Abstract

As modern gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines utilize sophisticated injection strategies, a detailed understanding of the air-fuel mixing process is crucial to further improvements in engine emission and fuel economy. In this study, a comprehensive evaluation of the spray process of single-component iso-octane (IC8) and multi-component gasoline surrogate E00 (36 % n-pentane, 46 % iso-octane, and 18 % n-undecane, by volume) fuels was conducted using an Engine Combustion Network (ECN) Spray G injector. High-speed extinction, schlieren, and microscopy imaging campaigns were carried out under engine-like ambient conditions in a spray vessel. Experimental results including liquid/vapor penetration, local liquid volume fraction, droplet size, and projected liquid film on the nozzle tip were compared under ECN G1 (573 K, 3.5 kg/m³), G2 (333 K, 0.5 kg/m³), and G3 (333 K, 1.01 kg/m³) conditions. In addition to the experiments, preferential evaporation process of the E00 fuel was elucidated by Large–Eddy Simulations (LES). The three-dimensional liquid volume fraction measurement enabled by the computed tomographic reconstruction showed substantial plume collapse for E00 under the G2 and G3 conditions having wider plume growth and plume-to-plume interaction due to the fuel high vapor pressure. Here, the CFD simulation of E00 showed an inhomogeneity in the way fuelmore » components vaporized, with more volatile components carried downstream in the spray after the end of injection. The high vapor pressure of E00 also results in ~4 μm smaller average droplet diameter than IC8, reflecting a higher rate of initial vaporization even though the final boiling point temperature is higher. Consistent with high vapor pressure, E00 had a wider plume cone angle and enhanced interaction with the wall to cover the entire surface of the nozzle tip in a film. However, the liquid fuel underwent faster evaporation, so the final projected tip wetting area was smaller than the IC8 under the flash-boiling condition.« less

Authors:

Hwang, Joonsik ^[1]; Karathanassis, Ioannis K.  ^[2];

• Search DOE PAGES for author "Karathanassis, Ioannis K."
• Search DOE PAGES for ORCID "0000-0001-9025-2866"

Koukouvinis, Phoevos ^[3]; Nguyen, Tuan  ^[4];

• Search DOE PAGES for author "Nguyen, Tuan"
• Search DOE PAGES for ORCID "0000-0002-8592-1655"

Tagliante, Fabien ^[4]; Pickett, Lyle M.  ^[4];

• Search DOE PAGES for author "Pickett, Lyle M."
• Search DOE PAGES for ORCID "0000-0002-0925-7027"

Sforzo, Brandon A. ^[5]; Powell, Christopher F. ^[5]

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+ Show Author Affiliations

1. Mississippi State Univ., Mississippi State, MS (United States)
2. City University of London (United Kingdon)
3. Cyprus Univ. of Technology, Limassol (Cyprus)
4. Sandia National Lab. (SNL-CA), Livermore, CA (United States)
5. Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States)

Publication Date:

Mon Feb 05 00:00:00 EST 2024

Research Org.:

Sandia National Lab. (SNL-CA), Livermore, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:

USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Office of Sustainable Transportation. Vehicle Technologies Office (VTO); USDOE National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA); European Union (EU)

OSTI Identifier:

2311360

Alternate Identifier(s):

OSTI ID: 2305443

Report Number(s):

SAND-2024-02036J
Journal ID: ISSN 0301-9322

Grant/Contract Number:  

NA0003525; 794831; 748784

Resource Type:

Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:

International Journal of Multiphase Flow

Additional Journal Information:

Journal Volume: 174; Journal ID: ISSN 0301-9322

Publisher:

Elsevier

Country of Publication:

United States

Language:

English

Subject:

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS; Gasoline direct injection (GDI); Multi-component surrogate; Spray; Plume collapse; Preferential evaporation