Multimuons in cosmic-ray events as seen in ALICE at the LHC

Acharya, S.; Agarwal, A.; Aglieri Rinella, G.; Aglietta, L.; Agnello, M.; Agrawal, N.; Ahammed, Z.; Ahmad, S.; Ahn, S.U.; Ahuja, I.; Akindinov, A.; Akishina, V.; Al-Turany, M.; Aleksandrov, D.; Alessandro, B.; Alfanda, H.M.; Alfaro Molina, R.; Ali, B.; Alici, A.; Alizadehvandchali, N.; Alkin, A.; Alme, J.; Alocco, G.; Alt, T.; Altamura, A.R.; Altsybeev, I.; Alvarado, J.R.; Alvarez, C.O.R.; Anaam, M.N.; Andrei, C.; Andreou, N.; Andronic, A.; Andronov, E.; Anguelov, V.; Antinori, F.; Antonioli, P.; Apadula, N.; Aphecetche, L.; Appelshäuser, H.; Arata, C.; Arcelli, S.; Arnaldi, R.; Arneiro, J.G.M.C.A.; Arsene, I.C.; Arslandok, M.; Augustinus, A.; Averbeck, R.; Averyanov, D.; Azmi, M.D.; Baba, H.; Badalà, A.; Bae, J.; Bae, Y.; Baek, Y.W.; Bai, X.; Bailhache, R.; Bailung, Y.; Bala, R.; Balbino, A.; Baldisseri, A.; Balis, B.; Banoo, Z.; Barbasova, V.; Barile, F.; Barioglio, L.; Barlou, M.; Barman, B.; Barnaföldi, G.G.; Barnby, L.S.; Barreau, E.; Barret, V.; Barreto, L.; Bartels, C.; Barth, K.; Bartsch, E.; Bastid, N.; Basu, S.; Batigne, G.; Battistini, D.; Batyunya, B.; Bauri, D.; Bazo Alba, J.L.; Bearden, I.G.; Beattie, C.; Becht, P.; Behera, D.; Belikov, I.; Bell Hechavarria, A.D.C.; Bellini, F.; Bellwied, R.; Belokurova, S.; Beltran, L.G.E.; Beltran, Y.A.V.; Bencedi, G.; Bensaoula, A.; Beole, S.; Berdnikov, Y.; Berdnikova, A.; Bergmann, L.; Besoiu, M.G.; Betev, L.; Bhaduri, P.P.; Bhasin, A.; Bhattacharjee, B.; Bianchi, L.; Bielčík, J.; Bielčíková, J.; Bigot, A.P.; Bilandzic, A.; Biro, G.; Biswas, S.; Bize, N.; Blair, J.T.; Blau, D.; Blidaru, M.B.; Bluhme, N.; Blume, C.; Bock, F.; Bodova, T.; Bok, J.; Boldizsár, L.; Bombara, M.; Bond, P.M.; Bonomi, G.; Borel, H.; Borissov, A.; Borquez Carcamo, A.G.; Botta, E.; Bouziani, Y.E.M.; Bratrud, L.; Braun-Munzinger, P.; Bregant, M.; Broz, M.; Bruno, G.E.; Buchakchiev, V.D.; Buckland, M.D.; Budnikov, D.; Buesching, H.; Bufalino, S.; Buhler, P.; Burmasov, N.; Buthelezi, Z.; Bylinkin, A.; Bysiak, S.A.; Cabanillas Noris, J.C.; Cabrera, M.F.T.; Caines, H.; Caliva, A.; Calvo Villar, E.; Camacho, J.M.M.; Camerini, P.; Canedo, F.D.M.; Cantway, S.L.; Carabas, M.; Carballo, A.A.; Carnesecchi, F.; Caron, R.; Carvalho, L.A.D.; Castillo Castellanos, J.; Castoldi, M.; Catalano, F.; Cattaruzzi, S.; Cerri, R.; Chakaberia, I.; Chakraborty, P.; Chandra, S.; Chapeland, S.; Chartier, M.; Chattopadhay, S.; Chen, M.; Cheng, T.; Cheshkov, C.; Chiappara, D.; Chibante Barroso, V.; Chinellato, D.D.; Chizzali, E.S.; Cho, J.; Cho, S.; Chochula, P.; Chochulska, Z.A.; Choudhury, D.; Choudhury, S.; Christakoglou, P.; Christensen, C.H.; Christiansen, P.; Chujo, T.; Ciacco, M.; Cicalo, C.; Cindolo, F.; Ciupek, M.R.; Clai, G.; Colamaria, F.; Colburn, J.S.; Colella, D.; Colelli, A.; Colocci, M.; Concas, M.; Conesa Balbastre, G.; Conesa del Valle, Z.; Contin, G.; Contreras, J.G.; Coquet, M.L.; Cortese, P.; Cosentino, M.R.; Costa, F.; Costanza, S.; Cot, C.; Crochet, P.; Czarnynoga, M.M.; Dainese, A.; Dange, G.; Danisch, M.C.; Danu, A.; Das, P.; Das, S.; Dash, A.R.; Dash, S.; De Caro, A.; de Cataldo, G.; de Cuveland, J.; De Falco, A.; De Gruttola, D.; De Marco, N.; De Martin, C.; De Pasquale, S.; Deb, R.; Del Grande, R.; Dello Stritto, L.; Deng, W.; Devereaux, K.C.; Dhankher, P.; Di Bari, D.; Di Mauro, A.; Di Ruzza, B.; Diab, B.; Diaz, R.A.; Ding, Y.; Ditzel, J.; Divià, R.; Djuvsland, Ø.; Dmitrieva, U.; Dobrin, A.; Dönigus, B.; Dubinski, J.M.; Dubla, A.; Dupieux, P.; Dzalaiova, N.; Eder, T.M.; Ehlers, R.J.; Eisenhut, F.; Ejima, R.; Elia, D.; Erazmus, B.; Ercolessi, F.; Espagnon, B.; Eulisse, G.; Evans, D.; Evdokimov, S.; Fabbietti, L.; Faggin, M.; Faivre, J.; Fan, F.; Fan, W.; Fantoni, A.; Fasel, M.; Feofilov, G.; Fernández Téllez, A.; Ferrandi, L.; Ferrer, M.B.; Ferrero, A.; Ferrero, C.; Ferretti, A.; Feuillard, V.J.G.; Filova, V.; Finogeev, D.; Fionda, F.M.; Flatland, E.; Flor, F.; Flores, A.N.; Foertsch, S.; Fokin, I.; Fokin, S.; Follo, U.; Fragiacomo, E.; Frajna, E.; Fuchs, U.; Funicello, N.; Furget, C.; Furs, A.; Fusayasu, T.; Gaardhøje, J.J.; Gagliardi, M.; Gago, A.M.; Gahlaut, T.; Galvan, C.D.; Gami, S.; Gangadharan, D.R.; Ganoti, P.; Garabatos, C.; Garcia, J.M.; García Chávez, T.; Garcia-Solis, E.; Gargiulo, C.; Gasik, P.; Gaur, H.M.; Gautam, A.; Gay Ducati, M.B.; Germain, M.; Gernhaeuser, R.A.; Ghosh, C.; Giacalone, M.; Gioachin, G.; Giri, S.K.; Giubellino, P.; Giubilato, P.; Glaenzer, A.M.C.; Glässel, P.; Glimos, E.; Goh, D.J.Q.; Gonzalez, V.; Gordeev, P.; Gorgon, M.; Goswami, K.; Gotovac, S.; Grabski, V.; Graczykowski, L.K.; Grecka, E.; Grelli, A.; Grigoras, C.; Grigoriev, V.; Grigoryan, S.; Grosa, F.; Grosse-Oetringhaus, J.F.; Grosso, R.; Grund, D.; Grunwald, N.A.; Guardiano, G.G.; Guernane, R.; Guilbaud, M.; Gulbrandsen, K.; Gumprecht, J.J.W.K.; Gündem, T.; Gunji, T.; Guo, W.; Gupta, A.; Gupta, R.; Gupta, R.; Gwizdziel, K.; Gyulai, L.; Hadjidakis, C.; Haider, F.U.; Haidlova, S.; Haldar, M.; Hamagaki, H.; Han, Y.; Hanley, B.G.; Hannigan, R.; Hansen, J.; Haque, M.R.; Harris, J.W.; Harton, A.; Hartung, M.V.; Hassan, H.; Hatzifotiadou, D.; Hauer, P.; Havener, L.B.; Hellbär, E.; Helstrup, H.; Hemmer, M.; Herman, T.; Hernandez, S.G.; Herrera Corral, G.; Herrmann, S.; Hetland, K.F.; Heybeck, B.; Hillemanns, H.; Hippolyte, B.; Hobus, I.P.M.; Hoffmann, F.W.; Hofman, B.; Horst, M.; Horzyk, A.; Hou, Y.; Hristov, P.; Huhn, P.; Huhta, L.M.; Humanic, T.J.; Hutson, A.; Hutter, D.; Hwang, M.C.; Ilkaev, R.; Inaba, M.; Innocenti, G.M.; Ippolitov, M.; Isakov, A.; Isidori, T.; Islam, M.S.; Iurchenko, S.; Ivanov, M.; Ivanov, M.; Ivanov, V.; Iversen, K.E.; Jablonski, M.; Jacak, B.; Jacazio, N.; Jachołkowski, A.; Jacobs, P.M.; Jadlovska, S.; Jadlovsky, J.; Jaelani, S.; Jahnke, C.; Jakubowska, M.J.; Janik, M.A.; Janson, T.; Ji, S.; Jia, S.; Jiang, T.; Jimenez, A.A.P.; Jonas, F.; Jones, D.M.; Jowett, J.M.; Jung, J.; Jung, M.; Junique, A.; Jusko, A.; Kaewjai, J.; Kalinak, P.; Kalweit, A.; Karasu Uysal, A.; Karatovic, D.; Karatzenis, N.; Karavichev, O.; Karavicheva, T.; Karpechev, E.; Karwowska, M.J.; Kebschull, U.; Keil, M.; Ketzer, B.; Keul, J.; Khade, S.S.; Khan, A.M.; Khan, S.; Khanzadeev, A.; Kharlov, Y.; Khatun, A.; Khuntia, A.; Khuranova, Z.; Kileng, B.; Kim, B.; Kim, C.; Kim, D.J.; Kim, D.; Kim, E.J.; Kim, J.; Kim, J.; Kim, J.; Kim, M.; Kim, S.; Kim, T.; Kimura, K.; Kirkova, A.; Kirsch, S.; Kisel, I.; Kiselev, S.; Kisiel, A.; Klay, J.L.; Klein, J.; Klein, S.; Klein-Bösing, C.; Kleiner, M.; Klemenz, T.; Kluge, A.; Kobdaj, C.; Kohara, R.; Kollegger, T.; Kondratyev, A.; Kondratyeva, N.; Konig, J.; Konigstorfer, S.A.; Konopka, P.J.; Kornakov, G.; Korwieser, M.; Koryciak, S.D.; Koster, C.; Kotliarov, A.; Kovacic, N.; Kovalenko, V.; Kowalski, M.; Kozhuharov, V.; Kozlov, G.; Králik, I.; Kravčáková, A.; Krcal, L.; Krivda, M.; Krizek, F.; Krizkova Gajdosova, K.; Krug, C.; Krüger, M.; Krupova, D.M.; Kryshen, E.; Kučera, V.; Kuhn, C.; Kuijer, P.G.; Kumaoka, T.; Kumar, D.; Kumar, L.; Kumar, N.; Kumar, S.; Kundu, S.; Kurashvili, P.; Kurepin, A.B.; Kuryakin, A.; Kushpil, S.; Kuskov, V.; Kutyla, M.; Kuznetsov, A.; Kweon, M.J.; Kwon, Y.; La Pointe, S.L.; La Rocca, P.; Lakrathok, A.; Lamanna, M.; Landou, A.R.; Langoy, R.; Larionov, P.; Laudi, E.; Lautner, L.; Laveaga, R.A.N.; Lavicka, R.; Lea, R.; Lee, H.; Legrand, I.; Legras, G.; Lehrbach, J.; Lejeune, A.M.; Lelek, T.M.; Lemmon, R.C.; León Monzón, I.; Lesch, M.M.; Lesser, E.D.; Lévai, P.; Li, M.; Li, P.; Li, X.; Liang-gilman, B.E.; Lien, J.; Lietava, R.; Likmeta, I.; Lim, B.; Lim, H.; Lim, S.H.; Lindenstruth, V.; Lippmann, C.; Liskova, D.; Liu, D.H.; Liu, J.; Liveraro, G.S.S.; Lofnes, I.M.; Loizides, C.; Lokos, S.; Lömker, J.; Lopez, X.; López Torres, E.; Lotteau, C.; Lu, P.; Lu, Z.; Lugo, F.V.; Luhder, J.R.; Luparello, G.; Ma, Y.G.; Mager, M.; Maire, A.; Majerz, E.M.; Makariev, M.V.; Malaev, M.; Malfattore, G.; Malik, N.M.; Malik, S.K.; Mallick, D.; Mallick, N.; Mandaglio, G.; Mandal, S.K.; Manea, A.; Manko, V.; Manso, F.; Manzari, V.; Mao, Y.; Marcjan, R.W.; Margagliotti, G.V.; Margotti, A.; Marín, A.; Markert, C.; Marquez, C.F.B.; Martinengo, P.; Martínez, M.I.; Martínez García, G.; Martins, M.P.P.; Masciocchi, S.; Masera, M.; Masoni, A.; Massacrier, L.; Massen, O.; Mastroserio, A.; Mattiazzo, S.; Matyja, A.; Mazzaschi, F.; Mazzilli, M.; Melikyan, Y.; Melo, M.; Menchaca-Rocha, A.; Mendez, J.E.M.; Meninno, E.; Menon, A.S.; Menzel, M.W.; Meres, M.; Micheletti, L.; Mihai, D.; Mihaylov, D.L.; Mikhaylov, K.; Minafra, N.; Miśkowiec, D.; Modak, A.; Mohanty, B.; Mohisin Khan, M.; Molander, M.A.; Mondal, M.M.; Monira, S.; Mordasini, C.; Moreira De Godoy, D.A.; Morozov, I.; Morsch, A.; Mrnjavac, T.; Muccifora, V.; Muhuri, S.; Mulligan, J.D.; Mulliri, A.; Munhoz, M.G.; Munzer, R.H.; Murakami, H.; Murray, S.; Musa, L.; Musinsky, J.; Myrcha, J.W.; Naik, B.; Nambrath, A.I.; Nandi, B.K.; Nania, R.; Nappi, E.; Nassirpour, A.F.; Nastase, V.; Nath, A.; Nath, S.; Nattrass, C.; Naydenov, M.N.; Neagu, A.; Negru, A.; Nekrasova, E.; Nellen, L.; Nepeivoda, R.; Nese, S.; Nicassio, N.; Nielsen, B.S.; Nielsen, E.G.; Nikolaev, S.; Nikulin, S.; Nikulin, V.; Noferini, F.; Noh, S.; Nomokonov, P.; Norman, J.; Novitzky, N.; Nowakowski, P.; Nyanin, A.; Nystrand, J.; Oh, S.; Ohlson, A.; Okorokov, V.A.; Oleniacz, J.; Onnerstad, A.; Oppedisano, C.; Ortiz Velasquez, A.; Otwinowski, J.; Oya, M.; Oyama, K.; Padhan, S.; Pagano, D.; Paić, G.; Paisano-Guzmán, S.; Palasciano, A.; Panasenko, I.; Panebianco, S.; Pantouvakis, C.; Park, H.; Park, J.; Park, S.; Parkkila, J.E.; Patley, Y.; Patra, R.N.; Paul, B.; Pei, H.; Peitzmann, T.; Peng, X.; Pennisi, M.; Perciballi, S.; Peresunko, D.; Perez, G.M.; Pestov, Y.; Petersen, M.T.; Petrov, V.; Petrovici, M.; Piano, S.; Pikna, M.; Pillot, P.; Pinazza, O.; Pinsky, L.; Pinto, C.; Pisano, S.; Płoskoń, M.; Planinic, M.; Pliquett, F.; Plociennik, D.K.; Poghosyan, M.G.; Polichtchouk, B.; Politano, S.; Poljak, N.; Pop, A.; Porteboeuf-Houssais, S.; Pozdniakov, V.; Pozos, I.Y.; Pradhan, K.K.; Prasad, S.K.; Prasad, S.; Preghenella, R.; Prino, F.; Pruneau, C.A.; Pshenichnov, I.; Puccio, M.; Pucillo, S.; Qiu, S.; Quaglia, L.; Radhakrishnan, A.M.K.; Ragoni, S.; Rai, A.; Rakotozafindrabe, A.; Ramello, L.; Rasa, M.; Räsänen, S.S.; Rath, R.; Rauch, M.P.; Ravasenga, I.; Read, K.F.; Reckziegel, C.; Redelbach, A.R.; Redlich, K.; Reetz, C.A.; Regules-Medel, H.D.; Rehman, A.; Reidt, F.; Reme-Ness, H.A.; Reygers, K.; Riabov, A.; Riabov, V.; Ricci, R.; Richter, M.; Riedel, A.A.; Riegler, W.; Riffero, A.G.; Rignanese, M.; Ripoli, C.; Ristea, C.; Rodriguez, M.V.; Rodríguez Cahuantzi, M.; Rodríguez Ramírez, S.A.; Røed, K.; Rogalev, R.; Rogochaya, E.; Rogoschinski, T.S.; Rohr, D.; Röhrich, D.; Rojas Torres, S.; Rokita, P.S.; Romanenko, G.; Ronchetti, F.; Rosas, E.D.; Roslon, K.; Rossi, A.; Roy, A.; Roy, S.; Rubini, N.; Rudolph, J.A.; Ruggiano, D.; Rui, R.; Russek, P.G.; Russo, R.; Rustamov, A.; Ryabinkin, E.; Ryabov, Y.; Rybicki, A.; Ryu, J.; Rzesa, W.; Sabiu, B.; Sadovsky, S.; Saetre, J.; Saha, S.; Sahoo, B.; Sahoo, R.; Sahoo, S.; Sahu, D.; Sahu, P.K.; Saini, J.; Sajdakova, K.; Sakai, S.; Salvan, M.P.; Sambyal, S.; Samitz, D.; Sanna, I.; Saramela, T.B.; Sarkar, D.; Sarma, P.; Sarritzu, V.; Sarti, V.M.; Sas, M.H.P.; Sawan, S.; Scapparone, E.; Schambach, J.; Scheid, H.S.; Schiaua, C.; Schicker, R.; Schlepper, F.; Schmah, A.; Schmidt, C.; Schmidt, M.O.; Schmidt, M.; Schmidt, N.V.; Schmier, A.R.; Schotter, R.; Schröter, A.; Schukraft, J.; Schweda, K.; Scioli, G.; Scomparin, E.; Seger, J.E.; Sekiguchi, Y.; Sekihata, D.; Selina, M.; Selyuzhenkov, I.; Senyukov, S.; Seo, J.J.; Serebryakov, D.; Serkin, L.; Šerkšnytė, L.; Sevcenco, A.; Shaba, T.J.; Shabetai, A.; Shahoyan, R.; Shangaraev, A.; Sharma, B.; Sharma, D.; Sharma, H.; Sharma, M.; Sharma, S.; Sharma, S.; Sharma, U.; Shatat, A.; Sheibani, O.; Shigaki, K.; Shimomura, M.; Shin, J.; Shirinkin, S.; Shou, Q.; Sibiriak, Y.; Siddhanta, S.; Siemiarczuk, T.; Silva, T.F.; Silvermyr, D.; Simantathammakul, T.; Simeonov, R.; Singh, B.; Singh, B.; Singh, K.; Singh, R.; Singh, R.; Singh, R.; Singh, S.; Singh, V.K.; Singhal, V.; Sinha, T.; Sitar, B.; Sitta, M.; Skaali, T.B.; Skorodumovs, G.; Smirnov, N.; Snellings, R.J.M.; Solheim, E.H.; Sonnabend, C.; Sonneveld, J.M.; Soramel, F.; Soto-hernandez, A.B.; Spijkers, R.; Sputowska, I.; Staa, J.; Stachel, J.; Stan, I.; Steffanic, P.J.; Stellhorn, T.; Stiefelmaier, S.F.; Stocco, D.; Storehaug, I.; Strangmann, N.J.; Stratmann, P.; Strazzi, S.; Sturniolo, A.; Stylianidis, C.P.; Suaide, A.A.P.; Suire, C.; Suiu, A.; Sukhanov, M.; Suljic, M.; Sultanov, R.; Sumberia, V.; Sumowidagdo, S.; Szymkowski, M.; Tabares, L.H.; Taghavi, S.F.; Takahashi, J.; Tambave, G.J.; Tang, S.; Tang, Z.; Tapia Takaki, J.D.; Tapus, N.; Tarasovicova, L.A.; Tarzila, M.G.; Tauro, A.; Tavira García, A.; Tejeda Muñoz, G.; Terlizzi, L.; Terrevoli, C.; Thakur, S.; Thogersen, M.; Thomas, D.; Tikhonov, A.; Tiltmann, N.; Timmins, A.R.; Tkacik, M.; Tkacik, T.; Toia, A.; Tokumoto, R.; Tomassini, S.; Tomohiro, K.; Topilskaya, N.; Toppi, M.; Torres, V.V.; Torres Ramos, A.G.; Trifiró, A.; Triloki, T.; Triolo, A.S.; Tripathy, S.; Tripathy, T.; Trogolo, S.; Trubnikov, V.; Trzaska, W.H.; Trzcinski, T.P.; Tsolanta, C.; Tu, R.; Tumkin, A.; Turrisi, R.; Tveter, T.S.; Ullaland, K.; Ulukutlu, B.; Upadhyaya, S.; Uras, A.; Usai, G.L.; Vala, M.; Valle, N.; van Doremalen, L.V.R.; van Leeuwen, M.; van Veen, C.A.; van Weelden, R.J.G.; Vande Vyvre, P.; Varga, D.; Varga, Z.; Vargas Torres, P.; Vasileiou, M.; Vasiliev, A.; Vázquez Doce, O.; Vazquez Rueda, O.; Vechernin, V.; Vercellin, E.; Verma, R.; Vértesi, R.; Verweij, M.; Vickovic, L.; Vilakazi, Z.; Villalobos Baillie, O.; Villani, A.; Vinogradov, A.; Virgili, T.; Virta, M.M.O.; Vodopyanov, A.; Volkel, B.; Völkl, M.A.; Voloshin, S.A.; Volpe, G.; von Haller, B.; Vorobyev, I.; Vozniuk, N.; Vrláková, J.; Wan, J.; Wang, C.; Wang, D.; Wang, Y.; Wang, Y.; Wang, Z.; Wegrzynek, A.; Weiglhofer, F.T.; Wenzel, S.C.; Wessels, J.P.; Wiacek, P.K.; Wiechula, J.; Wikne, J.; Wilk, G.; Wilkinson, J.; Willems, G.A.; Windelband, B.; Winn, M.; Wright, J.R.; Wu, W.; Wu, Y.; Xiong, Z.; Xu, R.; Yadav, A.; Yadav, A.K.; Yamaguchi, Y.; Yang, S.; Yano, S.; Yeats, E.R.; Yin, Z.; Yoo, I.-K.; Yoon, J.H.; Yu, H.; Yuan, S.; Yuncu, A.; Zaccolo, V.; Zampolli, C.; Zanone, F.; Zardoshti, N.; Zarochentsev, A.; Závada, P.; Zaviyalov, N.; Zhalov, M.; Zhang, B.; Zhang, C.; Zhang, L.; Zhang, M.; Zhang, M.; Zhang, S.; Zhang, X.; Zhang, Y.; Zhang, Z.; Zhao, M.; Zherebchevskii, V.; Zhi, Y.; Zhou, D.; Zhou, Y.; Zhu, J.; Zhu, S.; Zhu, Y.; Zugravel, S.C.; Zurlo, N.

doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2025/04/009

Title: Multimuons in cosmic-ray events as seen in ALICE at the LHC

Journal Article · Wed Apr 02 00:00:00 UTC 2025 · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2025/04/009 · OSTI ID:3011720

; Agarwal, A.;

;

; Akishina, V.;

;

ALICE is a large experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. Located 52 meters underground, its detectors are suitable to measure muons produced by cosmic-ray interactions in the atmosphere. In this paper, the studies of the cosmic muons registered by ALICE during Run 2 (2015–2018) are described. The analysis is limited to multimuon events defined as events with more than four detected muons (N_μ > 4) and in the zenith angle range 0° < θ < 50°. The results are compared with Monte Carlo simulations using three of the main hadronic interaction models describing the air shower development in the atmosphere: QGSJET-II-04, EPOS-LHC, and SIBYLL 2.3d. The interval of the primary cosmic-ray energy involved in the measured muon multiplicity distribution is about 4 × 10¹⁵ < E_prim < 6 × 10¹⁶ eV. In this interval none of the three models is able to describe precisely the trend of the composition of cosmic rays as the energy increases. However, QGSJET-II-04 is found to be the only model capable of reproducing reasonably well the muon multiplicity distribution, assuming a heavy composition of the primary cosmic rays over the whole energy range, while SIBYLL 2.3d and EPOS-LHC underpredict the number of muons in a large interval of multiplicity by more than 20% and 30%, respectively. The rate of high muon multiplicity events (N_μ > 100) obtained with QGSJET-II-04 and SIBYLL 2.3d is compatible with the data, while EPOS-LHC produces a significantly lower rate (55% of the measured rate). For both QGSJET-II-04 and SIBYLL 2.3d, the rate is close to the data when the composition is assumed to be dominated by heavy elements, an outcome compatible with the average energy E_prim ∼ 10¹⁷ eV of these events. This result places significant constraints on more exotic production mechanisms.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Cite

Export

Save

Research Organization:: European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva (Switzerland); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States); Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States); University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (United States); Yale University, New Haven, CT (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: Academy of Finland; Czech Science Foundation; European Research Council; US Department of Energy; USDOE Office of Science (SC), High Energy Physics (HEP); USDOE Office of Science (SC), High Energy Physics (HEP) (SC-25); USDOE Office of Science (SC), Nuclear Physics (NP)

Contributing Organization:: The ALICE collaboration

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-05CH11231; AC05-00OR22725; FG02-96ER40982; SC0004168

OSTI ID:: 3011720

Journal Information:: Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, Journal Name: Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics Journal Issue: 04 Vol. 2025; ISSN 1475-7516

Publisher:: IOP PublishingCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (35)

The Muon Puzzle in cosmic-ray induced air showers and its connection to the Large Hadron Collider Albrecht, Johannes; Cazon, Lorenzo; Dembinski, Hans Astrophysics and Space Science, Vol. 367, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10509-022-04054-5	journal	March 2022
On the knee in the energy spectrum of cosmic rays Hörandel, Jörg R. Astroparticle Physics, Vol. 19, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0927-6505(02)00198-6	journal	May 2003
Cosmic multi-muon events observed in the underground CERN-LEP tunnel with the ALEPH experiment Avati, V.; Dick, L.; Eggert, K. Astroparticle Physics, Vol. 19, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0927-6505(02)00247-5	journal	July 2003
The cosmic ray composition between 1014 and 1016 eV Glasmacher, M. A. K.; Catanese, M. A.; Chantell, M. C. Astroparticle Physics, Vol. 12, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0927-6505(99)00076-6	journal	October 1999
The cosmic ray primary composition between 1015 and 1016 eV from Extensive Air Showers electromagnetic and TeV muon data Aglietta, M.; Alessandro, B.; Antonioli, P. Astroparticle Physics, Vol. 20, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.astropartphys.2003.10.004	journal	March 2004
The cosmic ray primary composition in the “knee” region through the EAS electromagnetic and muon measurements at EAS-TOP Aglietta, M.; Alessandro, B.; Antonioli, P. Astroparticle Physics, Vol. 21, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.astropartphys.2004.04.005	journal	September 2004
KASCADE measurements of energy spectra for elemental groups of cosmic rays: Results and open problems Antoni, T.; Apel, W. D.; Badea, A. F. Astroparticle Physics, Vol. 24, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.astropartphys.2005.04.001	journal	September 2005
Study of multi-muon bundles in cosmic ray showers detected with the DELPHI detector at LEP Abdallah, J.; Abreu, P.; Adam, W. Astroparticle Physics, Vol. 28, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.astropartphys.2007.06.001	journal	November 2007
Probing the evolution of the EAS muon content in the atmosphere with KASCADE-Grande Apel, W. D.; Arteaga-Velázquez, J. C.; Bekk, K. Astroparticle Physics, Vol. 95 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.astropartphys.2017.07.001	journal	October 2017
Investigation of very high energy cosmic rays by means of inclined muon bundles Bogdanov, A. G.; Kokoulin, R. P.; Mannocchi, G. Astroparticle Physics, Vol. 98 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.astropartphys.2018.01.003	journal	March 2018
A topological trigger based on the Time-of-Flight detector for the ALICE experiment Akindinov, A.; Alici, A.; Antonioli, P. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 602, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2008.12.016	journal	April 2009
The ALICE TPC, a large 3-dimensional tracking device with fast readout for ultra-high multiplicity events Alme, J.; Andres, Y.; Appelshäuser, H. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 622, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2010.04.042	journal	October 2010
EPOS Model and Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays Pierog, T.; Werner, K. Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements, Vol. 196 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysbps.2009.09.017	journal	December 2009
Conclusions about properties of high-energy cosmic-rays drawn with limited recourse to hadronic models Watson, A. A. Nuclear and Particle Physics Proceedings, Vol. 291-293, p. 66-73 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysbps.2017.06.015	journal	October 2017
QGSJET-II: physics, recent improvements, and results for air showers Ostapchenko, S. EPJ Web of Conferences, Vol. 52 https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/20125202001	journal	January 2013
Study of cosmic ray events with high muon multiplicity using the ALICE detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, Vol. 2016, Issue 01, p. 032-032 https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2016/01/032	journal	January 2016
Performance of the ALICE Time-Of-Flight detector at the LHC Carnesecchi, F. Journal of Instrumentation, Vol. 14, Issue 06 https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/14/06/C06023	journal	June 2019
EPOS LHC: Test of collective hadronization with data measured at the CERN Large Hadron Collider Pierog, T.; Karpenko, Iu.; Katzy, J. M. Physical Review C, Vol. 92, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.92.034906	journal	September 2015
Heavy quark transport in heavy ion collisions at energies available at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider and at the CERN Large Hadron Collider within the UrQMD hybrid model Lang, Thomas; van Hees, Hendrik; Inghirami, Gabriele Physical Review C, Vol. 93, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.93.014901	journal	January 2016
Cosmic ray spectrum and composition from PeV to EeV using 3 years of data from IceTop and IceCube Aartsen, M. G.; Ackermann, M.; Adams, J. Physical Review D, Vol. 100, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.100.082002	journal	October 2019
Mass composition of cosmic rays determined by the muon fraction with 𝜖_thr ≥ 1 GeV in air showers with energy greater than 5 EeV Knurenko, S. P.; Petrov, I. S. Physical Review D, Vol. 102, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.102.023036	journal	July 2020
Hadronic interaction model sibyll 2.3d and extensive air showers Riehn, Felix; Engel, Ralph; Fedynitch, Anatoli Physical Review D, Vol. 102, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.102.063002	journal	September 2020
Cosmic ray interaction event generator SIBYLL 2.1 Ahn, Eun-Joo; Engel, Ralph; Gaisser, Thomas K. Physical Review D, Vol. 80, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.80.094003	journal	November 2009
Monte Carlo treatment of hadronic interactions in enhanced Pomeron scheme: QGSJET-II model Ostapchenko, S. Physical Review D, Vol. 83, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.83.014018	journal	January 2011
Muons in air showers at the Pierre Auger Observatory: Mean number in highly inclined events Aab, A.; Abreu, P.; Aglietta, M. Physical Review D, Vol. 91, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.91.032003	journal	February 2015
Study of muons from ultrahigh energy cosmic ray air showers measured with the Telescope Array experiment Abbasi, R. U.; Abe, M.; Abu-Zayyad, T. Physical Review D, Vol. 98, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.98.022002	journal	July 2018
Muon content of extensive air showers: Comparison of the energy spectra obtained by the Sydney University Giant Air-shower Recorder and by the Pierre Auger Observatory Bellido, J. A.; Clay, R. W.; Kalmykov, N. N. Physical Review D, Vol. 98, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.98.023014	journal	July 2018
"Soft" Hard Scattering in the Teraelectronvolt Range Gaisser, T. K.; Halzen, F. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 54, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.54.1754	journal	April 1985
Elastic Scattering and Total Cross-Section in p+p Reactions: As Measured by the LHC Experiment TOTEM at $\sqrt{s} = 7$ TeV Csörgő, Tamás; Antchev, G.; Aspell, P. Progress of Theoretical Physics Supplement, Vol. 193 https://doi.org/10.1143/PTPS.193.180	journal	January 2012
Results from recent analysis of KASCADE-Grande data Kang, Donghwa; Arteaga-Velázquez, Juan Carlos; Bertaina, M. SciPost Physics Proceedings, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.21468/SciPostPhysProc.13.036 036	journal	September 2023
Testing Hadronic Interaction Models with Cosmic Ray Measurements at the IceCube Neutrino Observatory Verpoest, Stef; Soldin, Dennis; De Ridder, Sam Proceedings of 37th International Cosmic Ray Conference — PoS(ICRC2021) https://doi.org/10.22323/1.395.0357	conference	July 2021
Estimations of the muon content of cosmic ray air showers between 10 PeV and 1 EeV from KASCADE-Grande data Arteaga Velazquez, Juan Carlos; Apel, W. D.; Arteaga-Velázquez, J. . C. Proceedings of 37th International Cosmic Ray Conference — PoS(ICRC2021) https://doi.org/10.22323/1.395.0376	conference	July 2021
Muon Bundles as a Sign of Strangelets from the Universe Kankiewicz, P.; Rybczyński, M.; Włodarczyk, Z. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 839, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aa67ee	journal	April 2017
LHC Design Report Bruning, Oliver Sim; Collier, Paul; Lebrun, P. https://doi.org/10.5170/CERN-2004-003-V-2	report	January 2004
The cosmic ray energy spectrum in the range 10¹⁶–10¹⁸ eV measured by KASCADE-Grande Bertaina, M.; Apel, W. D.; Arteaga-Velázquez, J. C. Astrophysics and Space Sciences Transactions, Vol. 7, Issue 2, p. 229-234 https://doi.org/10.5194/astra-7-229-2011	journal	June 2011

Similar Records

Energy Spectrum of Ultrahigh-Energy Cosmic Rays according to Data from the Ground-Based Scintillation Detectors of the Yakutsk EAS Array

Journal Article · Fri Mar 15 04:00:00 UTC 2019 · Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics · OSTI ID:22917784

Pravdin, M. I.; Saburov, A. V.

Measurement of the mean number of muons with energies above 500 GeV in air showers detected with the IceCube Neutrino Observatory

Journal Article · Fri Oct 17 00:00:00 UTC 2025 · Physical Review. D. · OSTI ID:3025737

Abbasi, R.; Ackermann, M.; Adams, J.; +411 more

Energy Spectrum of Ultrahigh-Energy Cosmic Rays according to Data from Ground-Based Scintillation Detectors of the Yakutsk EAS Array

Journal Article · Sat Sep 15 04:00:00 UTC 2018 · Physics of Atomic Nuclei · OSTI ID:22761702

Pravdin, M. I.; Saburov, A. V.

Related Subjects

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS
79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS
cosmic ray experiments
cosmic rays detectors

Title: Multimuons in cosmic-ray events as seen in ALICE at the LHC

Citation Formats

References (35)

Similar Records

Related Subjects