Assessing Inhalation Exposures Associated with Contamination Events in Water Distribution Systems
Abstract
When a water distribution system (WDS) is contaminated, short-term inhalation exposures to airborne contaminants could occur as the result of domestic water use. The most important domestic sources of such exposures are likely to be showering and the use of aerosol-producing humidifiers, i.e., ultrasonic and impeller (cool-mist) units. A framework is presented for assessing the potential effects of short-term, system-wide inhalation exposures that could result from such activities during a contamination event. This framework utilizes available statistical models for showering frequency and duration, available exposure models for showering and humidifier use, and experimental results on both aerosol generation and the volatilization of chemicals during showering. New models for the times when showering occurs are developed using time-use data for the United States. Given a lack of similar models for how humidifiers are used, or the information needed to develop them, an analysis of the sensitivity of results to assumptions concerning humidifier use is presented. The framework is applied using network models for three actual WDSs. Simple models are developed for estimating upper bounds on the potential effects of system-wide inhalation exposures associated with showering and humidifier use. From a system-wide, population perspective, showering could result in significant inhalation doses ofmore »
- Authors:
-
- Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States). Environmental Science Division
- US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Cincinnati, OH (United States). National Homeland Security Research Center
- Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States). Global Security Sciences Division
- Publication Date:
- Research Org.:
- Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States)
- Sponsoring Org.:
- USDOE; USEPA
- OSTI Identifier:
- 1336237
- Grant/Contract Number:
- AC02-06CH11357
- Resource Type:
- Accepted Manuscript
- Journal Name:
- PLoS ONE
- Additional Journal Information:
- Journal Volume: 11; Journal Issue: 12; Journal ID: ISSN 1932-6203
- Publisher:
- Public Library of Science
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
- Subject:
- 54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
Citation Formats
Davis, Michael J., Janke, Robert, and Taxon, Thomas N. Assessing Inhalation Exposures Associated with Contamination Events in Water Distribution Systems. United States: N. p., 2016.
Web. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0168051.
Davis, Michael J., Janke, Robert, & Taxon, Thomas N. Assessing Inhalation Exposures Associated with Contamination Events in Water Distribution Systems. United States. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0168051
Davis, Michael J., Janke, Robert, and Taxon, Thomas N. Thu .
"Assessing Inhalation Exposures Associated with Contamination Events in Water Distribution Systems". United States. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0168051. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1336237.
@article{osti_1336237,
title = {Assessing Inhalation Exposures Associated with Contamination Events in Water Distribution Systems},
author = {Davis, Michael J. and Janke, Robert and Taxon, Thomas N.},
abstractNote = {When a water distribution system (WDS) is contaminated, short-term inhalation exposures to airborne contaminants could occur as the result of domestic water use. The most important domestic sources of such exposures are likely to be showering and the use of aerosol-producing humidifiers, i.e., ultrasonic and impeller (cool-mist) units. A framework is presented for assessing the potential effects of short-term, system-wide inhalation exposures that could result from such activities during a contamination event. This framework utilizes available statistical models for showering frequency and duration, available exposure models for showering and humidifier use, and experimental results on both aerosol generation and the volatilization of chemicals during showering. New models for the times when showering occurs are developed using time-use data for the United States. Given a lack of similar models for how humidifiers are used, or the information needed to develop them, an analysis of the sensitivity of results to assumptions concerning humidifier use is presented. The framework is applied using network models for three actual WDSs. Simple models are developed for estimating upper bounds on the potential effects of system-wide inhalation exposures associated with showering and humidifier use. From a system-wide, population perspective, showering could result in significant inhalation doses of volatile chemical contaminants, and humidifier use could result in significant inhalation doses of microbial contaminants during a contamination event. From a system-wide perspective, showering is unlikely to be associated with significant doses of microbial contaminants. In conclusion, given the potential importance of humidifiers as a source of airborne contaminants during a contamination event, an improved understanding of the nature of humidifier use is warranted.},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0168051},
journal = {PLoS ONE},
number = 12,
volume = 11,
place = {United States},
year = {Thu Dec 08 00:00:00 EST 2016},
month = {Thu Dec 08 00:00:00 EST 2016}
}
Free Publicly Available Full Text
Publisher's Version of Record
Other availability
Search WorldCat to find libraries that may hold this journal
Cited by: 12 works
Citation information provided by
Web of Science
Web of Science
Save to My Library
You must Sign In or Create an Account in order to save documents to your library.
Works referenced in this record:
Human exposure to volatile organic compounds in household tap water: the indoor inhalation pathway
journal, December 1987
- McKone, Thomas E.
- Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 21, Issue 12
Continuous Monitoring of Particle Emissions during Showering
journal, December 2006
- Cowen, Kenneth A.; Ollison, Will M.
- Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, Vol. 56, Issue 12
Applying the two-resistance theory to contaminant volatilization in showers
journal, July 1992
- Little, John C.
- Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 26, Issue 7
Volatilization of Chemicals from Tap Water to Indoor Air from Contaminated Water Used for Showering
journal, May 1999
- Moya, Jacqueline; Howard-Reed, Cynthia; Corsi, Richard L.
- Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 33, Issue 14
Development of a commercial scale process for production of 1,4-butanediol from sugar
journal, December 2016
- Burgard, Anthony; Burk, Mark J.; Osterhout, Robin
- Current Opinion in Biotechnology, Vol. 42
Household Humidifiers As a Radiological Dose Pathway
journal, September 1994
- Johnston, F. L.; Amiro, B. D.
- Health Physics, Vol. 67, Issue 3
Measurements of the Size Distribution of Aerosols Produced by Ultrasonic Humidification
journal, January 1990
- Rodes, C.; Smith, T.; Crouse, R.
- Aerosol Science and Technology, Vol. 13, Issue 2
Estimation of endotoxin inhalation from shower and humidifier exposure reveals potential risk to human health
journal, May 2007
- Anderson, William B.; George Dixon, D.; Mayfield, Colin I.
- Journal of Water and Health, Vol. 5, Issue 4
Physical and chemical characterization of indoor aerosols resulting from the use of tap water in portable home humidifiers
journal, April 1992
- Highsmith, V. Ross; Hardy, Richard J.; Costa, Daniel L.
- Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 26, Issue 4
Distribution System Contamination Events: Exposure, Influence, and Sensitivity
journal, July 2006
- Khanal, Nabin; Buchberger, Steven G.; McKenna, Sean A.
- Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, Vol. 132, Issue 4
Indoor particle concentrations associated with use of tap water in portable humidifiers
journal, September 1988
- Highsmith, V. Ross.; Rodes, Charles E.; Hardy, Richard J.
- Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 22, Issue 9
Emission of Inhalable Dissolved Drinking Water Constituents by Ultrasonic Humidifiers
journal, December 2015
- Sain, Amanda E.; Dietrich, Andrea M.
- Environmental Engineering Science, Vol. 32, Issue 12
Difference between the spore sizes of Bacillus anthracis and other Bacillus species
journal, February 2007
- Carrera, M.; Zandomeni, R. O.; Fitzgibbon, J.
- Journal of Applied Microbiology, Vol. 102, Issue 2
Probability Distributions for Showering and Bathing Water‐Use Behavior for Various U.S. Subpopulations
journal, April 2005
- Wilkes, Charles R.; Mason, Andrea D.; Hern, Stephen C.
- Risk Analysis, Vol. 25, Issue 2
Effect of aerosol particles generated by ultrasonic humidifiers on the lung in mouse
journal, January 2013
- Umezawa, Masakazu; Sekita, Keisuke; Suzuki, Ken-ichiro
- Particle and Fibre Toxicology, Vol. 10, Issue 1
Estimating Exposure to Chemical Contaminants in Drinking Water
journal, February 2004
- Kim, Eunyoung; Little, John C.; Chiu, Nancy
- Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 38, Issue 6
A microbial polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) based bio- and materials industry
journal, January 2009
- Chen, Guo-Qiang
- Chemical Society Reviews, Vol. 38, Issue 8
Volatilization of volatile organic compounds from showers—I. Analytical method and quantitative assessment
journal, April 1992
- Tancrède, M.; Yanagisawa, Y.; Wilson, R.
- Atmospheric Environment. Part A. General Topics, Vol. 26, Issue 6
Epidemiology and Ecology of Opportunistic Premise Plumbing Pathogens:
Legionella pneumophila
,
Mycobacterium avium
, and
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
journal, August 2015
- Falkinham, Joseph O.; Hilborn, Elizabeth D.; Arduino, Matthew J.
- Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 123, Issue 8
Assessment of relative potential for Legionella species or surrogates inhalation exposure from common water uses
journal, June 2014
- Hines, Stephanie A.; Chappie, Daniel J.; Lordo, Robert A.
- Water Research, Vol. 56
Two-Tiered Sensor Placement for Large Water Distribution Network Models
journal, December 2013
- Klise, Katherine A.; Phillips, Cynthia A.; Janke, Robert J.
- Journal of Infrastructure Systems, Vol. 19, Issue 4
The Transfer of Trichloroethyene (TCE) from a Shower to Indoor Air: Experimental Measurements and Their Implications
journal, March 1991
- McKone, Thomas E.; Knezovich, John P.
- Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, Vol. 41, Issue 3
Biorefineries for the production of top building block chemicals and their derivatives
journal, March 2015
- Choi, Sol; Song, Chan Woo; Shin, Jae Ho
- Metabolic Engineering, Vol. 28
A Model for In-vivo Delivered Dose Estimation for Inhaled Bacillus anthracis Spores in Humans with Interspecies Extrapolation
journal, June 2011
- Weir, Mark H.; Haas, Charles N.
- Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 45, Issue 13
Measurements of particle size distributions produced by humidifiers operating in high humidity storage environments
journal, September 2010
- Hung, D. V.; Tong, S.; Nakano, Y.
- Biosystems Engineering, Vol. 107, Issue 1
Home Humidifiers as a Potential Source of Exposure to Microbial Pathogens, Endotoxins, and Allergens
journal, September 1995
- Tyndall, Richard L.; Lehman, Eva S.; Bowman, Elicia K.
- Indoor Air, Vol. 5, Issue 3
Evaluation of Inhaled Versus Deposited Dose Using the Exponential Dose-Response Model for Inhalational Anthrax in Nonhuman Primate, Rabbit, and Guinea Pig
journal, December 2014
- Gutting, Bradford W.; Rukhin, Andrey; Mackie, Ryan S.
- Risk Analysis, Vol. 35, Issue 5
Inhalation exposure in the home to volatile organic contaminants of drinking water
journal, December 1985
- Andelman, Julian B.
- Science of The Total Environment, Vol. 47
Air Change Rates and Interzonal Flows in Residences, and the Need for Multi-Zone Models for Exposure and Health Analyses
journal, December 2012
- Du, Liuliu; Batterman, Stuart; Godwin, Christopher
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol. 9, Issue 12
Pilot Study of Radon Volatilization from Showers with Implications for Dose
journal, March 1996
- Giardino, Nicholas J.; Hageman, John P.
- Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 30, Issue 4
Assessment of Airborne Exposure to Trihalomethanes from Tap Water in Residential Showers and Baths
journal, October 2000
- Kerger, B. D.; Schmidt, C. E.; Paustenbach, D. J.
- Risk Analysis, Vol. 20, Issue 5
Human respiratory uptake of chloroform and haloketones during showering
journal, May 2004
- Xu, Xu; Weisel, Clifford P.
- Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology, Vol. 15, Issue 1
Modeling volatilization of trichloroethylene from a domestic shower spray: the role of drop-size distribution
journal, August 1992
- Giardino, Nicholas; Esmen, Nurtan A.; Andelman, Julian B.
- Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 26, Issue 8
Metabolic engineering of strains: from industrial-scale to lab-scale chemical production
journal, November 2014
- Sun, Jie; Alper, Hal S.
- Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology, Vol. 42, Issue 3
Evaluation of exposure scenarios on intentional microbiological contamination in a drinking water distribution network
journal, June 2016
- Schijven, Jack; Forêt, Jean Marie; Chardon, Jurgen
- Water Research, Vol. 96
Simulating Exposures to Deliberate Intrusions into Water Distribution Systems
journal, May 2005
- Nilsson, Kenneth A.; Buchberger, Steven G.; Clark, Robert M.
- Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, Vol. 131, Issue 3
Model for Estimating Acute Health Impacts from Consumption of Contaminated Drinking Water
journal, July 2006
- Murray, Regan; Uber, James; Janke, Robert
- Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, Vol. 132, Issue 4
Importance of Exposure Model in Estimating Impacts When a Water Distribution System Is Contaminated
journal, September 2008
- Davis, Michael J.; Janke, Robert
- Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, Vol. 134, Issue 5
Patterns in Potential Impacts Associated with Contamination Events in Water Distribution Systems
journal, January 2011
- Davis, Michael J.; Janke, Robert
- Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, Vol. 137, Issue 1
A Framework for Estimating the Adverse Health Effects of Contamination Events in Water Distribution Systems and its Application: Framework for Estimating the Adverse Health Effects of Contamination Events
journal, September 2013
- Davis, Michael J.; Janke, Robert; Magnuson, Matthew L.
- Risk Analysis, Vol. 34, Issue 3
Evaluation of exposure scenarios on intentional microbiological contamination in a drinking water distribution network
journal, June 2016
- Schijven, Jack; Forêt, Jean Marie; Chardon, Jurgen
- Water Research, Vol. 96
Inhalation exposure model for volatile chemicals from indoor uses of water
journal, August 1992
- Wilkes, Charles R.; Small, Mitchell J.; Andelman, Julian B.
- Atmospheric Environment. Part A. General Topics, Vol. 26, Issue 12
Assessment of relative potential for Legionella species or surrogates inhalation exposure from common water uses
journal, June 2014
- Hines, Stephanie A.; Chappie, Daniel J.; Lordo, Robert A.
- Water Research, Vol. 56
Estimation of endotoxin inhalation from shower and humidifier exposure reveals potential risk to human health
journal, May 2007
- Anderson, William B.; George Dixon, D.; Mayfield, Colin I.
- Journal of Water and Health, Vol. 5, Issue 4
Epidemiology and Ecology of Opportunistic Premise Plumbing Pathogens:
Legionella pneumophila
,
Mycobacterium avium
, and
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
journal, August 2015
- Falkinham, Joseph O.; Hilborn, Elizabeth D.; Arduino, Matthew J.
- Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 123, Issue 8
Human exposures to volatile halogenated organic chemicals in indoor and outdoor air.
journal, October 1985
- Andelman, J. B.
- Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 62
Inhalation exposure in the home to volatile organic contaminants of drinking water
journal, December 1985
- Andelman, Julian B.
- Science of The Total Environment, Vol. 47
Human exposure to volatile organic compounds in household tap water: the indoor inhalation pathway
journal, December 1987
- McKone, Thomas E.
- Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 21, Issue 12
Routes of Chloroform Exposure and Body Burden from Showering with Chlorinated Tap Water
journal, December 1990
- Jo, Wan K.; Weisel, Clifford P.; Lioy, Paul J.
- Risk Analysis, Vol. 10, Issue 4
Chloroform Exposure and the Health Risk Associated with Multiple Uses of Chlorinated Tap Water
journal, December 1990
- Jo, Wan K.; Weisel, Clifford P.; Lioy, Paul J.
- Risk Analysis, Vol. 10, Issue 4
The Transfer of Trichloroethyene (TCE) from a Shower to Indoor Air: Experimental Measurements and Their Implications
journal, June 1991
- McKone, Thomas E.; Knezovich, John P.
- Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, Vol. 41, Issue 6
Modeling volatilization of trichloroethylene from a domestic shower spray: the role of drop-size distribution
journal, August 1992
- Giardino, Nicholas; Esmen, Nurtan A.; Andelman, Julian B.
- Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 26, Issue 8
Applying the two-resistance theory to contaminant volatilization in showers
journal, July 1992
- Little, John C.
- Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 26, Issue 7
Pilot Study of Radon Volatilization from Showers with Implications for Dose
journal, March 1996
- Giardino, Nicholas J.; Hageman, John P.
- Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 30, Issue 4
Measured and estimated air concentrations of chloroform in showers: Effects of water temperature and aerosols
journal, January 1997
- Keating, Garrett A.; McKone, Thomas E.; Gillett, James W.
- Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 31, Issue 2
Volatilization of Chemicals from Tap Water to Indoor Air from Contaminated Water Used for Showering
journal, May 1999
- Moya, Jacqueline; Howard-Reed, Cynthia; Corsi, Richard L.
- Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 33, Issue 14
Assessment of Airborne Exposure to Trihalomethanes from Tap Water in Residential Showers and Baths
journal, October 2000
- Kerger, B. D.; Schmidt, C. E.; Paustenbach, D. J.
- Risk Analysis, Vol. 20, Issue 5
Inhalation Exposure to Volatile Chemicals in Drinking Water
journal, January 2001
- Kim, E.; Little, J. C.; Chiu, N.
- Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C, Vol. 19, Issue 2
A new approach to estimating the volatilization rates of shower water-contained volatile organic compounds during showering
journal, October 2003
- Chen, M. J.; Wu, K. Y.; Chang, L.
- Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 37, Issue 31
Inhalation Exposure to Haloacetic Acids and Haloketones during Showering
journal, December 2002
- Xu, ; Weisel, Clifford P.
- Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 37, Issue 3
Continuous Monitoring of Particle Emissions during Showering
journal, December 2006
- Cowen, Kenneth A.; Ollison, Will M.
- Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, Vol. 56, Issue 12
Particle Size Distribution and Inhalation Dose of Shower Water Under Selected Operating Conditions
journal, January 2007
- Zhou, Yue; Benson, Janet M.; Irvin, Clinton
- Inhalation Toxicology, Vol. 19, Issue 4
Indoor particle concentrations associated with use of tap water in portable humidifiers
journal, September 1988
- Highsmith, V. Ross.; Rodes, Charles E.; Hardy, Richard J.
- Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 22, Issue 9
Measurements of the Size Distribution of Aerosols Produced by Ultrasonic Humidification
journal, January 1990
- Rodes, C.; Smith, T.; Crouse, R.
- Aerosol Science and Technology, Vol. 13, Issue 2
Physical and chemical characterization of indoor aerosols resulting from the use of tap water in portable home humidifiers
journal, April 1992
- Highsmith, V. Ross; Hardy, Richard J.; Costa, Daniel L.
- Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 26, Issue 4
Household Humidifiers As a Radiological Dose Pathway
journal, September 1994
- Johnston, F. L.; Amiro, B. D.
- Health Physics, Vol. 67, Issue 3
Home Humidifiers as a Potential Source of Exposure to Microbial Pathogens, Endotoxins, and Allergens
journal, September 1995
- Tyndall, Richard L.; Lehman, Eva S.; Bowman, Elicia K.
- Indoor Air, Vol. 5, Issue 3
Emission of Inhalable Dissolved Drinking Water Constituents by Ultrasonic Humidifiers
journal, December 2015
- Sain, Amanda E.; Dietrich, Andrea M.
- Environmental Engineering Science, Vol. 32, Issue 12
Probability Distributions for Showering and Bathing Water‐Use Behavior for Various U.S. Subpopulations
journal, April 2005
- Wilkes, Charles R.; Mason, Andrea D.; Hern, Stephen C.
- Risk Analysis, Vol. 25, Issue 2
Gut flora in health and disease
journal, February 2003
- Guarner, Francisco; Malagelada, Juan-R
- The Lancet, Vol. 361, Issue 9356
A microbial polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) based bio- and materials industry
journal, January 2009
- Chen, Guo-Qiang
- Chemical Society Reviews, Vol. 38, Issue 8
Biorefineries for the production of top building block chemicals and their derivatives
journal, March 2015
- Choi, Sol; Song, Chan Woo; Shin, Jae Ho
- Metabolic Engineering, Vol. 28
Production of succinic acid by metabolically engineered microorganisms
journal, December 2016
- Ahn, Jung Ho; Jang, Yu-Sin; Lee, Sang Yup
- Current Opinion in Biotechnology, Vol. 42
Development of a commercial scale process for production of 1,4-butanediol from sugar
journal, December 2016
- Burgard, Anthony; Burk, Mark J.; Osterhout, Robin
- Current Opinion in Biotechnology, Vol. 42
Metabolic engineering of strains: from industrial-scale to lab-scale chemical production
journal, November 2014
- Sun, Jie; Alper, Hal S.
- Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology, Vol. 42, Issue 3
Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli: A sustainable industrial platform for bio-based chemical production
journal, December 2013
- Chen, Xianzhong; Zhou, Li; Tian, Kangming
- Biotechnology Advances, Vol. 31, Issue 8
Synthetic Biology for Specialty Chemicals
journal, July 2015
- Markham, Kelly A.; Alper, Hal S.
- Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vol. 6, Issue 1
Air Change Rates and Interzonal Flows in Residences, and the Need for Multi-Zone Models for Exposure and Health Analyses
journal, December 2012
- Du, Liuliu; Batterman, Stuart; Godwin, Christopher
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol. 9, Issue 12
Influence of Network Model Detail on Estimated Health Effects of Drinking Water Contamination Events
journal, January 2015
- Davis, Michael J.; Janke, Robert
- Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, Vol. 141, Issue 1
Formulation and Optimization of Robust Sensor Placement Problems for Drinking Water Contamination Warning Systems
journal, December 2009
- Watson, Jean-Paul; Murray, Regan; Hart, William E.
- Journal of Infrastructure Systems, Vol. 15, Issue 4
The Battle of the Water Sensor Networks (BWSN): A Design Challenge for Engineers and Algorithms
journal, November 2008
- Ostfeld, Avi; Uber, James G.; Salomons, Elad
- Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, Vol. 134, Issue 6
Human respiratory uptake of chloroform and haloketones during showering
journal, May 2004
- Xu, Xu; Weisel, Clifford P.
- Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology, Vol. 15, Issue 1
Estimating Exposure to Chemical Contaminants in Drinking Water
journal, February 2004
- Kim, Eunyoung; Little, John C.; Chiu, Nancy
- Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 38, Issue 6
Measurements of particle size distributions produced by humidifiers operating in high humidity storage environments
journal, September 2010
- Hung, D. V.; Tong, S.; Nakano, Y.
- Biosystems Engineering, Vol. 107, Issue 1
Aerosol Deposition in the Extrathoracic Region
journal, August 2003
- Cheng, Yung Sung
- Aerosol Science and Technology, Vol. 37, Issue 8
Evaluation of Inhaled Versus Deposited Dose Using the Exponential Dose-Response Model for Inhalational Anthrax in Nonhuman Primate, Rabbit, and Guinea Pig
journal, December 2014
- Gutting, Bradford W.; Rukhin, Andrey; Mackie, Ryan S.
- Risk Analysis, Vol. 35, Issue 5
Difference between the spore sizes of Bacillus anthracis and other Bacillus species
journal, February 2007
- Carrera, M.; Zandomeni, R. O.; Fitzgibbon, J.
- Journal of Applied Microbiology, Vol. 102, Issue 2
A Model for In-vivo Delivered Dose Estimation for Inhaled Bacillus anthracis Spores in Humans with Interspecies Extrapolation
journal, June 2011
- Weir, Mark H.; Haas, Charles N.
- Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 45, Issue 13
A systematic comparison of four bioaerosol generators: Affect on culturability and cell membrane integrity when aerosolizing Escherichia coli bacteria
journal, April 2014
- Zhen, Huajun; Han, Taewon; Fennell, Donna E.
- Journal of Aerosol Science, Vol. 70