, February 2001

Recent Advances in Heteroatom-Doped Metal-Free Electrocatalysts for Highly Efficient Oxygen Reduction Reaction
journal, January 2015

XPS Studies of Some Chemically Synthesized Polypyrrole–Organic Acceptor Complexes
journal, October 1988

Nitrogen and Fluorine co-doped carbon catalyst with high oxygen reduction performance, prepared by pyrolyzing a mixture of melamine and PTFE
journal, November 2015

Iron-based Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction in PEM Fuel Cells: Expanded Study Using the Pore-filling Method
conference, January 2009

Heteroatom-Doped Carbon Nanostructures as Oxygen Reduction Reaction Catalysts in Acidic Media: An Overview
journal, November 2014

Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering enhancement of thymine adsorbed on graphene oxide
journal, May 2014

Doping carbons beyond nitrogen: an overview of advanced heteroatom doped carbons with boron, sulphur and phosphorus for energy applications
journal, January 2013

Studies of oxygen reduction reaction active sites and stability of nitrogen-modified carbon composite catalysts for PEM fuel cells
journal, March 2010

Hierarchically porous fluorine-doped graphene nanosheets as efficient metal-free electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction in gas diffusion electrode
journal, March 2017

Nitrogen-Doped Graphene as Efficient Metal-Free Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Reduction in Fuel Cells
journal, February 2010

CO Poisoning Effects on FeNC and CN _x ORR Catalysts: A Combined Experimental–Computational Study
journal, July 2016

Superior Thermal Conductivity of Single-Layer Graphene
journal, March 2008

Synergistic effects of dopants on the spin density of catalytic active centres of N-doped fluorinated graphene for oxygen reduction reaction
journal, December 2015

Electrolyte effects on oxygen reduction kinetics at platinum: A rotating ring-disc electrode analysis
journal, May 1983

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies of the chemical structure of polyaniline
journal, April 1989

Ionic liquid-induced strategy for carbon quantum dots/BiOX (X=Br, Cl) hybrid nanosheets with superior visible light-driven photocatalysis
journal, February 2016

N-doped double-walled carbon nanotubes synthesized by chemical vapor deposition
journal, September 2005

Facile, scalable synthesis of edge-halogenated graphene nanoplatelets as efficient metal-free eletrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction
journal, June 2013

Investigation of sulfur poisoning of CN_x oxygen reduction catalysts for PEM fuel cells
journal, January 2012

Nitrogen and fluorine co-doped graphite nanofibers as high durable oxygen reduction catalyst in acidic media for polymer electrolyte fuel cells
journal, November 2015

Simultaneous doping of nitrogen and fluorine into reduced graphene oxide: A highly active metal-free electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction
journal, April 2016

Nitrogen doped graphene nanoplatelets as catalyst support for oxygen reduction reaction in proton exchange membrane fuel cell
journal, January 2010

XPS study of the halogenation of carbon black—Part 2. Chlorination
journal, January 1995

Comparative XPS surface study of polyaniline thin films
journal, December 2008

Electronic structures and bonding properties of chlorine-treated nitrogenated carbon nanotubes: X-ray absorption and scanning photoelectron microscopy studies
journal, May 2007

Raman Spectrum of Graphene and Graphene Layers
journal, October 2006

Iron-Based Catalysts with Improved Oxygen Reduction Activity in Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells
journal, April 2009

A comparison of N-containing carbon nanostructures (CN ) and N-coordinated iron–carbon catalysts (FeNC) for the oxygen reduction reaction in acidic media
journal, August 2014

The role of nanostructure in nitrogen-containing carbon catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction
journal, April 2006

Nitrogen and Sulfur Dual-Doped Reduced Graphene Oxide: Synergistic Effect of Dopants Towards Oxygen Reduction Reaction
journal, May 2015

Near-edge x-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy study of nitrogen incorporation in chemically reduced graphene oxide
journal, July 2013

Vertically Aligned BCN Nanotubes as Efficient Metal-Free Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction: A Synergetic Effect by Co-Doping with Boron and Nitrogen
journal, October 2011

Changes in Active Sites on Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon Catalysts Under Oxygen Reduction Reaction: A Combined Post‐Reaction Characterization and DFT Study
journal, October 2019