Structural and biochemical insight into a modular β-1,4-galactan synthase in plants
Abstract
Rhamnogalacturonan I (RGI) is a structurally complex pectic polysaccharide with a backbone of alternating rhamnose and galacturonic acid residues substituted with arabinan and galactan side chains. Galactan synthase 1 (GalS1) transfers galactose and arabinose to either extend or cap the ..beta..-1,4-galactan side chains of RGI, respectively. Here we report the structure of GalS1 from Populus trichocarpa, showing a modular protein consisting of an N-terminal domain that represents the founding member of a new family of carbohydrate-binding module, CBM95, and a C-terminal glycosyltransferase family 92 (GT92) catalytic domain that adopts a GT-A fold. GalS1 exists as a dimer in vitro, with stem domains interacting across the chains in a 'handshake' orientation that is essential for maintaining stability and activity. In addition to understanding the enzymatic mechanism of GalS1, here we gained insight into the donor and acceptor substrate binding sites using deep evolutionary analysis, molecular simulations and biochemical studies. Combining all the results, a mechanism for GalS1 catalysis and a new model for pectic galactan side-chain addition are proposed.
- Authors:
-
[4];
[3];
[6];
[7];
[7];
[1]
- University of Georgia, Athens, GA (United States); Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). Joint BioEnergy Institute and Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division
- University of Georgia, Athens, GA (United States)
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO (United States). Renewable Resources and Enabling Science Center
- University of Georgia, Athens, GA (United States); National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). Joint BioEnergy Institute and Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division; University of California, Berkeley, CA (United States)
- Publication Date:
- Research Org.:
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO (United States); Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)
- Sponsoring Org.:
- USDOE Office of Science (SC), Biological and Environmental Research (BER); Howard Hughes Medical Institute; National Institutes of Health (NIH)
- OSTI Identifier:
- 1962035
- Report Number(s):
- NREL/JA-2800-84906
Journal ID: ISSN 2055-0278; MainId:85679;UUID:4aee18d7-6dd5-42f3-8a72-27f01c7e554a;MainAdminID:69034
- Grant/Contract Number:
- AC36-08GO28308; AC02-05CH11231; P30 GM124169; R35 GM139656; R01 GM130915; P41GM103390
- Resource Type:
- Accepted Manuscript
- Journal Name:
- Nature Plants (Online)
- Additional Journal Information:
- Journal Name: Nature Plants (Online); Journal Volume: 9; Journal Issue: 3; Journal ID: ISSN 2055-0278
- Publisher:
- Nature Publishing Group
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
- Subject:
- 09 BIOMASS FUELS; docking; galactosyl transferase; molecular dynamics; Rhamnogalacturonan-I; x-ray crystallography
Citation Formats
Prabhakar, Pradeep Kumar, Pereira, Jose Henrique, Taujale, Rahil, Shao, Wanchen, Bharadwaj, Vivek S., Chapla, Digantkumar, Yang, Jeong-Yeh, Bomble, Yannick J., Moremen, Kelley W., Kannan, Natarajan, Hammel, Michal, Adams, Paul D., Scheller, Henrik V., and Urbanowicz, Breeanna R. Structural and biochemical insight into a modular β-1,4-galactan synthase in plants. United States: N. p., 2023.
Web. doi:10.1038/s41477-023-01358-4.
Prabhakar, Pradeep Kumar, Pereira, Jose Henrique, Taujale, Rahil, Shao, Wanchen, Bharadwaj, Vivek S., Chapla, Digantkumar, Yang, Jeong-Yeh, Bomble, Yannick J., Moremen, Kelley W., Kannan, Natarajan, Hammel, Michal, Adams, Paul D., Scheller, Henrik V., & Urbanowicz, Breeanna R. Structural and biochemical insight into a modular β-1,4-galactan synthase in plants. United States. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41477-023-01358-4
Prabhakar, Pradeep Kumar, Pereira, Jose Henrique, Taujale, Rahil, Shao, Wanchen, Bharadwaj, Vivek S., Chapla, Digantkumar, Yang, Jeong-Yeh, Bomble, Yannick J., Moremen, Kelley W., Kannan, Natarajan, Hammel, Michal, Adams, Paul D., Scheller, Henrik V., and Urbanowicz, Breeanna R. Mon .
"Structural and biochemical insight into a modular β-1,4-galactan synthase in plants". United States. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41477-023-01358-4. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1962035.
@article{osti_1962035,
title = {Structural and biochemical insight into a modular β-1,4-galactan synthase in plants},
author = {Prabhakar, Pradeep Kumar and Pereira, Jose Henrique and Taujale, Rahil and Shao, Wanchen and Bharadwaj, Vivek S. and Chapla, Digantkumar and Yang, Jeong-Yeh and Bomble, Yannick J. and Moremen, Kelley W. and Kannan, Natarajan and Hammel, Michal and Adams, Paul D. and Scheller, Henrik V. and Urbanowicz, Breeanna R.},
abstractNote = {Rhamnogalacturonan I (RGI) is a structurally complex pectic polysaccharide with a backbone of alternating rhamnose and galacturonic acid residues substituted with arabinan and galactan side chains. Galactan synthase 1 (GalS1) transfers galactose and arabinose to either extend or cap the ..beta..-1,4-galactan side chains of RGI, respectively. Here we report the structure of GalS1 from Populus trichocarpa, showing a modular protein consisting of an N-terminal domain that represents the founding member of a new family of carbohydrate-binding module, CBM95, and a C-terminal glycosyltransferase family 92 (GT92) catalytic domain that adopts a GT-A fold. GalS1 exists as a dimer in vitro, with stem domains interacting across the chains in a 'handshake' orientation that is essential for maintaining stability and activity. In addition to understanding the enzymatic mechanism of GalS1, here we gained insight into the donor and acceptor substrate binding sites using deep evolutionary analysis, molecular simulations and biochemical studies. Combining all the results, a mechanism for GalS1 catalysis and a new model for pectic galactan side-chain addition are proposed.},
doi = {10.1038/s41477-023-01358-4},
journal = {Nature Plants (Online)},
number = 3,
volume = 9,
place = {United States},
year = {Mon Feb 27 00:00:00 EST 2023},
month = {Mon Feb 27 00:00:00 EST 2023}
}
Free Publicly Available Full Text
Publisher's Version of Record
Other availability
Search WorldCat to find libraries that may hold this journal
Save to My Library
You must Sign In or Create an Account in order to save documents to your library.
Works referenced in this record:
Microscale thermophoresis as a powerful tool for screening glycosyltransferases involved in cell wall biosynthesis
journal, July 2020
- Shao, Wanchen; Sharma, Rita; Clausen, Mads H.
- Plant Methods, Vol. 16, Issue 1
Pectin Biosynthesis: GALS1 in Arabidopsis thaliana Is a β-1,4-Galactan β-1,4-Galactosyltransferase
journal, December 2012
- Liwanag, April Jennifer Madrid; Ebert, Berit; Verhertbruggen, Yves
- The Plant Cell, Vol. 24, Issue 12
Monomerization alters the dynamics of the lid region inCampylobacter jejuniCstII: an MD simulation study
journal, January 2016
- Prabhakar, Pradeep Kumar; Srivastava, Alka; Rao, K. Krishnamurthy
- Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Vol. 34, Issue 4
The N-terminal stem region of bovine and human β1,4-galactosyltransferase I increases the in vitro folding efficiency of their catalytic domain from inclusion bodies
journal, August 2003
- Boeggeman, Elizabeth E.; Ramakrishnan, Boopathy; Qasba, Pradman K.
- Protein Expression and Purification, Vol. 30, Issue 2
Uniqueness of ab initio shape determination in small-angle scattering
journal, April 2003
- Volkov, Vladimir V.; Svergun, Dmitri I.
- Journal of Applied Crystallography, Vol. 36, Issue 3, p. 860-864
In situ, Chemical and Macromolecular Study of the Composition of Arabidopsis thaliana Seed Coat Mucilage
journal, July 2007
- Macquet, Audrey; Ralet, Marie-Christine; Kronenberger, Jocelyne
- Plant and Cell Physiology, Vol. 48, Issue 7
Structure and function in rhodopsin: High-level expression of rhodopsin with restricted and homogeneous N-glycosylation by a tetracycline-inducible N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I-negative HEK293S stable mammalian cell line
journal, October 2002
- Reeves, P. J.; Callewaert, N.; Contreras, R.
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 99, Issue 21
Crystal Structures of β-1,4-Galactosyltransferase 7 Enzyme Reveal Conformational Changes and Substrate Binding
journal, November 2013
- Tsutsui, Yuko; Ramakrishnan, Boopathy; Qasba, Pradman K.
- Journal of Biological Chemistry, Vol. 288, Issue 44
Cell wall pectic (1→4)-β-d-galactan marks the acceleration of cell elongation in the Arabidopsis seedling root meristem
journal, February 2003
- McCartney, Lesley; Steele-King, Clare G.; Jordan, Emillie
- The Plant Journal, Vol. 33, Issue 3
Tensional stress generation in gelatinous fibres: a review and possible mechanism based on cell-wall structure and composition
journal, November 2011
- Mellerowicz, E. J.; Gorshkova, T. A.
- Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol. 63, Issue 2
CHARMM36 all-atom additive protein force field: Validation based on comparison to NMR data
journal, July 2013
- Huang, Jing; MacKerell, Alexander D.
- Journal of Computational Chemistry, Vol. 34, Issue 25
Rational enzyme design for controlled functionalization of acetylated xylan for cell-free polymer biosynthesis
journal, December 2021
- Wang, Hsin-Tzu; Bharadwaj, Vivek S.; Yang, Jeong-Yeh
- Carbohydrate Polymers, Vol. 273
Iterative model building, structure refinement and density modification with the PHENIX AutoBuild wizard
journal, December 2007
- Terwilliger, Thomas C.; Grosse-Kunstleve, Ralf W.; Afonine, Pavel V.
- Acta Crystallographica Section D Biological Crystallography, Vol. 64, Issue 1
The Cys78–Asn88 loop region of the Campylobacter jejuni CstII is essential for α2,3-sialyltransferase activity: analysis of the His85 mutants
journal, May 2014
- Prabhakar, Pradeep Kumar; Rao, K. Krishnamurthy; Balaji, Petety V.
- The Journal of Biochemistry, Vol. 156, Issue 4
Interplay Between the N-Terminal Domains of Arabidopsis Starch Synthase 3 Determines the Interaction of the Enzyme With the Starch Granule
journal, September 2021
- Gámez-Arjona, Francisco M.; Mérida, Ángel
- Frontiers in Plant Science, Vol. 12
Recent progress in synthesis of carbohydrates with sugar nucleotide-dependent glycosyltransferases
journal, April 2021
- Na, Lan; Li, Riyao; Chen, Xi
- Current Opinion in Chemical Biology, Vol. 61
Bifunctional glycosyltransferases catalyze both extension and termination of pectic galactan oligosaccharides
journal, March 2018
- Laursen, Tomas; Stonebloom, Solomon H.; Pidatala, Venkataramana R.
- The Plant Journal, Vol. 94, Issue 2
Crystal structure of the branching enzyme I (BEI) from Oryza sativa L with implications for catalysis and substrate binding
journal, April 2011
- Noguchi, Junji; Chaen, Kimiko; Vu, Nhuan Thi
- Glycobiology, Vol. 21, Issue 8
Expression system for structural and functional studies of human glycosylation enzymes
journal, December 2017
- Moremen, Kelley W.; Ramiah, Annapoorani; Stuart, Melissa
- Nature Chemical Biology, Vol. 14, Issue 2
Biophysical consequences of remodeling the neutral side chains of rhamnogalacturonan�I in tubers of transgenic potatoes
journal, October 2004
- Ulvskov, Peter; Wium, Helle; Bruce, David
- Planta, Vol. 220, Issue 4
Structure of Arabidopsis thaliana FUT1 Reveals a Variant of the GT-B Class Fold and Provides Insight into Xyloglucan Fucosylation
journal, September 2016
- Rocha, Joana; Cicéron, Félix; de Sanctis, Daniele
- The Plant Cell, Vol. 28, Issue 10
Structural, mutagenic and in silico studies of xyloglucan fucosylation in Arabidopsis thaliana suggest a water-mediated mechanism
journal, August 2017
- Urbanowicz, Breeanna R.; Bharadwaj, Vivek S.; Alahuhta, Markus
- The Plant Journal, Vol. 91, Issue 6
Using structure to inform carbohydrate binding module function
journal, October 2014
- Abbott, D. Wade; van Bueren, Alicia Lammerts
- Current Opinion in Structural Biology, Vol. 28
Accurate prediction of protein structures and interactions using a three-track neural network
journal, July 2021
- Baek, Minkyung; DiMaio, Frank; Anishchenko, Ivan
- Science, Vol. 373, Issue 6557
Towards automated crystallographic structure refinement with phenix.refine
journal, March 2012
- Afonine, Pavel V.; Grosse-Kunstleve, Ralf W.; Echols, Nathaniel
- Acta Crystallographica Section D Biological Crystallography, Vol. 68, Issue 4
The Cytoplasmic, Transmembrane, and Stem Regions of Glycosyltransferases Specify Their in Vivo Functional Sublocalization and Stability in the Golgi
journal, December 1999
- Grabenhorst, Eckart; Conradt, Harald S.
- Journal of Biological Chemistry, Vol. 274, Issue 51
Comparison of simple potential functions for simulating liquid water
journal, July 1983
- Jorgensen, William L.; Chandrasekhar, Jayaraman; Madura, Jeffry D.
- The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 79, Issue 2
Structural and functional features of glycosyltransferases
journal, August 2001
- Breton, C.; Mucha, J.; Jeanneau, C.
- Biochimie, Vol. 83, Issue 8
Tumor cell surface beta 1-4-linked galactose binds to lectin(s) on microvascular endothelial cells and contributes to organ colonization.
journal, August 1990
- Cornil, I.; Kerbel, R. S.; Dennis, J. W.
- Journal of Cell Biology, Vol. 111, Issue 2
Engineering of plant cell walls for enhanced biofuel production
journal, June 2015
- Loqué, Dominique; Scheller, Henrik V.; Pauly, Markus
- Current Opinion in Plant Biology, Vol. 25
Glycosyltransferase complexes in eukaryotes: long-known, prevalent but still unrecognized
journal, October 2015
- Kellokumpu, Sakari; Hassinen, Antti; Glumoff, Tuomo
- Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, Vol. 73, Issue 2
The carbohydrate-binding domain of overexpressed STBD1 is important for its stability and protein–protein interactions
journal, July 2014
- Zhu, Yuanqi; Zhang, Mei; Kelly, Amber Renee
- Bioscience Reports, Vol. 34, Issue 4
AlphaFold Protein Structure Database: massively expanding the structural coverage of protein-sequence space with high-accuracy models
journal, November 2021
- Varadi, Mihaly; Anyango, Stephen; Deshpande, Mandar
- Nucleic Acids Research, Vol. 50, Issue D1
Accurate SAXS Profile Computation and its Assessment by Contrast Variation Experiments
journal, August 2013
- Schneidman-Duhovny, Dina; Hammel, Michal; Tainer, John A.
- Biophysical Journal, Vol. 105, Issue 4
Highly accurate protein structure prediction with AlphaFold
journal, July 2021
- Jumper, John; Evans, Richard; Pritzel, Alexander
- Nature
Decision-making in structure solution using Bayesian estimates of map quality: the PHENIX AutoSol wizard
journal, May 2009
- Terwilliger, Thomas C.; Adams, Paul D.; Read, Randy J.
- Acta Crystallographica Section D Biological Crystallography, Vol. 65, Issue 6
The Three Members of the Arabidopsis Glycosyltransferase Family 92 are Functional β-1,4-Galactan Synthases
journal, September 2018
- Ebert, Berit; Birdseye, Devon; Liwanag, April J. M.
- Plant and Cell Physiology, Vol. 59, Issue 12
Phytozome: a comparative platform for green plant genomics
journal, November 2011
- Goodstein, David M.; Shu, Shengqiang; Howson, Russell
- Nucleic Acids Research, Vol. 40, Issue D1
Complexity of the Ruminococcus flavefaciens cellulosome reflects an expansion in glycan recognition
journal, June 2016
- Venditto, Immacolata; Luis, Ana S.; Rydahl, Maja
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 113, Issue 26
CHARMM: The biomolecular simulation program
journal, July 2009
- Brooks, B. R.; Brooks, C. L.; Mackerell, A. D.
- Journal of Computational Chemistry, Vol. 30, Issue 10
Circular Permutation Provides an Evolutionary Link between Two Families of Calcium-dependent Carbohydrate Binding Modules
journal, October 2010
- Montanier, Cedric; Flint, James E.; Bolam, David N.
- Journal of Biological Chemistry, Vol. 285, Issue 41
Deep evolutionary analysis reveals the design principles of fold A glycosyltransferases
journal, April 2020
- Taujale, Rahil; Venkat, Aarya; Huang, Liang-Chin
- eLife, Vol. 9
UCSF Chimera?A visualization system for exploratory research and analysis
journal, January 2004
- Pettersen, Eric F.; Goddard, Thomas D.; Huang, Conrad C.
- Journal of Computational Chemistry, Vol. 25, Issue 13
Berkeley Screen: a set of 96 solutions for general macromolecular crystallization
journal, September 2017
- Pereira, Jose H.; McAndrew, Ryan P.; Tomaleri, Giovani P.
- Journal of Applied Crystallography, Vol. 50, Issue 5
Robust, high-throughput solution structural analyses by small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS)
journal, July 2009
- Hura, Greg L.; Menon, Angeli L.; Hammel, Michal
- Nature Methods, Vol. 6, Issue 8
Binding of arabinan or galactan during cellulose synthesis is extensive and reversible
journal, August 2015
- Lin, Dehui; Lopez-Sanchez, Patricia; Gidley, Michael J.
- Carbohydrate Polymers, Vol. 126
Hydrophobic recognition allows the glycosyltransferase UGT76G1 to catalyze its substrate in two orientations
journal, July 2019
- Yang, Ting; Zhang, Jinzhu; Ke, Dan
- Nature Communications, Vol. 10, Issue 1
Determination of Domain Structure of Proteins from X-Ray Solution Scattering
journal, June 2001
- Svergun, Dmitri I.; Petoukhov, Maxim V.; Koch, Michel H. J.
- Biophysical Journal, Vol. 80, Issue 6
Roles of active site tryptophans in substrate binding and catalysis by -1,3 galactosyltransferase
journal, July 2004
- Zhang, Y.
- Glycobiology, Vol. 14, Issue 12
Binding of N-Acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) β1–6-branched Oligosaccharide Acceptors to β4-Galactosyltransferase I Reveals a New Ligand Binding Mode*
journal, August 2012
- Ramakrishnan, Boopathy; Boeggeman, Elizabeth; Qasba, Pradman K.
- Journal of Biological Chemistry, Vol. 287, Issue 34
Comparative Protein Modelling by Satisfaction of Spatial Restraints
journal, December 1993
- Šali, Andrej; Blundell, Tom L.
- Journal of Molecular Biology, Vol. 234, Issue 3
Rapid screening of sugar-nucleotide donor specificities of putative glycosyltransferases
journal, December 2016
- Sheikh, M. Osman; Halmo, Stephanie M.; Patel, Sneha
- Glycobiology, Vol. 27, Issue 3
Implementation and performance of SIBYLS: a dual endstation small-angle X-ray scattering and macromolecular crystallography beamline at the Advanced Light Source
journal, January 2013
- Classen, Scott; Hura, Greg L.; Holton, James M.
- Journal of Applied Crystallography, Vol. 46, Issue 1
Arabidopsis Seed Coat Mucilage is a Specialized Cell Wall that Can be Used as a Model for Genetic Analysis of Plant Cell Wall Structure and Function
journal, January 2012
- Haughn, George W.; Western, Tamara L.
- Frontiers in Plant Science, Vol. 3
CBM20CP, a novel functional protein of starch metabolism in green algae
journal, September 2021
- Hedin, Nicolas; Velazquez, Maria B.; Barchiesi, Julieta
- Plant Molecular Biology, Vol. 108, Issue 4-5
Decision making in xia 2
journal, June 2013
- Winter, Graeme; Lobley, Carina M. C.; Prince, Stephen M.
- Acta Crystallographica Section D Biological Crystallography, Vol. 69, Issue 7
Endogenous galactoside-binding lectins: a new class of functional tumor cell surface molecules related to metastasis
journal, November 1987
- Raz, Avraham; Lotan, Rcuben
- Cancer and Metastasis Review, Vol. 6, Issue 3
Modularity of the hydrophobic core and evolution of functional diversity in fold A glycosyltransferases
journal, August 2022
- Venkat, Aarya; Tehrani, Daniel; Taujale, Rahil
- Journal of Biological Chemistry, Vol. 298, Issue 8
Crystal structure and sugar-binding ability of the C-terminal domain of N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase IV establish a new carbohydrate-binding module family
journal, September 2022
- Oka, Nozomi; Mori, Sota; Ikegaya, Marina
- Glycobiology, Vol. 32, Issue 12
Coot model-building tools for molecular graphics
journal, November 2004
- Emsley, Paul; Cowtan, Kevin
- Acta Crystallographica Section D Biological Crystallography, Vol. 60, Issue 12, p. 2126-2132
The carbohydrate-active enzymes database (CAZy) in 2013
journal, November 2013
- Lombard, Vincent; Golaconda Ramulu, Hemalatha; Drula, Elodie
- Nucleic Acids Research, Vol. 42, Issue D1
FoXS: a web server for rapid computation and fitting of SAXS profiles
journal, May 2010
- Schneidman-Duhovny, D.; Hammel, M.; Sali, A.
- Nucleic Acids Research, Vol. 38, Issue Web Server
Isolation of a lectin binding rhamnogalacturonan-I containing pectic polysaccharide from pumpkin
journal, May 2017
- Zhao, Jing; Zhang, Fuming; Liu, Xinyue
- Carbohydrate Polymers, Vol. 163
Rapid detection, classification and accurate alignment of up to a million or more related protein sequences
journal, June 2009
- Neuwald, Andrew F.
- Bioinformatics, Vol. 25, Issue 15
Update on Mechanisms of Plant Cell Wall Biosynthesis: How Plants Make Cellulose and Other (1→4)-β-d-Glycans
journal, November 2010
- Carpita, Nicholas C.
- Plant Physiology, Vol. 155, Issue 1
ColabFold: making protein folding accessible to all
journal, May 2022
- Mirdita, Milot; Schütze, Konstantin; Moriwaki, Yoshitaka
- Nature Methods, Vol. 19, Issue 6
PHENIX: a comprehensive Python-based system for macromolecular structure solution
journal, January 2010
- Adams, Paul D.; Afonine, Pavel V.; Bunkóczi, Gábor
- Acta Crystallographica Section D Biological Crystallography, Vol. 66, Issue 2, p. 213-221
Evolving Views of Pectin Biosynthesis
journal, April 2013
- Atmodjo, Melani A.; Hao, Zhangying; Mohnen, Debra
- Annual Review of Plant Biology, Vol. 64, Issue 1
Recognition of the Helical Structure of β-1,4-Galactan by a New Family of Carbohydrate-binding Modules
journal, September 2010
- Cid, Melissa; Pedersen, Henriette Lodberg; Kaneko, Satoshi
- Journal of Biological Chemistry, Vol. 285, Issue 46
Temporal and spatial regulation of pectic (14)-beta-D-galactan in cell walls of developing pea cotyledons: implications for mechanical properties
journal, April 2000
- McCartney, Lesley; Ormerod, andrew P.; Gidley, Michael J.
- The Plant Journal, Vol. 22, Issue 2
Interrogating gut bacterial genomes for discovery of novel carbohydrate degrading enzymes
journal, December 2018
- Luis, Ana S.; Martens, Eric C.
- Current Opinion in Chemical Biology, Vol. 47
Determination of macromolecular structures from anomalous diffraction of synchrotron radiation
journal, October 1991
- Hendrickson, W.
- Science, Vol. 254, Issue 5028
AutoDock Vina 1.2.0: New Docking Methods, Expanded Force Field, and Python Bindings
journal, July 2021
- Eberhardt, Jerome; Santos-Martins, Diogo; Tillack, Andreas F.
- Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling, Vol. 61, Issue 8
Simultaneous in vivo truncation of pectic side chains
journal, June 2009
- Øbro, Jens; Borkhardt, Bernhard; Harholt, Jesper
- Transgenic Research, Vol. 18, Issue 6
Polysaccharide Biosynthesis: Glycosyltransferases and Their Complexes
journal, February 2021
- Zabotina, Olga A.; Zhang, Ning; Weerts, Richard
- Frontiers in Plant Science, Vol. 12
RG-I galactan side-chains are involved in the regulation of the water-binding capacity of potato cell walls
journal, January 2020
- Klaassen, Michiel T.; Trindade, Luisa M.
- Carbohydrate Polymers, Vol. 227
Crystal Structure of β1,4-Galactosyltransferase Complex with UDP-Gal Reveals an Oligosaccharide Acceptor Binding Site
journal, April 2002
- Ramakrishnan, B.; Balaji, P. V.; Qasba, Pradman K.
- Journal of Molecular Biology, Vol. 318, Issue 2
CHARMM Additive All-Atom Force Field for Glycosidic Linkages between Hexopyranoses
journal, August 2009
- Guvench, Olgun; Hatcher, Elizabeth; Venable, Richard M.
- Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation, Vol. 5, Issue 9
Organization of pectic arabinan and galactan side chains in association with cellulose microfibrils in primary cell walls and related models envisaged
journal, April 2007
- Zykwinska, A.; Thibault, J. -F.; Ralet, M. -C.
- Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol. 58, Issue 7
The carbohydrate-binding module family 20 - diversity, structure, and function
journal, August 2009
- Christiansen, Camilla; Abou Hachem, Maher; Janeček, Štefan
- FEBS Journal, Vol. 276, Issue 18
Enzymatic Synthesis of Artificial Polysaccharides
journal, July 2020
- Smith, Peter J.; Ortiz-Soto, Maria Elena; Roth, Christian
- ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, Vol. 8, Issue 32
H++ 3.0: automating pK prediction and the preparation of biomolecular structures for atomistic molecular modeling and simulations
journal, May 2012
- Anandakrishnan, R.; Aguilar, B.; Onufriev, A. V.
- Nucleic Acids Research, Vol. 40, Issue W1
Polysaccharide Analysis Using Carbohydrate Gel Electrophoresis: A Method to Study Plant Cell Wall Polysaccharides and Polysaccharide Hydrolases
journal, January 2002
- Goubet, Florence; Jackson, Peter; Deery, Michael J.
- Analytical Biochemistry, Vol. 300, Issue 1
T-coffee: a novel method for fast and accurate multiple sequence alignment 1 1Edited by J. Thornton
journal, September 2000
- Notredame, Cédric; Higgins, Desmond G.; Heringa, Jaap
- Journal of Molecular Biology, Vol. 302, Issue 1
Biosynthesis of Pectin
journal, April 2010
- Harholt, J.; Suttangkakul, A.; Vibe Scheller, H.
- Plant Physiology, Vol. 153, Issue 2, p. 384-395
Molecular Mechanism of Polysaccharide Acetylation by the Arabidopsis Xylan O -acetyltransferase XOAT1
journal, April 2020
- Lunin, Vladimir V.; Wang, Hsin-Tzu; Bharadwaj, Vivek S.
- The Plant Cell, Vol. 32, Issue 7
Role of the N-Terminal Starch-Binding Domains in the Kinetic Properties of Starch Synthase III from Arabidopsis thaliana †
journal, March 2008
- Valdez, Hugo A.; Busi, Maria V.; Wayllace, Nahuel Z.
- Biochemistry, Vol. 47, Issue 9
Hydrophobic Amino Acid Residues in the Acceptor Binding Site Are Main Determinants for Reaction Mechanism and Specificity of Cyclodextrin-glycosyltransferase
journal, November 2001
- van der Veen, Bart A.; Leemhuis, Hans; Kralj, Slavko
- Journal of Biological Chemistry, Vol. 276, Issue 48
Structure of xyloglucan xylosyltransferase 1 reveals simple steric rules that define biological patterns of xyloglucan polymers
journal, May 2018
- Culbertson, Alan T.; Ehrlich, Jacqueline J.; Choe, Jun-Yong
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 115, Issue 23
A Bayesian Sampler for Optimization of Protein Domain Hierarchies
journal, March 2014
- Neuwald, Andrew F.
- Journal of Computational Biology, Vol. 21, Issue 3
AutoDock Vina: Improving the speed and accuracy of docking with a new scoring function, efficient optimization, and multithreading
journal, January 2009
- Trott, Oleg; Olson, Arthur J.
- Journal of Computational Chemistry
Functional characterization of the galactan utilization system of G eobacillus stearothermophilus
journal, January 2013
- Tabachnikov, Orly; Shoham, Yuval
- The FEBS Journal, Vol. 280, Issue 3