DOE PAGES title logo U.S. Department of Energy
Office of Scientific and Technical Information

This content will become publicly available on Thu Jan 02 00:00:00 EST 2025

Title: I/I3 Redox-Assisted Synthesis and Properties of Low Dimensional, Mixed-Valent Gold Iodide Perovskite Derivatives

Abstract

Here, we report a set of three new mixed-valent AuI AuIII iodides: (ClPy)3[AuI2]2[AuI4] [1], (BrPy)3[AuI2]2[AuI4] [2], and (ClPy)2[AuI2][AuI4] [3], as well as three new monovalent AuIII iodides: (XPy)2[AuI4][I3] (Py = 4-X-pyridinium X = Cl, Br, and I) [4–6]. Two of these mixed-valent compounds (1 and 2) incorporate both monovalent AuI···AuI (aurophilic bonding) and mixed-valent AuII···AuIIII couples (Au–I halogen bonding), to the best of our knowledge an unprecedented structural feature. These same two mixed-valent compounds also exhibit a rare low-dimensional molecular architecture with respect to second sphere Au···I interactions, namely, 1D chains of Au···I interactions, extending along a single crystallographic axis. All compounds were synthesized with the assistance of the I/I3 redox couple and tacit manipulation of the polyiodide content during synthesis. Air-free synthesis was used to influence the redox process of I/I3, resulting in better selection for mixed-valent products. Compounds 1–2 and 4–5 exhibit a characteristically narrow bandgap (1.04–1.25 eV), as measured via diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS). Computational analyses were used to rationalize the specific assembly modes of [AuI2] and [AuI4] species, and they show that the AuI···I interaction type is favored over the AuIII···I.

Authors:
ORCiD logo [1]; ORCiD logo [1]; ORCiD logo [1]
  1. George Washington University, Washington, DC (United States)
Publication Date:
Research Org.:
George Washington Univ., Washington, DC (United States)
Sponsoring Org.:
USDOE National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA)
OSTI Identifier:
2282256
Grant/Contract Number:  
NA0003996
Resource Type:
Accepted Manuscript
Journal Name:
Crystal Growth and Design
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Volume: 24; Journal Issue: 2; Journal ID: ISSN 1528-7483
Publisher:
American Chemical Society
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY; perovskite; gold; mixed-valence; crystal; crystallography; iodine; redox; inorganic; anions; crystal structure; diseases and disorders; materials

Citation Formats

Walusiak, Benjamin W., Raghavan, Adharsh, and Cahill, Christopher L. I–/I3– Redox-Assisted Synthesis and Properties of Low Dimensional, Mixed-Valent Gold Iodide Perovskite Derivatives. United States: N. p., 2024. Web. doi:10.1021/acs.cgd.3c01040.
Walusiak, Benjamin W., Raghavan, Adharsh, & Cahill, Christopher L. I–/I3– Redox-Assisted Synthesis and Properties of Low Dimensional, Mixed-Valent Gold Iodide Perovskite Derivatives. United States. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.cgd.3c01040
Walusiak, Benjamin W., Raghavan, Adharsh, and Cahill, Christopher L. Tue . "I–/I3– Redox-Assisted Synthesis and Properties of Low Dimensional, Mixed-Valent Gold Iodide Perovskite Derivatives". United States. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.cgd.3c01040.
@article{osti_2282256,
title = {I–/I3– Redox-Assisted Synthesis and Properties of Low Dimensional, Mixed-Valent Gold Iodide Perovskite Derivatives},
author = {Walusiak, Benjamin W. and Raghavan, Adharsh and Cahill, Christopher L.},
abstractNote = {Here, we report a set of three new mixed-valent AuI AuIII iodides: (ClPy)3[AuI2]2[AuI4] [1], (BrPy)3[AuI2]2[AuI4] [2], and (ClPy)2[AuI2][AuI4] [3], as well as three new monovalent AuIII iodides: (XPy)2[AuI4][I3] (Py = 4-X-pyridinium X = Cl, Br, and I) [4–6]. Two of these mixed-valent compounds (1 and 2) incorporate both monovalent AuI···AuI (aurophilic bonding) and mixed-valent AuII···AuIIII couples (Au–I halogen bonding), to the best of our knowledge an unprecedented structural feature. These same two mixed-valent compounds also exhibit a rare low-dimensional molecular architecture with respect to second sphere Au···I interactions, namely, 1D chains of Au···I interactions, extending along a single crystallographic axis. All compounds were synthesized with the assistance of the I–/I3– redox couple and tacit manipulation of the polyiodide content during synthesis. Air-free synthesis was used to influence the redox process of I–/I3–, resulting in better selection for mixed-valent products. Compounds 1–2 and 4–5 exhibit a characteristically narrow bandgap (1.04–1.25 eV), as measured via diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS). Computational analyses were used to rationalize the specific assembly modes of [AuI2]– and [AuI4]– species, and they show that the AuI···I interaction type is favored over the AuIII···I.},
doi = {10.1021/acs.cgd.3c01040},
journal = {Crystal Growth and Design},
number = 2,
volume = 24,
place = {United States},
year = {Tue Jan 02 00:00:00 EST 2024},
month = {Tue Jan 02 00:00:00 EST 2024}
}

Journal Article:
Free Publicly Available Full Text
This content will become publicly available on January 2, 2025
Publisher's Version of Record

Save / Share:

Works referenced in this record:

Enhancing the triiodide reduction activity of a perovskite-based electrocatalyst for dye-sensitized solar cells through exsolved silver nanoparticles
journal, January 2019

  • Xu, Meigui; Wang, Wei; Zhong, Yijun
  • Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 7, Issue 29
  • DOI: 10.1039/C9TA05005A

Electrostatic surface potential analysis of the I3- ion in the gas phase, the condensed phase and a novel extrapolation to the solid state
journal, August 2016

  • Groenewald, Ferdinand; Esterhuysen, Catharine; Dillen, Jan
  • Computational and Theoretical Chemistry, Vol. 1090
  • DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2016.06.026

The Cambridge Structural Database
journal, April 2016

  • Groom, Colin R.; Bruno, Ian J.; Lightfoot, Matthew P.
  • Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science, Crystal Engineering and Materials, Vol. 72, Issue 2, p. 171-179
  • DOI: 10.1107/S2052520616003954

The leaching kinetics of an oxide gold ore with iodide/iodine solutions
journal, February 2012


Substituent effects of halopyridines
journal, June 2008


Anion···Anion [AuI4]···[AuI2] Complex Trapped in the Solid State by Tetramethylammonium Cations
journal, September 2022

  • Andreo, Luca; Gomila, Rosa M.; Priola, Emanuele
  • Crystal Growth & Design, Vol. 22, Issue 11
  • DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.2c00749

Relativistic effects in homogeneous gold catalysis
journal, March 2007


GSAS-II : the genesis of a modern open-source all purpose crystallography software package
journal, March 2013


Consideration of Influential Factors on Bioleaching of Gold Ore Using Iodide-Oxidizing Bacteria
journal, May 2019

  • Khaing, San Yee; Sugai, Yuichi; Sasaki, Kyuro
  • Minerals, Vol. 9, Issue 5
  • DOI: 10.3390/min9050274

Iodine Redox Chemistry in Rechargeable Batteries
journal, February 2021

  • Ma, Jizhen; Liu, Miaomiao; He, Yulong
  • Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 60, Issue 23
  • DOI: 10.1002/anie.202009871

Photoinduced valence transition in gold complexesCs2Au2X6(X=Cland Br) probed by x-ray photoemission spectroscopy
journal, December 2005


High-Stability Flexible X-ray Detectors Based on Lead-Free Halide Perovskite Cs2TeI6 Films
journal, May 2021

  • Guo, Jun; Xu, Yadong; Yang, Wenhui
  • ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 13, Issue 20
  • DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c04252

The Ionization Potentials of Monosubstituted Pyridines by Electron Impact
journal, July 1963

  • Basila, Michael R.; Clancy, Donald J.
  • The Journal of Physical Chemistry, Vol. 67, Issue 7
  • DOI: 10.1021/j100801a036

OLEX2 : a complete structure solution, refinement and analysis program
journal, January 2009

  • Dolomanov, Oleg V.; Bourhis, Luc J.; Gildea, Richard J.
  • Journal of Applied Crystallography, Vol. 42, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.1107/S0021889808042726

Bandgap modification in 0D tellurium iodide perovskite derivatives via incorporation of polyiodide species
journal, January 2023

  • Walusiak, Benjamin W.; Raghavan, Adharsh; Cahill, Christopher L.
  • RSC Advances, Vol. 13, Issue 20
  • DOI: 10.1039/D3RA00996C

Solution chemistry of iodide leaching of gold
journal, March 1993


ShelXle : a Qt graphical user interface for SHELXL
journal, November 2011

  • Hübschle, Christian B.; Sheldrick, George M.; Dittrich, Birger
  • Journal of Applied Crystallography, Vol. 44, Issue 6
  • DOI: 10.1107/S0021889811043202

Gold-Based Double Perovskite-Related Polymorphs: Low Dimensional with an Ultranarrow Bandgap
journal, February 2022


Accurate Coulomb-fitting basis sets for H to Rn
journal, January 2006

  • Weigend, Florian
  • Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, Vol. 8, Issue 9
  • DOI: 10.1039/b515623h

A Three-Dimensional Iodo-Bridged Mixed-Valence Gold(I, III) Compound, Cs 2 Au I Au III I 6
journal, June 1997

  • Matsushita, N.; Kitagawa, H.; Kojima, N.
  • Acta Crystallographica Section C Crystal Structure Communications, Vol. 53, Issue 6
  • DOI: 10.1107/S0108270197000279

Kinetic study of the fast halogen-trihalide ion equilibria in protic media by the Raman-laser temperature-jump technique. A non-diffusion-controlled ion-molecule reaction
journal, August 1986

  • Ruasse, Marie Francoise; Aubard, Jean; Galland, Bernard
  • The Journal of Physical Chemistry, Vol. 90, Issue 18
  • DOI: 10.1021/j100409a034

Balanced basis sets of split valence, triple zeta valence and quadruple zeta valence quality for H to Rn: Design and assessment of accuracy
journal, January 2005

  • Weigend, Florian; Ahlrichs, Reinhart
  • Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, Vol. 7, Issue 18, p. 3297-3305
  • DOI: 10.1039/b508541a

Density‐functional thermochemistry. III. The role of exact exchange
journal, April 1993

  • Becke, Axel D.
  • The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 98, Issue 7, p. 5648-5652
  • DOI: 10.1063/1.464913

Strategic advantages of reactive polyiodide melts for scalable perovskite photovoltaics
journal, November 2018


Organic-Based Layered Perovskites of Mixed-Valent Gold(I)/Gold(III) Iodides
journal, June 2003

  • Castro-Castro, Laura M.; Guloy, Arnold M.
  • Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 42, Issue 24
  • DOI: 10.1002/anie.200350929

Multiwfn: A multifunctional wavefunction analyzer
journal, December 2011

  • Lu, Tian; Chen, Feiwu
  • Journal of Computational Chemistry, Vol. 33, Issue 5
  • DOI: 10.1002/jcc.22885

A short history of SHELX
journal, December 2007

  • Sheldrick, George M.
  • Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations of Crystallography, Vol. 64, Issue 1, p. 112-122
  • DOI: 10.1107/S0108767307043930

Dissolution kinetics of gold in iodide solutions
journal, July 1991


Influence of the exchange screening parameter on the performance of screened hybrid functionals
journal, December 2006

  • Krukau, Aliaksandr V.; Vydrov, Oleg A.; Izmaylov, Artur F.
  • The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 125, Issue 22
  • DOI: 10.1063/1.2404663

New Medium-Size Basis Sets To Evaluate the Dispersion Interaction of Hydrocarbon Molecules
journal, March 1998

  • Tsuzuki, Seiji; Uchimaru, Tadafumi; Mikami, Masuhiro
  • The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, Vol. 102, Issue 12
  • DOI: 10.1021/jp973467d

Gold Valence Transition and Phase Diagram in the Mixed-Valence Complexes, M 2 [Au I X 2 ][Au III X 4 ] (M = Rb, Cs; X = Cl, Br, and I)
journal, July 2000

  • Kojima, Norimichi
  • Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan, Vol. 73, Issue 7
  • DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.73.1445

Divalent gold in perovskite type CsAuI3
journal, September 1994


Layered Organic-Based Metal Iodide−Polyiodide with Unique Mixed-Valent Gold(I/III) Iodide Chains
journal, June 2004

  • Castro-Castro, Laura M.; Guloy, Arnold M.
  • Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 43, Issue 15
  • DOI: 10.1021/ic049766g

Perovskite-related hybrid noble metal iodides: Formamidinium platinum iodide [(FA)2Pt I6] and mixed-valence methylammonium gold iodide [(MA)2Au Au I6]
journal, November 2017


Time-resolved reaction of oxygen(1.DELTA.) with iodide in aqueous solution
journal, November 1988

  • Braathen, Geir; Chou, Pi Tai; Frei, Heinz
  • The Journal of Physical Chemistry, Vol. 92, Issue 23
  • DOI: 10.1021/j100334a026

Governing the oxidative addition of iodine to gold(i) complexes by ligand tuning
journal, January 2004

  • Schneider, Daniel; Schier, Annette; Schmidbaur, Hubert
  • Dalton Transactions, Issue 13
  • DOI: 10.1039/b403005b

Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Gold Halide Perovskites: Structural Diversity through Cation Size
journal, July 2019

  • Murasugi, Hideaki; Kumagai, Shohei; Iguchi, Hiroaki
  • Chemistry – A European Journal, Vol. 25, Issue 42
  • DOI: 10.1002/chem.201901288

Single crystal growth by self-flux method of the mixed valence gold halides Cs2[AuIX2][AuIIIX4] (X=Br,I)
journal, September 2012


Direct Band Gap Mixed-Valence Organic–inorganic Gold Perovskite as Visible Light Absorbers
journal, June 2020


Mixed Valence Perovskite Cs 2 Au 2 I 6 : A Potential Material for Thin-Film Pb-Free Photovoltaic Cells with Ultrahigh Efficiency
journal, February 2018

  • Debbichi, Lamjed; Lee, Songju; Cho, Hyunyoung
  • Advanced Materials, Vol. 30, Issue 12
  • DOI: 10.1002/adma.201707001

The Catalytic Cycle of Oxidation of Iodide Ion in the Oxygen/Nitrous Acid/Nitric Oxide System and Its Potential for Analytical Applications
journal, December 2006

  • Couto, Andrea Boldarini; de Souza, Débora Cassoli; Sartori, Elen Romão
  • Analytical Letters, Vol. 39, Issue 15
  • DOI: 10.1080/00032710600983387

Single-crystal structure validation with the program PLATON
journal, January 2003


Detailed Balance Limit of Efficiency of p‐n Junction Solar Cells
journal, March 1961

  • Shockley, William; Queisser, Hans J.
  • Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 32, Issue 3, p. 510-519
  • DOI: 10.1063/1.1736034

Metal-Involving Halogen Bonding Including Gold(I) as a Nucleophilic Partner. The Case of Isomorphic Dichloroaurate(I)·Halomethane Cocrystals
journal, January 2022


Direct formation of I3- ions in organic cation solution for efficient perovskite solar cells
journal, October 2018


Halide perovskites: A dark horse for direct X‐ray imaging
journal, November 2020