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Title: The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: DR6 constraints on extended cosmological models

Journal Article · · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics
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We use new cosmic microwave background (CMB) primary temperature and polarization anisotropy measurements from the Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) Data Release 6 (DR6) to test foundational assumptions of the standard cosmological model, ΛCDM, and set constraints on extensions to it. We derive constraints from the ACT DR6 power spectra alone, as well as in combination with legacy data from the Planck mission. To break geometric degeneracies, we include ACT and Planck CMB lensing data and baryon acoustic oscillation data from DESI Year-1. To test the dependence of our results on non-ACT data, we also explore combinations replacing Planck with WMAP and DESI with BOSS, and further add supernovae measurements from Pantheon+ for models that affect the late-time expansion history. We verify the near-scale-invariance (running of the spectral index dns/d ln k = 0.0062 ± 0.0052) and adiabaticity of the primordial perturbations. Neutrino properties are consistent with Standard Model predictions: we find no evidence for new light, relativistic species that are free-streaming (Neff = 2.86 ± 0.13, which combined with astrophysical measurements of primordial helium and deuterium abundances becomes Neff = 2.89 ± 0.11), for non-zero neutrino masses (∑mν < 0.089 eV at 95% CL), or for neutrino self-interactions. We also find no evidence for self-interacting dark radiation (Nidr < 0.134), or for early-universe variation of fundamental constants, including the fine-structure constant (αEMEM,0 = 1.0043 ± 0.0017) and the electron mass (me/me,0 = 1.0063 ± 0.0056). Our data are consistent with standard big bang nucleosynthesis (we find Yp = 0.2312 ± 0.0092), the COBE/FIRAS-inferred CMB temperature (we find TCMB = 2.698 ± 0.016 K), a dark matter component that is collisionless and with only a small fraction allowed as axion-like particles, a cosmological constant (w = -0.986 ± 0.025), and the late-time growth rate predicted by general relativity (γ = 0.663 ± 0.052). We find no statistically significant preference for a departure from the baseline ΛCDM model. In fits to models invoking early dark energy, primordial magnetic fields, or an arbitrary modified recombination history, we find H0 = 69.9+0.8-1.5, 69.1 ± 0.5, or 69.6 ± 1.0 km/s/Mpc, respectively; using BOSS instead of DESI BAO data reduces the central values of these constraints by 1–1.5 km/s/Mpc while only slightly increasing the error bars. In general, models introduced to increase the Hubble constant or to decrease the amplitude of density fluctuations inferred from the primary CMB are not favored over ΛCDM by our data.

Research Organization:
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (FNAL), Batavia, IL (United States); Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States); Stony Brook University, NY (United States)
Sponsoring Organization:
Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States); USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES). Scientific User Facilities (SUF); USDOE Office of Science (SC), High Energy Physics (HEP); Work Performed Elsewhere
Contributing Organization:
The Atacama Cosmology Telescope collaboration
Grant/Contract Number:
89233218CNA000001; 89243024CSC000002; AC02-05CH11231; SC0025309
OSTI ID:
3008492
Report Number(s):
FERMILAB-PUB--25-0157-PPD; LA-UR-25-22401
Journal Information:
Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, Journal Name: Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics Journal Issue: 11 Vol. 2025; ISSN 1475-7516
Publisher:
IOP PublishingCopyright Statement
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English

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How massless neutrinos affect the cosmic microwave background damping tail journal April 2013
Oscillations in the inflaton potential: Complete numerical treatment and comparison with the recent and forthcoming CMB datasets journal April 2013
Equivalent neutrinos, light WIMPs, and the chimera of dark radiation journal May 2013
Constraining dark matter-baryon scattering with linear cosmology journal January 2014
Inflationary freedom and cosmological neutrino constraints journal May 2014
Current dark matter annihilation constraints from CMB and low-redshift data journal May 2014
Search for neutrinoless double-beta decay of Mo 100 with the NEMO-3 detector journal June 2014
Limits on neutrino-neutrino scattering in the early Universe journal December 2014
Collisional production of sterile neutrinos via secret interactions and cosmological implications journal January 2015
Testing the dark energy consistency with geometry and growth journal March 2015
A search for ultralight axions using precision cosmological data journal May 2015
Observable dark radiation from a cosmologically safe QCD axion journal June 2015
Non-Abelian dark matter and dark radiation journal July 2015
Bounds on very low reheating scenarios after Planck journal December 2015
Nonlinear excitations in inflationary power spectra journal January 2016
Indirect dark matter signatures in the cosmic dark ages. II. Ionization, heating, and photon production from arbitrary energy injections journal January 2016
Indirect dark matter signatures in the cosmic dark ages. I. Generalizing the bound on s -wave dark matter annihilation from Planck results journal January 2016
Small neutrino masses from gravitational θ -term journal June 2016
ETHOS—an effective theory of structure formation: From dark particle physics to the matter distribution of the Universe journal June 2016
Ultralight scalars as cosmological dark matter journal February 2017
Future CMB tests of dark matter: Ultralight axions and massive neutrinos journal June 2017
Inflationary features and shifts in cosmological parameters from Planck 2015 data journal October 2017
Early-Universe constraints on dark matter-baryon scattering and their implications for a global 21 cm signal journal July 2018
Dark Energy Survey Year 1 results: Cosmological constraints from cosmic shear journal August 2018
First cosmological constraint on the effective theory of dark matter-proton interactions journal October 2018
Critical assessment of CMB limits on dark matter-baryon scattering: New treatment of the relative bulk velocity journal December 2018
Time-varying neutrino mass from a supercooled phase transition: Current cosmological constraints and impact on the Ωm−σ8 plane journal January 2019
Measuring the duration of last scattering journal February 2019
Constraints on inflation with an extended neutrino sector journal April 2019
Detection of the Power Spectrum of Cosmic Microwave Background Lensing by the Atacama Cosmology Telescope journal July 2011
Goldstone Bosons as Fractional Cosmic Neutrinos journal June 2013
New Target for Cosmic Axion Searches journal October 2016
Constraints on Scattering of keV–TeV Dark Matter with Protons in the Early Universe journal August 2018
Early Dark Energy can Resolve the Hubble Tension journal June 2019
Stringent Limit on Primordial Magnetic Fields from the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation journal July 2019
Constraining the Self-Interacting Neutrino Interpretation of the Hubble Tension journal November 2019
Relieving the Hubble Tension with Primordial Magnetic Fields journal October 2020
Final Results of GERDA on the Search for Neutrinoless Double- β Decay journal December 2020
Constraints on Dark Matter Properties from Observations of Milky Way Satellite Galaxies journal March 2021
Improved Constraints on Primordial Gravitational Waves using Planck , WMAP, and BICEP/ Keck Observations through the 2018 Observing Season journal October 2021
Limits on the Light Dark Matter–Proton Cross Section from Cosmic Large-Scale Structure journal April 2022
Evidence for Suppression of Structure Growth in the Concordance Cosmological Model journal September 2023
Improved Planck Constraints on Axionlike Early Dark Energy as a Resolution of the Hubble Tension journal May 2024
A New Light Boson? journal January 1978
Spontaneously Broken Lepton Number and Cosmological Constraints on the Neutrino Mass Spectrum journal December 1980
Cosmology for Grand Unified Theories with Radiatively Induced Symmetry Breaking journal April 1982
Inflationary axion cosmology journal January 1991
Evidence for Oscillation of Atmospheric Neutrinos journal August 1998
Cosmological Constraints on Late-time Entropy Production journal May 1999
Direct Evidence for Neutrino Flavor Transformation from Neutral-Current Interactions in the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory journal June 2002
Exploring the Expansion History of the Universe journal March 2003
Initial Conditions of the Universe: How Much Isocurvature is Allowed? journal August 2004
Current Constraints on Cosmological Scenarios with Very Low Reheating Temperatures journal October 2025
Self-interacting neutrinos in light of recent CMB and LSS data journal November 2025
Accelerated inference on accelerated cosmic expansion: New constraints on axionlike early dark energy with DESI BAO and ACT DR6 CMB lensing journal June 2025
Matplotlib: A 2D Graphics Environment journal January 2007
Measuring α in the early Universe: cosmic microwave background polarization, re-ionization and the Fisher matrix analysis journal July 2004
Testing cosmological structure formation using redshift-space distortions journal February 2009
Cosmological constraints from the clustering of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey DR7 luminous red galaxies journal March 2010
Recombinations to the Rydberg states of hydrogen and their effect during the cosmological recombination epoch: Recombinations to the Rydberg states of HI journal July 2010
The 6dF Galaxy Survey: baryon acoustic oscillations and the local Hubble constant: 6dFGS: BAOs and the local Hubble constant journal July 2011
The evolution of CMB spectral distortions in the early Universe: CMB spectral distortions journal November 2011
Cosmic flows in the nearby universe from Type Ia supernovae: Cosmic flows from SNIa journal December 2011
Radiative transfer effects during primordial helium recombination: Radiative transfer effects journal May 2012
The 6dF Galaxy Survey: z≈ 0 measurements of the growth rate and σ8: 6dFGS: z≈ 0 measurements of fσ8 and σ8 journal June 2012
The WiggleZ Dark Energy Survey: joint measurements of the expansion and growth history at z < 1 : WiggleZ Survey: expansion history journal July 2012
Growth index of matter perturbations in the light of Dark Energy Survey journal March 2020
Weaker yet again: mass spectrum-consistent cosmological constraints on the neutrino lifetime journal July 2022
PRyMordial: the first three minutes, within and beyond the standard model journal January 2024
Accelerating Universes with Scaling dark Matter journal April 2001
Observational constraints on early dark energy journal August 2024
A Tale of Many H0 journal September 2024
The Quest for B Modes from Inflationary Gravitational Waves journal September 2016
Neutrino Mass in Cosmology: Status and Prospects journal November 2011
The Primordial Lithium Problem journal November 2011
The Hubble Tension and Early Dark Energy journal September 2023
Neutrino Mass from Cosmology journal January 2012
DES Y3 + KiDS-1000: Consistent cosmology combining cosmic shear surveys journal October 2023
Cosmology of axion dark matter conference April 2024
Status of Neutrino Properties and Future Prospects—Cosmological and Astrophysical Constraints journal February 2018
Cosmicflows-3 journal August 2016
THE PRIMORDIAL DEUTERIUM ABUNDANCE OF THE MOST METAL-POOR DAMPED Ly α SYSTEM journal October 2016
The Complete Light-curve Sample of Spectroscopically Confirmed SNe Ia from Pan-STARRS1 and Cosmological Constraints from the Combined Pantheon Sample journal May 2018
Quantifying the CMB Degeneracy between the Matter Density and Hubble Constant in Current Experiments journal January 2019
Determination of the Primordial Helium Abundance Based on NGC 346, an H ii Region of the Small Magellanic Cloud journal May 2019
Constraints on Cosmological Parameters from the 500 deg 2 SPTPOL Lensing Power Spectrum journal January 2020
Calibration of the Tip of the Red Giant Branch journal March 2020
The PHLEK Survey: A New Determination of the Primordial Helium Abundance journal June 2020
Thermonuclear Reaction Rates and Primordial Nucleosynthesis journal September 2020
The Pantheon+ Analysis: The Full Data Set and Light-curve Release journal October 2022
The Pantheon+ Analysis: Cosmological Constraints journal October 2022
EMPRESS. VIII. A New Determination of Primordial He Abundance with Extremely Metal-poor Galaxies: A Suggestion of the Lepton Asymmetry and Implications for the Hubble Tension journal December 2022
The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: Systematic Transient Search of 3 Day Maps journal October 2023
The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: A Measurement of the DR6 CMB Lensing Power Spectrum and Its Implications for Structure Growth journal February 2024
The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: DR6 Gravitational Lensing Map and Cosmological Parameters journal February 2024
Small Magellanic Cloud Cepheids Observed with the Hubble Space Telescope Provide a New Anchor for the SH0ES Distance Ladder journal September 2024
A Measurement of the Largest-scale CMB E-mode Polarization with CLASS journal June 2025
Status Report on the Chicago-Carnegie Hubble Program (CCHP): Measurement of the Hubble Constant Using the Hubble and James Webb Space Telescopes journal May 2025
COZMIC. I. Cosmological Zoom-in Simulations with Initial Conditions Beyond Cold Dark Matter journal June 2025
The Fourteenth Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey: First Spectroscopic Data from the Extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey and from the Second Phase of the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment journal April 2018
Constraints on Dark Matter Microphysics from the Milky Way Satellite Population journal June 2019
Bounds on Velocity-dependent Dark Matter–Proton Scattering from Milky Way Satellite Abundance journal February 2021
A Comprehensive Measurement of the Local Value of the Hubble Constant with 1 km s−1 Mpc−1 Uncertainty from the Hubble Space Telescope and the SH0ES Team journal July 2022
New Roads to the Small-scale Universe: Measurements of the Clustering of Matter with the High-redshift UV Galaxy Luminosity Function journal April 2022
New Constraint on Early Dark Energy from Planck and BOSS Data Using the Profile Likelihood journal April 2022
S8 Tension in the Context of Dark Matter–Baryon Scattering journal August 2023
The Dark Energy Survey: Cosmology Results with ∼1500 New High-redshift Type Ia Supernovae Using the Full 5 yr Data Set journal September 2024
A Consistency Test of the Cosmological Model at the Epoch of Recombination Using DESI Baryonic Acoustic Oscillation and Planck Measurements journal September 2024