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Title: Effect of Synthesis on Quality, Electronic Properties and Environmental Stability of Individual monolayer Ti3C2 MXene Flakes

Abstract

2D transition metal carbide Ti3C2Tx (T stands for surface termination), the most widely studied MXene, has shown outstanding electrochemical properties and promise for a number of bulk applications. However, electronic properties of individual MXene flakes, which are important for understanding the potential of these materials, remain largely unexplored. Herein, a modified synthetic method is reported for producing high-quality monolayer Ti3C2Tx flakes. Field-effect transistors (FETs) based on monolayer Ti3C2Tx flakes are fabricated and their electronic properties are measured. Individual Ti3C2Tx flakes exhibit a high conductivity of 4600 ± 1100 S cm-1 and field-effect electron mobility of 2.6 ± 0.7 cm2 V-1 s-1. The resistivity of multilayer Ti3C2Tx films is only one order of magnitude higher than the resistivity of individual flakes, which indicates a surprisingly good electron transport through the surface terminations of different flakes, unlike in many other 2D materials. Finally, the fabricated FETs are used to investigate the environmental stability and kinetics of oxidation of Ti3C2Tx flakes in humid air. The high-quality Ti3C2Tx flakes are reasonably stable and remain highly conductive even after their exposure to air for more than 24 h. It is demonstrated that after the initial exponential decay the conductivity of Ti3C2Tx flakes linearly decreases withmore » time, which is consistent with their edge oxidation.« less

Authors:
 [1];  [2];  [2];  [1];  [2];  [1]
+ Show Author Affiliations
  1. University of Nebraska
  2. Drexel University
Publication Date:
Research Org.:
Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States); Energy Frontier Research Centers (EFRC) (United States). Fluid Interface Reactions, Structures and Transport Center (FIRST)
Sponsoring Org.:
USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES)
OSTI Identifier:
1337030
Grant/Contract Number:  
AC05-00OR22725
Resource Type:
Accepted Manuscript
Journal Name:
Advanced Electronic Materials
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Volume: 2; Journal ID: ISSN 2199-160X
Publisher:
Wiley
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English

Citation Formats

Lipatov, A., Alhabeb, M., Lukatskaya, Maria R., Boson, Alex, Gogotsi, Yury G., and Sinitskii, Alexander. Effect of Synthesis on Quality, Electronic Properties and Environmental Stability of Individual monolayer Ti3C2 MXene Flakes. United States: N. p., 2016. Web. doi:10.1002/aelm.201600255.
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Lipatov, A., Alhabeb, M., Lukatskaya, Maria R., Boson, Alex, Gogotsi, Yury G., & Sinitskii, Alexander. Effect of Synthesis on Quality, Electronic Properties and Environmental Stability of Individual monolayer Ti3C2 MXene Flakes. United States. https://doi.org/10.1002/aelm.201600255
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Lipatov, A., Alhabeb, M., Lukatskaya, Maria R., Boson, Alex, Gogotsi, Yury G., and Sinitskii, Alexander. Fri . "Effect of Synthesis on Quality, Electronic Properties and Environmental Stability of Individual monolayer Ti3C2 MXene Flakes". United States. https://doi.org/10.1002/aelm.201600255. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1337030.
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@article{osti_1337030,
title = {Effect of Synthesis on Quality, Electronic Properties and Environmental Stability of Individual monolayer Ti3C2 MXene Flakes},
author = {Lipatov, A. and Alhabeb, M. and Lukatskaya, Maria R. and Boson, Alex and Gogotsi, Yury G. and Sinitskii, Alexander},
abstractNote = {2D transition metal carbide Ti3C2Tx (T stands for surface termination), the most widely studied MXene, has shown outstanding electrochemical properties and promise for a number of bulk applications. However, electronic properties of individual MXene flakes, which are important for understanding the potential of these materials, remain largely unexplored. Herein, a modified synthetic method is reported for producing high-quality monolayer Ti3C2Tx flakes. Field-effect transistors (FETs) based on monolayer Ti3C2Tx flakes are fabricated and their electronic properties are measured. Individual Ti3C2Tx flakes exhibit a high conductivity of 4600 ± 1100 S cm-1 and field-effect electron mobility of 2.6 ± 0.7 cm2 V-1 s-1. The resistivity of multilayer Ti3C2Tx films is only one order of magnitude higher than the resistivity of individual flakes, which indicates a surprisingly good electron transport through the surface terminations of different flakes, unlike in many other 2D materials. Finally, the fabricated FETs are used to investigate the environmental stability and kinetics of oxidation of Ti3C2Tx flakes in humid air. The high-quality Ti3C2Tx flakes are reasonably stable and remain highly conductive even after their exposure to air for more than 24 h. It is demonstrated that after the initial exponential decay the conductivity of Ti3C2Tx flakes linearly decreases with time, which is consistent with their edge oxidation.},
doi = {10.1002/aelm.201600255},
journal = {Advanced Electronic Materials},
number = ,
volume = 2,
place = {United States},
year = {Fri Jan 01 00:00:00 EST 2016},
month = {Fri Jan 01 00:00:00 EST 2016}
}
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https://doi.org/10.1002/aelm.201600255
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    • Shao, Yangfan; Shao, Mengmeng; Kawazoe, Yoshiyuki
    • Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 6, Issue 22
    • DOI: 10.1039/c8ta00635k

    g-C 3 N 4 /Ti 3 C 2 T x (MXenes) composite with oxidized surface groups for efficient photocatalytic hydrogen evolution
    journal, January 2018

    • Sun, Yuliang; Jin, Di; Sun, Yuan
    • Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 6, Issue 19
    • DOI: 10.1039/c8ta02706d

    Ti 3 C 2 MXene as an excellent anode material for high-performance microbial fuel cells
    journal, January 2018

    • Liu, Da; Wang, Ruiwen; Chang, Wen
    • Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 6, Issue 42
    • DOI: 10.1039/c8ta07305h

    MXene and MXene-based composites: synthesis, properties and environment-related applications
    journal, January 2020

    • Zhan, Xiaoxue; Si, Chen; Zhou, Jian
    • Nanoscale Horizons, Vol. 5, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.1039/c9nh00571d

    Spontaneous MXene monolayer assembly at the liquid–air interface
    journal, January 2019

    • Petukhov, D. I.; Chumakov, A. P.; Kan, A. S.
    • Nanoscale, Vol. 11, Issue 20
    • DOI: 10.1039/c9nr00525k

    Ambient oxidation of Ti 3 C 2 MXene initialized by atomic defects
    journal, January 2019

    • Xia, Fanjie; Lao, Junchao; Yu, Ruohan
    • Nanoscale, Vol. 11, Issue 48
    • DOI: 10.1039/c9nr07236e

    An N-doped porous carbon/MXene composite as a sulfur host for lithium–sulfur batteries
    journal, January 2019

    • Zhang, Youquan; Tang, Wenwen; Zhan, Renming
    • Inorganic Chemistry Frontiers, Vol. 6, Issue 10
    • DOI: 10.1039/c9qi00723g

    MXenes with tunable work functions and their application as electron- and hole-transport materials in non-fullerene organic solar cells
    journal, January 2019

    • Yu, Zhimeng; Feng, Wei; Lu, Wanheng
    • Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 7, Issue 18
    • DOI: 10.1039/c9ta01195a

    Faradaic reactions in capacitive deionization for desalination and ion separation
    journal, January 2019

    • Yu, Fei; Wang, Lei; Wang, Ying
    • Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 7, Issue 27
    • DOI: 10.1039/c9ta01264h

    Two-dimensional Ti 2 CT x MXene membranes with integrated and ordered nanochannels for efficient solvent dehydration
    journal, January 2019

    • Liu, Guozhen; Shen, Jie; Ji, Yufan
    • Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 7, Issue 19
    • DOI: 10.1039/c9ta01507h

    MXenes and ultrasonication
    journal, January 2019

    • Malaki, Massoud; Maleki, Aziz; Varma, Rajender S.
    • Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 7, Issue 18
    • DOI: 10.1039/c9ta01850f

    Few-layered Ti 3 C 2 T x MXenes coupled with Fe 2 O 3 nanorod arrays grown on carbon cloth as anodes for flexible asymmetric supercapacitors
    journal, January 2019

    • Li, Fei; Liu, Yi-Lin; Wang, Gui-Gen
    • Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 7, Issue 39
    • DOI: 10.1039/c9ta08144e

    Solution-processable Ti 3 C 2 T x nanosheets as an efficient hole transport layer for high-performance and stable polymer solar cells
    journal, January 2019

    • Hou, Chunli; Yu, Huangzhong; Huang, Chengwen
    • Journal of Materials Chemistry C, Vol. 7, Issue 37
    • DOI: 10.1039/c9tc03415c

    Enhanced stability and stacking dependent magnetic/electronic properties of 2D monolayer FeTiO 3 on a Ti 2 CO 2 substrate
    journal, January 2019

    • Jin, Cui; Shang, Jing; Tang, Xiao
    • Journal of Materials Chemistry C, Vol. 7, Issue 48
    • DOI: 10.1039/c9tc04979g

    Super strong 2D titanium carbide MXene-based materials: a theoretical prediction
    journal, December 2019

    • Kazemi, Seyedeh Alieh; Wang, Yun
    • Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, Vol. 32, Issue 11
    • DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ab5bd8

    Fabrication of high-performance MXene-based all-solid-state flexible microsupercapacitor based on a facile scratch method
    journal, September 2018

    High areal capacitance of vanadium oxides intercalated Ti 3 C 2 MXene for flexible supercapacitors with high mass loading
    journal, January 2020

    Elastic properties of 2D Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene monolayers and bilayers
    journal, June 2018

    • Lipatov, Alexey; Lu, Haidong; Alhabeb, Mohamed
    • Science Advances, Vol. 4, Issue 6
    • DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aat0491

    2D titanium carbide (MXene) for wireless communication
    journal, September 2018

    Review—Two-Dimensional Titanium Carbide MXenes and Their Emerging Applications as Electrochemical Sensors
    journal, January 2020

    • Yu, Tian; Breslin, Carmel B.
    • Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 167, Issue 3
    • DOI: 10.1149/2.0142003jes

    Stamping of Flexible, Coplanar Micro-Supercapacitors Using MXene Inks
    journal, January 2018

    • Zhang, Chuanfang John; Kremer, Matthias P.; Seral-Ascaso, Andrés
    • Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 28, Issue 9
    • DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201705506

    Tuning Thermal Transport Through Atomically Thin Ti 3 C 2 T z MXene by Current Annealing in Vacuum
    journal, March 2019

    • Hemmat, Zahra; Yasaei, Poya; Schultz, Jeremy F.
    • Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 29, Issue 19
    • DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201805693

    A Robust, Freestanding MXene‐Sulfur Conductive Paper for Long‐Lifetime Li–S Batteries
    journal, May 2019

    • Tang, Huan; Li, Wenlong; Pan, Limei
    • Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 29, Issue 30
    • DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201901907

    Electrically Robust Single‐Crystalline WTe 2 Nanobelts for Nanoscale Electrical Interconnects
    journal, December 2018

    Ultrastrong and Highly Conductive MXene‐Based Films for High‐Performance Electromagnetic Interference Shielding
    journal, November 2019

    • Liu, Ji; Liu, Zhangshuo; Zhang, Hao‐Bin
    • Advanced Electronic Materials, Vol. 6, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.1002/aelm.201901094

    Comprehensive New Insights and Perspectives into Ti-Based Anodes for Next-Generation Alkaline Metal (Na + , K + ) Ion Batteries
    journal, August 2018

    Low‐Temperature Reduction Strategy Synthesized Si/Ti 3 C 2 MXene Composite Anodes for High‐Performance Li‐Ion Batteries
    journal, July 2019

    • Hui, Xiaobin; Zhao, Ruizheng; Zhang, Peng
    • Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 9, Issue 33
    • DOI: 10.1002/aenm.201901065

    Emerging 2D Layered Materials for Perovskite Solar Cells
    journal, April 2020

    • Bati, Abdulaziz S. R.; Batmunkh, Munkhbayar; Shapter, Joseph G.
    • Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 10, Issue 13
    • DOI: 10.1002/aenm.201902253

    Fluoride‐Free Synthesis of Two‐Dimensional Titanium Carbide (MXene) Using A Binary Aqueous System
    journal, November 2018

    Elucidating Ultrafast Molecular Permeation through Well‐Defined 2D Nanochannels of Lamellar Membranes
    journal, November 2019

    Laser‐Cutting Fabrication of Mxene‐Based Flexible Micro‐Supercapacitors with High Areal Capacitance
    journal, March 2019

    2 D MXene‐based Energy Storage Materials: Interfacial Structure Design and Functionalization
    journal, March 2020

    Two‐Dimensional Transition Metal Carbides and Nitrides (MXenes): Synthesis, Properties, and Electrochemical Energy Storage Applications
    journal, March 2020

    • Zhang, Chuanfang (John); Ma, Yonglu; Zhang, Xuetao
    • ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL MATERIALS, Vol. 3, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.1002/eem2.12058

    Two‐dimensional MXenes for lithium‐sulfur batteries
    journal, January 2020

    • Zhang, Chuanfang (John); Cui, Linfan; Abdolhosseinzadeh, Sina
    • InfoMat, Vol. 2, Issue 4
    • DOI: 10.1002/inf2.12080

    Multifunctional, Superelastic, and Lightweight MXene/Polyimide Aerogels
    journal, October 2018

    In situ atomistic insight into the growth mechanisms of single layer 2D transition metal carbides
    journal, June 2018

    Functionalization of 2D materials for enhancing OER/ORR catalytic activity in Li–oxygen batteries
    journal, August 2019

    Solution-processed titanium carbide MXene films examined as highly transparent conductors
    journal, January 2016

    • Mariano, Marina; Mashtalir, Olha; Antonio, Francisco Q.
    • Nanoscale, Vol. 8, Issue 36
    • DOI: 10.1039/c6nr03682a

    MXene/graphene hybrid fibers for high performance flexible supercapacitors
    journal, January 2017

    • Yang, Qiuyan; Xu, Zhen; Fang, Bo
    • J. Mater. Chem. A, Vol. 5, Issue 42
    • DOI: 10.1039/c7ta07999k

    MXene: an emerging two-dimensional material for future energy conversion and storage applications
    journal, January 2017

    • Chaudhari, Nitin K.; Jin, Hanuel; Kim, Byeongyoon
    • Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 5, Issue 47
    • DOI: 10.1039/c7ta09094c

    The synergetic effects of Ti 3 C 2 MXene and Pt as co-catalysts for highly efficient photocatalytic hydrogen evolution over g-C 3 N 4
    journal, January 2018

    • An, Xiaoqiang; Wang, Wei; Wang, Jiangpeng
    • Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, Vol. 20, Issue 16
    • DOI: 10.1039/c8cp01123k

    On the Structural Stability of MXene and the Role of Transition Metal Adatoms
    journal, January 2018

    • Palisaitis, Justinas; Persson, Ingemar; Halim, Joseph
    • Nanoscale, Vol. 10, Issue 23
    • DOI: 10.1039/c8nr01986j

    Self-assembled Ti 3 C 2 MXene and N-rich porous carbon hybrids as superior anodes for high-performance potassium-ion batteries
    journal, January 2020

    • Zhao, Ruizheng; Di, Haoxiang; Hui, Xiaobin
    • Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 13, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.1039/c9ee03250a

    Oxidation-resistant titanium carbide MXene films
    journal, January 2020

    • Lee, Yonghee; Kim, Seon Joon; Kim, Yong-Jae
    • Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 8, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.1039/c9ta07036b

    MXene supported Co x A y (A = OH, P, Se) electrocatalysts for overall water splitting: unveiling the role of anions in intrinsic activity and stability
    journal, January 2019

    • Selvam, N. Clament Sagaya; Lee, Jooyoung; Choi, Gwan H.
    • Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 7, Issue 48
    • DOI: 10.1039/c9ta10664b

    Realization of 2D crystalline metal nitrides via selective atomic substitution
    journal, January 2020

    Review— Recent Exploration of Two-Dimensional MXenes for Gas Sensing: From a Theoretical to an Experimental View
    journal, January 2020

    • Lee, Eunji; Kim, Dong-Joo
    • Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 167, Issue 3
    • DOI: 10.1149/2.0152003jes

    MXene molecular sieving membranes for highly efficient gas separation
    other, January 2018

    • Ding, Li; Wei, Yanying; Li, Libo
    • London : Nature Publishing Group
    • DOI: 10.15488/3192

    Electronic and Optical Properties of 2D Transition Metal Carbides and Nitrides (MXenes)
    journal, November 2018

    Ti 3 C 2 T x (MXene)‐Silicon Heterojunction for Efficient Photovoltaic Cells
    journal, July 2019

    • Yu, LePing; Bati, Abdulaziz S. R.; Grace, Tom S. L.
    • Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 9, Issue 31
    • DOI: 10.1002/aenm.201901063

    A Regularly Channeled Lamellar Membrane for Unparalleled Water and Organics Permeation
    journal, March 2018

    • Wang, Jingtao; Chen, Pingping; Shi, Benbing
    • Angewandte Chemie, Vol. 130, Issue 23
    • DOI: 10.1002/ange.201801094

    Two‐Dimensional Electrocatalysts for Efficient Reduction of Carbon Dioxide
    journal, October 2019

    MXene molecular sieving membranes for highly efficient gas separation
    journal, January 2018

    High capacity silicon anodes enabled by MXene viscous aqueous ink
    journal, February 2019

    • Zhang, Chuanfang; Park, Sang-Hoon; Seral‐Ascaso, Andrés
    • Nature Communications, Vol. 10, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08383-y

    Ionic liquid pre-intercalated MXene films for ionogel-based flexible micro-supercapacitors with high volumetric energy density
    journal, January 2019

    • Zheng, Shuanghao; Zhang, Chuanfang (John); Zhou, Feng
    • Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 7, Issue 16
    • DOI: 10.1039/c9ta02190f

    Passively Q-switched Ytterbium-doped fiber laser based on broadband multilayer Platinum Ditelluride (PtTe2) saturable absorber
    journal, July 2019

    Thick and freestanding MXene/PANI pseudocapacitive electrodes with ultrahigh specific capacitance
    journal, January 2018

    • VahidMohammadi, Armin; Moncada, Jorge; Chen, Hengze
    • Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 6, Issue 44
    • DOI: 10.1039/c8ta05807e

    Modified MXene/Holey Graphene Films for Advanced Supercapacitor Electrodes with Superior Energy Storage
    journal, August 2018

    Emerging two-dimensional noncarbon nanomaterials for flexible lithium-ion batteries: opportunities and challenges
    journal, January 2019

    • Li, Yan; Wang, Renheng; Guo, Zhinan
    • Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 7, Issue 44
    • DOI: 10.1039/c9ta09377j

    Pristine Titanium Carbide MXene Films with Environmentally Stable Conductivity and Superior Mechanical Strength
    journal, November 2019

    • Chen, Hongwu; Wen, Yeye; Qi, Yingyi
    • Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 30, Issue 5
    • DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201906996

    Equilibrium and non-equilibrium free carrier dynamics in 2D Ti 3 C 2 T x MXenes: THz spectroscopy study
    journal, June 2018

    Realization of 2D Crystalline Metal Nitrides via Selective Atomic Substitution
    preprint, January 2019

    MXene molecular sieving membranes for highly efficient gas separation
    journal, January 2018

    High capacity silicon anodes enabled by MXene viscous aqueous ink
    journal, February 2019

    • Zhang, Chuanfang; Park, Sang-Hoon; Seral‐Ascaso, Andrés
    • Nature Communications, Vol. 10, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08383-y

    Additive-free MXene inks and direct printing of micro-supercapacitors
    journal, April 2019

    Nanohybrids of a MXene and transition metal dichalcogenide for selective detection of volatile organic compounds
    journal, March 2020

    Efficient Antibacterial Membrane based on Two-Dimensional Ti3C2Tx (MXene) Nanosheets
    journal, May 2017

    Enhanced Thermal Conductivity of Epoxy Composites Filled with 2D Transition Metal Carbides (MXenes) with Ultralow Loading
    journal, June 2019

    Passively Q-switched Ytterbium-doped fiber laser based on broadband multilayer Platinum Ditelluride (PtTe2) saturable absorber
    journal, July 2019

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