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Title: XXL-HSC: An updated catalogue of high-redshift (z ≥ 3.5) X-ray AGN in the XMM-XXL northern field

Abstract

X-rays offer a reliable method to identify active galactic nuclei (AGNs). However, in the high-redshift Universe, X-ray AGNs are poorly sampled due to their relatively low space density and the small areas covered by X-ray surveys. In addition to wide-area X-ray surveys, it is important to have deep optical data in order to locate the optical counterparts and determine their redshifts. Here, in this work, we built a high-redshift (z ≥ 3.5) X-ray-selected AGN sample in the XMM-XXL northern field using the most updated [0.5–2 keV] catalogue along with a plethora of new spectroscopic and multi-wavelength catalogues, including the deep optical Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) data, reaching magnitude limits i ~ 26 mag. We selected all the spectroscopically confirmed AGN and complement this sample with high-redshift candidates that are HSC g- and r-band dropouts. To confirm the dropouts, we derived their photometric redshifts using spectral energy distribution techniques. We obtained a sample of 54 high-z sources (28 with spec-z), the largest in this field so far (almost three times larger than in previous studies), and we estimated the possible contamination and completeness. We calculated the number counts (log N-log S) in different redshift bins and compared our results with previousmore » studies and models. We provide the strongest high-redshift AGN constraints yet at bright fluxes (f0.5 – 2 keV > 10–15 erg s–1 cm–2). The samples of z ≥ 3.5, z ≥ 4, and z ≥ 5 are in agreement with an exponential decline model similar to that witnessed at optical wavelengths. Our work emphasises the importance of using wide-area X-ray surveys with deep optical data to uncover high-redshift AGNs.« less

Authors:
ORCiD logo [1];  [1];  [1];  [2];  [1];  [3];  [4];  [2];  [5];  [6];  [7];  [8];  [5];  [9];  [10]
+ Show Author Affiliations
  1. National Observatory of Athens (Greece)
  2. Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) (Italy)
  3. Tohoku Univ., Sendai (Japan)
  4. Kyoto Univ. (Japan)
  5. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) (France); Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique (CEA) (France); Univ. Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette (France); University Paris-Diderot (France)
  6. Chalmers University of Technology (Sweden)
  7. Ehime Univ., Matsuyama (Japan)
  8. Univ. of Geneva (Switzerland)
  9. Kyoto Univ. (Japan); Ehime Univ., Matsuyama (Japan); Academia Sinica, Taipei (Taiwan)
  10. Univ. of Bologna (Italy); Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) (Italy)
Publication Date:
Research Org.:
US Department of Energy (USDOE), Washington, DC (United States). Office of Science, Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS)
Sponsoring Org.:
USDOE Office of Science (SC); Alfred P. Sloan Foundation
OSTI Identifier:
1982304
Resource Type:
Accepted Manuscript
Journal Name:
Astronomy and Astrophysics
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Volume: 658; Journal ID: ISSN 0004-6361
Publisher:
EDP Sciences
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS; active galaxies; x-rays; data analysis; observational methods; statistical methods; early universe

Citation Formats

Pouliasis, E., Georgantopoulos, I., Ruiz, A., Gilli, R., Koulouridis, E., Akiyama, M., Ueda, Y., Chiappetti, L., Garrel, C., Horellou, C., Nagao, T., Paltani, S., Pierre, M., Toba, Y., and Vignali, C. XXL-HSC: An updated catalogue of high-redshift (z ≥ 3.5) X-ray AGN in the XMM-XXL northern field. United States: N. p., 2022. Web. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202142059.
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Pouliasis, E., Georgantopoulos, I., Ruiz, A., Gilli, R., Koulouridis, E., Akiyama, M., Ueda, Y., Chiappetti, L., Garrel, C., Horellou, C., Nagao, T., Paltani, S., Pierre, M., Toba, Y., & Vignali, C. XXL-HSC: An updated catalogue of high-redshift (z ≥ 3.5) X-ray AGN in the XMM-XXL northern field. United States. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202142059
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Pouliasis, E., Georgantopoulos, I., Ruiz, A., Gilli, R., Koulouridis, E., Akiyama, M., Ueda, Y., Chiappetti, L., Garrel, C., Horellou, C., Nagao, T., Paltani, S., Pierre, M., Toba, Y., and Vignali, C. Fri . "XXL-HSC: An updated catalogue of high-redshift (z ≥ 3.5) X-ray AGN in the XMM-XXL northern field". United States. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202142059. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1982304.
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@article{osti_1982304,
title = {XXL-HSC: An updated catalogue of high-redshift (z ≥ 3.5) X-ray AGN in the XMM-XXL northern field},
author = {Pouliasis, E. and Georgantopoulos, I. and Ruiz, A. and Gilli, R. and Koulouridis, E. and Akiyama, M. and Ueda, Y. and Chiappetti, L. and Garrel, C. and Horellou, C. and Nagao, T. and Paltani, S. and Pierre, M. and Toba, Y. and Vignali, C.},
abstractNote = {X-rays offer a reliable method to identify active galactic nuclei (AGNs). However, in the high-redshift Universe, X-ray AGNs are poorly sampled due to their relatively low space density and the small areas covered by X-ray surveys. In addition to wide-area X-ray surveys, it is important to have deep optical data in order to locate the optical counterparts and determine their redshifts. Here, in this work, we built a high-redshift (z ≥ 3.5) X-ray-selected AGN sample in the XMM-XXL northern field using the most updated [0.5–2 keV] catalogue along with a plethora of new spectroscopic and multi-wavelength catalogues, including the deep optical Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) data, reaching magnitude limits i ~ 26 mag. We selected all the spectroscopically confirmed AGN and complement this sample with high-redshift candidates that are HSC g- and r-band dropouts. To confirm the dropouts, we derived their photometric redshifts using spectral energy distribution techniques. We obtained a sample of 54 high-z sources (28 with spec-z), the largest in this field so far (almost three times larger than in previous studies), and we estimated the possible contamination and completeness. We calculated the number counts (log N-log S) in different redshift bins and compared our results with previous studies and models. We provide the strongest high-redshift AGN constraints yet at bright fluxes (f0.5 – 2 keV > 10–15 erg s–1 cm–2). The samples of z ≥ 3.5, z ≥ 4, and z ≥ 5 are in agreement with an exponential decline model similar to that witnessed at optical wavelengths. Our work emphasises the importance of using wide-area X-ray surveys with deep optical data to uncover high-redshift AGNs.},
doi = {10.1051/0004-6361/202142059},
journal = {Astronomy and Astrophysics},
number = ,
volume = 658,
place = {United States},
year = {Fri Feb 18 00:00:00 EST 2022},
month = {Fri Feb 18 00:00:00 EST 2022}
}
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The Luminosity Function and Stellar Evolution.
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  • Salpeter, Edwin E.
  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 121
  • DOI: 10.1086/145971

The Spitzer Space Telescope Mission
journal, September 2004

  • Werner, M. W.; Roellig, T. L.; Low, F. J.
  • The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 154, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1086/422992

THE PAN-STARRS1 DISTANT z > 5.6 QUASAR SURVEY: MORE THAN 100 QUASARS WITHIN THE FIRST GYR OF THE UNIVERSE
journal, November 2016

  • Bañados, E.; Venemans, B. P.; Decarli, R.
  • The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 227, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.3847/0067-0049/227/1/11

Evolution in the black hole mass-bulge mass relation: a theoretical perspective: Evolution in the mBH-mbulge relation
journal, June 2006

EXTraS discovery of an X-ray superflare from an L dwarf
journal, February 2020

The UKIRT Infrared Deep Sky Survey Early Data Release
journal, November 2006

The Prism Multi-Object Survey (Primus). ii. data Reduction and Redshift Fitting
journal, April 2013

The dust covering factor in active galactic nuclei
journal, March 2016

  • Stalevski, Marko; Ricci, Claudio; Ueda, Yoshihiro
  • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 458, Issue 3
  • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stw444

COMOVING SPACE DENSITY AND OBSCURED FRACTION OF HIGH-REDSHIFT ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI IN THE SUBARU/XMM-NEWTONDEEP SURVEY
journal, September 2012

Obscuration-Dependent Evolution of Active Galactic Nuclei
journal, March 2015

  • Buchner, Johannes; Georgakakis, Antonis; Nandra, Kirpal
  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 802, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.1088/0004-637X/802/2/89

The Subaru/ XMM‐Newton Deep Survey (SXDS). II. Optical Imaging and Photometric Catalogs1
journal, May 2008

  • Furusawa, Hisanori; Kosugi, George; Akiyama, Masayuki
  • The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 176, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1086/527321

Accelerated Galaxy Growth and Environmental Quenching in a Protocluster at z = 3.24
journal, April 2021

A high redshift population of galaxies at the North Ecliptic Pole
journal, September 2020

Formation of supermassive black holes
journal, April 2010

An 800-million-solar-mass black hole in a significantly neutral Universe at a redshift of 7.5
journal, December 2017

  • Bañados, Eduardo; Venemans, Bram P.; Mazzucchelli, Chiara
  • Nature, Vol. 553, Issue 7689
  • DOI: 10.1038/nature25180

The XMM-Newton serendipitous survey: V. The Second XMM-Newton serendipitous source catalogue
journal, October 2008

The Demography of Massive Dark Objects in Galaxy Centers
journal, June 1998

  • Magorrian, John; Tremaine, Scott; Richstone, Douglas
  • The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 115, Issue 6
  • DOI: 10.1086/300353

POX 52: A Dwarf Seyfert 1 Galaxy with an Intermediate‐Mass Black Hole
journal, May 2004

  • Barth, Aaron J.; Ho, Luis C.; Rutledge, Robert E.
  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 607, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1086/383302

Andromeda'S dust
journal, December 2013

The Wide-Field Infrared Survey Explorer (Wise): Mission Description and Initial On-Orbit Performance
journal, November 2010

First constraints on the AGN X-ray luminosity function at z ~ 6 from an eROSITA-detected quasar
journal, February 2021

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