Noise limits for dc SQUID readout of high-Q resonators below 300 MHz

Ankel, V.; Bartram, C.; Begin, J.; Bell, C.; Brouwer, L.; Chaudhuri, S.; Clarke, John; Cho, H.-M.; Corbin, J.; Craddock, W.; Cuadra, S.; Droster, A.; Durkin, M.; Echevers, J.; Fry, J. T.; Hilton, G.; Irwin, K. D.; Keller, A.; Kolevatov, R.; Kunder, A.; Li, D.; Otto, N.; Pappas, K. M. W.; Rapidis, N. M.; Salemi, C. P.; Schmidt, D.; Simanovskaia, M.; Singh, J.; Stark, P.; Tesche, C. D.; Ullom, J.; Vale, L.; van Assendelft, E. C.; van Bibber, K.; Vissers, M.; Wells, K.; Wiedemann, J.; Winslow, L.; Wright, D.; Yi, A. K.; Young, B. A.

doi:10.1063/5.0280831

Title: Noise limits for dc SQUID readout of high-Q resonators below 300 MHz

Journal Article · Thu Sep 04 00:00:00 UTC 2025 · Journal of Applied Physics

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0280831 · OSTI ID:2999038

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Stanford Univ., CA (United States)
Stanford Univ., CA (United States); SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States)
Princeton Univ., NJ (United States)
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)
Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States)
SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States)
Massachusetts Inst. of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA (United States)
National Inst. of Standards and Technology (NIST), Boulder, CO (United States); Univ. of Colorado, Boulder, CO (United States)
National Inst. of Standards and Technology (NIST), Boulder, CO (United States)
Univ. of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (United States)
Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)
Santa Clara Univ., Santa Clara, CA (United States)

We present the limits on noise for the readout of cryogenic high-Q resonators using dc Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices (SQUIDs) below 300 MHz. This analysis uses realized first-stage SQUIDs (previously published), whose performance is well described by Tesche–Clarke (TC) theory, coupled directly to the resonators. We also present data from a prototype second-stage dc SQUID array designed to couple to this first-stage SQUID as a follow-on amplifier with high system bandwidth. This analysis is the first full consideration of dc SQUID noise performance referred to a high-Q resonator over this frequency range and is presented relative to the standard quantum limit. We include imprecision, backaction, and backaction–imprecision noise correlations from TC theory, the noise contributed by the second-stage SQUIDs, wiring, and preamplifiers, and optimizations for both on-resonance measurements and off-resonance scan sensitivity. This architecture has modern relevance due to the increased interest in axion searches and the requirements of the DMRadio-m³ axion search, which uses dc SQUIDs in this frequency range.

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Research Organization:: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States); SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States); University of California, Berkeley, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: US Department of Energy; USDOE Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) Program; USDOE Office of Science (SC), High Energy Physics (HEP); USDOE Office of Science (SC), High Energy Physics (HEP) (SC-25)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-05CH11231; AC02-76SF00515; SC0018988

OSTI ID:: 2999038

Journal Information:: Journal of Applied Physics, Journal Name: Journal of Applied Physics Journal Issue: 9 Vol. 138; ISSN 0021-8979; ISSN 1089-7550

Publisher:: American Institute of Physics (AIP)Copyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (30)

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