A Perspective on Solar-Driven Electrochemical Routes for Sustainable Methanol Production

Pendse, Aaditya; Prajapati, Aditya

doi:10.3390/suschem5010002

Title: A Perspective on Solar-Driven Electrochemical Routes for Sustainable Methanol Production

Abstract

The transition towards sustainable and renewable energy sources is imperative in mitigating the environmental impacts of escalating global energy consumption. Methanol, with its versatile applications and potential as a clean energy carrier, a precursor chemical, and a valuable commodity, emerges as a promising solution within the realm of renewable energy technologies. This work explores the integration of electrochemistry with solar power to drive efficient methanol production processes, focusing on electrochemical reduction (ECR) of CO₂ and methane oxidation reaction (MOR) as pathways for methanol synthesis. Through detailed analysis and calculations, we evaluate the thermodynamic limits and realistic solar-to-fuel (STF) efficiencies of ECR and MOR. Our investigation encompasses the characterization of multijunction light absorbers, determination of thermoneutral potentials, and assessment of STF efficiencies under varying conditions. We identify the challenges and opportunities inherent in both ECR and MOR pathways, shedding light on catalyst stability, reaction kinetics, and system optimization, thereby providing insights into the prospects and challenges of solar-driven methanol synthesis, offering a pathway towards a cleaner and more sustainable energy future.

Authors:

^[1];

^[1]

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)

Publication Date:: Wed Mar 06 00:00:00 EST 2024

Research Org.:: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA)

OSTI Identifier:: 2325217

Report Number(s):: LLNL-JRNL-860117
Journal ID: ISSN 2673-4079; 1091141

Grant/Contract Number:: AC52-07NA27344

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Sustainable Chemistry

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 5; Journal Issue: 1; Journal ID: ISSN 2673-4079

Publisher:: MDPI

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 30 DIRECT ENERGY CONVERSION; methanol production; solar-driven electrochemistry; renewable energy integration; electrochemical reduction of CO2; methane oxidation reaction; solar-to-fuel efficiency

Citation Formats


                    Pendse, Aaditya, and Prajapati, Aditya. A Perspective on Solar-Driven Electrochemical Routes for Sustainable Methanol Production.  United States: N. p., 2024. 
Web.  doi:10.3390/suschem5010002.

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                    Pendse, Aaditya, & Prajapati, Aditya. A Perspective on Solar-Driven Electrochemical Routes for Sustainable Methanol Production.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.3390/suschem5010002

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                    Pendse, Aaditya, and Prajapati, Aditya. Wed .  
"A Perspective on Solar-Driven Electrochemical Routes for Sustainable Methanol Production".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.3390/suschem5010002.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/2325217.

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@article{osti_2325217,

  title        = {A Perspective on Solar-Driven Electrochemical Routes for Sustainable Methanol Production},

  author       = {Pendse, Aaditya and Prajapati, Aditya},

  abstractNote = {The transition towards sustainable and renewable energy sources is imperative in mitigating the environmental impacts of escalating global energy consumption. Methanol, with its versatile applications and potential as a clean energy carrier, a precursor chemical, and a valuable commodity, emerges as a promising solution within the realm of renewable energy technologies. This work explores the integration of electrochemistry with solar power to drive efficient methanol production processes, focusing on electrochemical reduction (ECR) of CO2 and methane oxidation reaction (MOR) as pathways for methanol synthesis. Through detailed analysis and calculations, we evaluate the thermodynamic limits and realistic solar-to-fuel (STF) efficiencies of ECR and MOR. Our investigation encompasses the characterization of multijunction light absorbers, determination of thermoneutral potentials, and assessment of STF efficiencies under varying conditions. We identify the challenges and opportunities inherent in both ECR and MOR pathways, shedding light on catalyst stability, reaction kinetics, and system optimization, thereby providing insights into the prospects and challenges of solar-driven methanol synthesis, offering a pathway towards a cleaner and more sustainable energy future.},

  doi          = {10.3390/suschem5010002},

  journal      = {Sustainable Chemistry},

  number       = 1,

  volume       = 5,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Wed Mar 06 00:00:00 EST 2024},

  month        = {Wed Mar 06 00:00:00 EST 2024}

}

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Title: A Perspective on Solar-Driven Electrochemical Routes for Sustainable Methanol Production

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Electrochemical reduction of CO2 on RuO2/TiO2 nanotubes composite modified Pt electrode journal, May 2005

A large-sized cell for solar-driven CO2 conversion with a solar-to-formate conversion efficiency of 7.2% journal, March 2021

Enhanced Photocatalytic CO 2 -Reduction Activity of Anatase TiO 2 by Coexposed {001} and {101} Facets journal, June 2014

Solar-driven electrochemical synthesis of ammonia using nitrate with 11% solar-to-fuel efficiency at ambient conditions journal, January 2021

Stable Aqueous Photoelectrochemical CO 2 Reduction by a Cu 2 O Dark Cathode with Improved Selectivity for Carbonaceous Products journal, May 2016

Photocatalytic oxidation of methane to methanol by tungsten trioxide-supported atomic gold at room temperature journal, June 2022

Efficient and selective formation of methanol from methane in a fuel cell-type reactor journal, April 2011

Trace-Level Cobalt Dopants Enhance CO2 Electroreduction and Ethylene Formation on Copper journal, July 2023

Role of renewable, non-renewable energy consumption and carbon emission in energy efficiency and productivity change: Evidence from G20 economies journal, May 2023

Enabling the Methanol Economy: Opportunities and Challenges for Heterogeneous Catalysis in the Production of Liquid Fuels via Methanol journal, November 2023

Nanostructured Photocatalysts for the Production of Methanol from Methane and Water journal, March 2021

Progress and Perspectives of Electrochemical CO 2 Reduction on Copper in Aqueous Electrolyte journal, April 2019

Carbon Nitride‐Based Ruthenium Single Atom Photocatalyst for CO 2 Reduction to Methanol journal, March 2021

CO2-free high-purity ethylene from electroreduction of CO2 with 4% solar-to-ethylene and 10% solar-to-carbon efficiencies journal, September 2022

Solar-driven photoelectrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to methanol at CuInS2 thin film photocathode journal, January 2013

Structure‐Tailored Surface Oxide on Cu–Ga Intermetallics Enhances CO2 Reduction Selectivity to Methanol at Ultralow Potential journal, April 2022

Towards the electrochemical conversion of carbon dioxide into methanol journal, January 2015

Electrochemical Reoxidation Enables Continuous Methane-to-Methanol Catalysis with Aqueous Pt Salts journal, June 2019

Solar-Driven Reduction of 1 atm of CO 2 to Formate at 10% Energy-Conversion Efficiency by Use of a TiO 2 -Protected III–V Tandem Photoanode in Conjunction with a Bipolar Membrane and a Pd/C Cathode journal, September 2016

A Feasibility Study of the Electro-recycling of Greenhouse Gases: Design and Characterization of a (TiO2/RuO2)/PTFE Gas Diffusion Electrode for the Electrosynthesis of Methanol from Methane journal, September 2010

Solar Cell-Powered Electrochemical Methane-to-Methanol Conversion with CuO/CeO2 Catalysts journal, February 2021

Structure-Sensitive Electrocatalytic Reduction of CO2 to Methanol over Carbon-Supported Intermetallic PtZn Nano-Alloys journal, April 2020

Chloride-Promoted High-Rate Ambient Electrooxidation of Methane to Methanol on Patterned Cu–Ti Bimetallic Oxides journal, November 2022

Electrochemical Methane Activation and Conversion to Oxygenates at Room Temperature journal, October 2013

Electrocatalytic oxidation of methane to ethanol via NiO/Ni interface journal, August 2020

General Techno-Economic Analysis of CO 2 Electrolysis Systems journal, February 2018

Electrochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide on Conductive Metallic Oxides journal, July 1990

Tandem photo-electrode of InGaN with two Si p-n junctions for CO 2 conversion to HCOOH with the efficiency greater than biological photosynthesis journal, February 2015

Hydrogel protection strategy to stabilize water-splitting photoelectrodes journal, June 2022

Addressing the stability challenge of photo(electro)catalysts towards solar water splitting journal, January 2023

Core–Shell Covalently Linked Graphitic Carbon Nitride–Melamine–Resorcinol–Formaldehyde Microsphere Polymers for Efficient Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction to Methanol journal, May 2022

Designing CO 2 reduction electrode materials by morphology and interface engineering journal, January 2020

Photoelectrochemical Reduction of CO 2 Coupled to Water Oxidation Using a Photocathode with a Ru(II)–Re(I) Complex Photocatalyst and a CoO x /TaON Photoanode journal, October 2016

Electrolytic cell design for electrochemical CO2 reduction journal, January 2020

Photoelectrocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide in aqueous suspensions of semiconductor powders journal, February 1979

Pitfalls and Protocols: Evaluating Catalysts for CO2 Reduction in Electrolyzers Based on Gas Diffusion Electrodes journal, May 2022

Electrochemical Reduction of CO 2 at Intentionally Oxidized Copper Electrodes journal, November 1991

Boosting the performance of Cu2O photocathodes for unassisted solar water splitting devices journal, May 2018

Recent Advances in Solar-Driven Carbon Dioxide Conversion: Expectations versus Reality journal, May 2020

Selective Solar-Driven Reduction of CO 2 to Methanol Using a Catalyzed p-GaP Based Photoelectrochemical Cell journal, May 2008

Best practices for electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide journal, January 2023

Efficient photosynthesis of carbon monoxide from CO2 using perovskite photovoltaics journal, June 2015

Selective electroreduction of carbon dioxide to methanol on copper selenide nanocatalysts journal, February 2019

Tailoring Copper Oxide Semiconductor Nanorod Arrays for Photoelectrochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide to Methanol journal, May 2013

Reduction of Carbon Dioxide to Methanol on n- and p-GaAs and p-InP. Effect of Crystal Face, Electrolyte and Current Density journal, January 1983

Electrosynthesis of methanol from methane: The role of V2O5 in the reaction selectivity for methanol of a TiO2/RuO2/V2O5 gas diffusion electrode journal, January 2013

Oxygen exchange materials for solar thermochemical splitting of H2O and CO2: a review journal, September 2014

Barriers of Electrochemical CO 2 Reduction on Transition Metals journal, July 2016

Bridging fundamental science and applied science to accelerate CO2 electrolyzer scale-up journal, June 2023

Highly Efficient Electroreduction of CO 2 to Methanol on Palladium-Copper Bimetallic Aerogels journal, October 2018

Directed Assembly of Nanoparticle Catalysts on Nanowire Photoelectrodes for Photoelectrochemical CO 2 Reduction journal, August 2016

Comparative well-to-pump assessment of fueling pathways for zero-carbon transportation in China: Hydrogen economy or methanol economy? journal, November 2022

Reduction of CO[sub 2] on n-GaAs Electrodes and Selective Methanol Synthesis journal, January 1984

Ultrahigh Electrocatalytic Conversion of Methane at Room Temperature
journal, September 2017

Over a 15.9% Solar-to-CO Conversion from Dilute CO ₂ Streams Catalyzed by Gold Nanoclusters Exhibiting a High CO ₂ Binding Affinity
journal, December 2019

Nonstoichiometric Perovskite Oxides for Solar Thermochemical H2 and CO Production
journal, January 2014

Two Pathways for Near Room Temperature Electrochemical Conversion of Methane to Methanol
journal, August 2015

Photocatalytic CO ₂ Reduction to Formic Acid Using a Ru(II)–Re(I) Supramolecular Complex in an Aqueous Solution
journal, January 2015

Water Splitting Exceeding 17% Solar-to-Hydrogen Conversion Efficiency Using Solution-Processed Ni-Based Electrocatalysts and Perovskite/Si Tandem Solar Cell
journal, August 2019

Electrochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide to Methane, Methanol, and CO on Ru Electrodes
journal, January 1985

Fundamental insight into electrochemical oxidation of methane towards methanol on transition metal oxides
journal, February 2021

Conversion of carbon dioxide into methanol – a potential liquid fuel: Fundamental challenges and opportunities (a review)
journal, March 2014

Assessment of Artificial Photosynthetic Systems for Integrated Carbon Capture and Conversion
journal, February 2019

Ten-percent solar-to-fuel conversion with nonprecious materials
journal, September 2014

Active direct methanol fuel cell: An overview
journal, July 2020

Tandem reactors and reactions for CO2 conversion
journal, February 2024

Best practices for experiments and reporting in photocatalytic CO2 reduction
journal, August 2023

Electrochemical reduction of CO₂ on RuO₂/TiO₂ nanotubes composite modified Pt electrode
journal, May 2005

A large-sized cell for solar-driven CO2 conversion with a solar-to-formate conversion efficiency of 7.2%
journal, March 2021

Enhanced Photocatalytic CO ₂ -Reduction Activity of Anatase TiO ₂ by Coexposed {001} and {101} Facets
journal, June 2014

Solar-driven electrochemical synthesis of ammonia using nitrate with 11% solar-to-fuel efficiency at ambient conditions
journal, January 2021

Stable Aqueous Photoelectrochemical CO ₂ Reduction by a Cu ₂ O Dark Cathode with Improved Selectivity for Carbonaceous Products
journal, May 2016

Photocatalytic oxidation of methane to methanol by tungsten trioxide-supported atomic gold at room temperature
journal, June 2022

Efficient and selective formation of methanol from methane in a fuel cell-type reactor
journal, April 2011

Trace-Level Cobalt Dopants Enhance CO₂ Electroreduction and Ethylene Formation on Copper
journal, July 2023

Role of renewable, non-renewable energy consumption and carbon emission in energy efficiency and productivity change: Evidence from G20 economies
journal, May 2023

Enabling the Methanol Economy: Opportunities and Challenges for Heterogeneous Catalysis in the Production of Liquid Fuels via Methanol
journal, November 2023

Nanostructured Photocatalysts for the Production of Methanol from Methane and Water
journal, March 2021

Progress and Perspectives of Electrochemical CO ₂ Reduction on Copper in Aqueous Electrolyte
journal, April 2019

Carbon Nitride‐Based Ruthenium Single Atom Photocatalyst for CO ₂ Reduction to Methanol
journal, March 2021

CO2-free high-purity ethylene from electroreduction of CO2 with 4% solar-to-ethylene and 10% solar-to-carbon efficiencies
journal, September 2022

Solar-driven photoelectrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to methanol at CuInS2 thin film photocathode
journal, January 2013

Structure‐Tailored Surface Oxide on Cu–Ga Intermetallics Enhances CO₂ Reduction Selectivity to Methanol at Ultralow Potential
journal, April 2022

Towards the electrochemical conversion of carbon dioxide into methanol
journal, January 2015

Electrochemical Reoxidation Enables Continuous Methane-to-Methanol Catalysis with Aqueous Pt Salts
journal, June 2019

Solar-Driven Reduction of 1 atm of CO ₂ to Formate at 10% Energy-Conversion Efficiency by Use of a TiO ₂ -Protected III–V Tandem Photoanode in Conjunction with a Bipolar Membrane and a Pd/C Cathode
journal, September 2016

A Feasibility Study of the Electro-recycling of Greenhouse Gases: Design and Characterization of a (TiO2/RuO2)/PTFE Gas Diffusion Electrode for the Electrosynthesis of Methanol from Methane
journal, September 2010

Solar Cell-Powered Electrochemical Methane-to-Methanol Conversion with CuO/CeO₂ Catalysts
journal, February 2021

Structure-Sensitive Electrocatalytic Reduction of CO₂ to Methanol over Carbon-Supported Intermetallic PtZn Nano-Alloys
journal, April 2020

Chloride-Promoted High-Rate Ambient Electrooxidation of Methane to Methanol on Patterned Cu–Ti Bimetallic Oxides
journal, November 2022

Electrochemical Methane Activation and Conversion to Oxygenates at Room Temperature
journal, October 2013

Electrocatalytic oxidation of methane to ethanol via NiO/Ni interface
journal, August 2020

General Techno-Economic Analysis of CO ₂ Electrolysis Systems
journal, February 2018

Electrochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide on Conductive Metallic Oxides
journal, July 1990

Tandem photo-electrode of InGaN with two Si p-n junctions for CO ₂ conversion to HCOOH with the efficiency greater than biological photosynthesis
journal, February 2015

Hydrogel protection strategy to stabilize water-splitting photoelectrodes
journal, June 2022

Addressing the stability challenge of photo(electro)catalysts towards solar water splitting
journal, January 2023

Core–Shell Covalently Linked Graphitic Carbon Nitride–Melamine–Resorcinol–Formaldehyde Microsphere Polymers for Efficient Photocatalytic CO₂ Reduction to Methanol
journal, May 2022

Designing CO ₂ reduction electrode materials by morphology and interface engineering
journal, January 2020

Photoelectrochemical Reduction of CO ₂ Coupled to Water Oxidation Using a Photocathode with a Ru(II)–Re(I) Complex Photocatalyst and a CoO _x /TaON Photoanode
journal, October 2016

Electrolytic cell design for electrochemical CO2 reduction
journal, January 2020

Photoelectrocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide in aqueous suspensions of semiconductor powders
journal, February 1979

Pitfalls and Protocols: Evaluating Catalysts for CO₂ Reduction in Electrolyzers Based on Gas Diffusion Electrodes
journal, May 2022

Electrochemical Reduction of CO 2 at Intentionally Oxidized Copper Electrodes
journal, November 1991

Boosting the performance of Cu2O photocathodes for unassisted solar water splitting devices
journal, May 2018

Recent Advances in Solar-Driven Carbon Dioxide Conversion: Expectations versus Reality
journal, May 2020

Selective Solar-Driven Reduction of CO ₂ to Methanol Using a Catalyzed p-GaP Based Photoelectrochemical Cell
journal, May 2008

Best practices for electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide
journal, January 2023

Efficient photosynthesis of carbon monoxide from CO2 using perovskite photovoltaics
journal, June 2015

Selective electroreduction of carbon dioxide to methanol on copper selenide nanocatalysts
journal, February 2019

Tailoring Copper Oxide Semiconductor Nanorod Arrays for Photoelectrochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide to Methanol
journal, May 2013

Reduction of Carbon Dioxide to Methanol on n- and p-GaAs and p-InP. Effect of Crystal Face, Electrolyte and Current Density
journal, January 1983

Electrosynthesis of methanol from methane: The role of V₂O₅ in the reaction selectivity for methanol of a TiO₂/RuO₂/V₂O₅ gas diffusion electrode
journal, January 2013

Oxygen exchange materials for solar thermochemical splitting of H2O and CO2: a review
journal, September 2014

Barriers of Electrochemical CO ₂ Reduction on Transition Metals
journal, July 2016

Bridging fundamental science and applied science to accelerate CO2 electrolyzer scale-up
journal, June 2023

Highly Efficient Electroreduction of CO ₂ to Methanol on Palladium-Copper Bimetallic Aerogels
journal, October 2018

Directed Assembly of Nanoparticle Catalysts on Nanowire Photoelectrodes for Photoelectrochemical CO ₂ Reduction
journal, August 2016

Comparative well-to-pump assessment of fueling pathways for zero-carbon transportation in China: Hydrogen economy or methanol economy?
journal, November 2022

Reduction of CO[sub 2] on n-GaAs Electrodes and Selective Methanol Synthesis
journal, January 1984