Estimating outflow masses and velocities in merger simulations: Impact of r-process heating and neutrino cooling
Abstract
Here, the determination of the mass, composition, and geometry of matter outflows in black hole-neutron star and neutron star-neutron star binaries is crucial to current efforts to model kilonovae and to understand the role of neutron star merger in r-process nucleosynthesis. In this manuscript, we review the simple criteria currently used in merger simulations to determine whether matter is unbound and what the asymptotic velocity of ejected material will be. We then show that properly accounting for both heating and cooling during r-process nucleosynthesis is important to accurately predict the mass and kinetic energy of the outflows. These processes are also likely to be crucial to predict the fall-back timescale of any bound ejecta. We derive a model for the asymptotic velocity of unbound matter and binding energy of bound matter that accounts for both of these effects and that can easily be implemented in merger simulations. We show, however, that the detailed velocity distribution and geometry of the outflows can currently only be captured by full three-dimensional fluid simulations of the outflows, as nonlocal effect ignored by the simple criteria used in merger simulations cannot be safely neglected when modeling these effects. Finally, we propose the introduction of simplemore »
- Authors:
-
[1];
[4];
- Univ. of New Hampshire, Durham, NH (United States)
- Univ. of Amsterdam (Netherlands)
- Univ. of New Hampshire, Durham, NH (United States); California State University, Fullerton, CA (United States); Northwestern Univ., Evanston, IL (United States)
- Univ. of Southampton (United Kingdom)
- Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States)
- Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States); Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)
- Publication Date:
- Research Org.:
- Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)
- Sponsoring Org.:
- USDOE Office of Science (SC), Nuclear Physics (NP); National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA); National Science Foundation (NSF); Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation; Simons Foundation
- OSTI Identifier:
- 1861402
- Grant/Contract Number:
- AC02-05CH11231; SC0020435; 80NSSC18K0565; PHY1806278; SC0017616; SC0018297; GBMF5076; 622817
- Resource Type:
- Accepted Manuscript
- Journal Name:
- Physical Review. D.
- Additional Journal Information:
- Journal Volume: 104; Journal Issue: 12; Journal ID: ISSN 2470-0010
- Publisher:
- American Physical Society (APS)
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
- Subject:
- 79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS; gravitational wave sources; nuclear matter neutron stars; r process
Citation Formats
Foucart, Francois, Mösta, Philipp, Ramirez, Teresita, Wright, Alex James, Darbha, Siva, and Kasen, Daniel. Estimating outflow masses and velocities in merger simulations: Impact of r-process heating and neutrino cooling. United States: N. p., 2021.
Web. doi:10.1103/physrevd.104.123010.
Foucart, Francois, Mösta, Philipp, Ramirez, Teresita, Wright, Alex James, Darbha, Siva, & Kasen, Daniel. Estimating outflow masses and velocities in merger simulations: Impact of r-process heating and neutrino cooling. United States. https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.104.123010
Foucart, Francois, Mösta, Philipp, Ramirez, Teresita, Wright, Alex James, Darbha, Siva, and Kasen, Daniel. Thu .
"Estimating outflow masses and velocities in merger simulations: Impact of r-process heating and neutrino cooling". United States. https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.104.123010. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1861402.
@article{osti_1861402,
title = {Estimating outflow masses and velocities in merger simulations: Impact of r-process heating and neutrino cooling},
author = {Foucart, Francois and Mösta, Philipp and Ramirez, Teresita and Wright, Alex James and Darbha, Siva and Kasen, Daniel},
abstractNote = {Here, the determination of the mass, composition, and geometry of matter outflows in black hole-neutron star and neutron star-neutron star binaries is crucial to current efforts to model kilonovae and to understand the role of neutron star merger in r-process nucleosynthesis. In this manuscript, we review the simple criteria currently used in merger simulations to determine whether matter is unbound and what the asymptotic velocity of ejected material will be. We then show that properly accounting for both heating and cooling during r-process nucleosynthesis is important to accurately predict the mass and kinetic energy of the outflows. These processes are also likely to be crucial to predict the fall-back timescale of any bound ejecta. We derive a model for the asymptotic velocity of unbound matter and binding energy of bound matter that accounts for both of these effects and that can easily be implemented in merger simulations. We show, however, that the detailed velocity distribution and geometry of the outflows can currently only be captured by full three-dimensional fluid simulations of the outflows, as nonlocal effect ignored by the simple criteria used in merger simulations cannot be safely neglected when modeling these effects. Finally, we propose the introduction of simple source terms in the fluid equations to approximately account for heating/cooling from r-process nucleosynthesis in future seconds-long three-dimensional simulations of merger remnants, without the explicit inclusion of out-of-nuclear statistical equilibrium reactions in the simulations.},
doi = {10.1103/physrevd.104.123010},
journal = {Physical Review. D.},
number = 12,
volume = 104,
place = {United States},
year = {Thu Dec 02 00:00:00 EST 2021},
month = {Thu Dec 02 00:00:00 EST 2021}
}
Free Publicly Available Full Text
Publisher's Version of Record
Other availability
Search WorldCat to find libraries that may hold this journal
Save to My Library
You must Sign In or Create an Account in order to save documents to your library.
Works referenced in this record:
The Electromagnetic Counterpart of the Binary Neutron Star Merger LIGO/Virgo GW170817. II. UV, Optical, and Near-infrared Light Curves and Comparison to Kilonova Models
journal, October 2017
- Cowperthwaite, P. S.; Berger, E.; Villar, V. A.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 848, Issue 2
Identification of two classes of gamma-ray bursts
journal, August 1993
- Kouveliotou, Chryssa; Meegan, Charles A.; Fishman, Gerald J.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 413
Properties of hypermassive neutron stars formed in mergers of spinning binaries
journal, March 2015
- Kastaun, Wolfgang; Galeazzi, Filippo
- Physical Review D, Vol. 91, Issue 6
The dynamic ejecta of compact object mergers and eccentric collisions
journal, June 2013
- Rosswog, Stephan
- Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, Vol. 371, Issue 1992
GW190425: Observation of a Compact Binary Coalescence with Total Mass ∼ 3.4 M ⊙
journal, March 2020
- Abbott, B. P.; Abbott, R.; Abbott, T. D.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 892, Issue 1
The Einstein Toolkit: a community computational infrastructure for relativistic astrophysics
journal, May 2012
- Löffler, Frank; Faber, Joshua; Bentivegna, Eloisa
- Classical and Quantum Gravity, Vol. 29, Issue 11
Phantom : A Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics and Magnetohydrodynamics Code for Astrophysics
journal, January 2018
- Price, Daniel J.; Wurster, James; Tricco, Terrence S.
- Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia, Vol. 35
Observation of Gravitational Waves from Two Neutron Star–Black Hole Coalescences
journal, June 2021
- Abbott, R.; Abbott, T. D.; Abraham, S.
- The Astrophysical Journal Letters, Vol. 915, Issue 1
GW170817: Measurements of Neutron Star Radii and Equation of State
journal, October 2018
- Abbott, B. P.; Abbott, R.; Abbott, T. D.
- Physical Review Letters, Vol. 121, Issue 16
The multimessenger picture of compact object encounters: binary mergers versus dynamical collisions
journal, February 2013
- Rosswog, S.; Piran, T.; Nakar, E.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 430, Issue 4
Superluminal motion of a relativistic jet in the neutron-star merger GW170817
journal, September 2018
- Mooley, K. P.; Deller, A. T.; Gottlieb, O.
- Nature, Vol. 561, Issue 7723
Population Properties of Compact Objects from the Second LIGO–Virgo Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog
journal, May 2021
- Abbott, R.; Abbott, T. D.; Abraham, S.
- The Astrophysical Journal Letters, Vol. 913, Issue 1
Impact of massive binary star and cosmic evolution on gravitational wave observations I: black hole–neutron star mergers
journal, September 2021
- Broekgaarden, Floor S.; Berger, Edo; Neijssel, Coenraad J.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 508, Issue 4
Gamma-Ray Bursts in the Swift Era
journal, September 2009
- Gehrels, N.; Ramirez-Ruiz, E.; Fox, D. B.
- Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Vol. 47, Issue 1
The Emergence of a Lanthanide-rich Kilonova Following the Merger of Two Neutron Stars
journal, October 2017
- Tanvir, N. R.; Levan, A. J.; González-Fernández, C.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 848, Issue 2
Long-term GRMHD simulations of neutron star merger accretion discs: implications for electromagnetic counterparts
journal, October 2018
- Fernández, Rodrigo; Tchekhovskoy, Alexander; Quataert, Eliot
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 482, Issue 3
Origin of the heavy elements in binary neutron-star mergers from a gravitational-wave event
journal, October 2017
- Kasen, Daniel; Metzger, Brian; Barnes, Jennifer
- Nature, Vol. 551, Issue 7678
Swift and NuSTAR observations of GW170817: Detection of a blue kilonova
journal, October 2017
- Evans, P. A.; Cenko, S. B.; Kennea, J. A.
- Science, Vol. 358, Issue 6370
AN r -PROCESS KILONOVA ASSOCIATED WITH THE SHORT-HARD GRB 130603B
journal, August 2013
- Berger, E.; Fong, W.; Chornock, R.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 774, Issue 2
Measuring the Hubble constant with a sample of kilonovae
journal, August 2020
- Coughlin, Michael W.; Antier, Sarah; Dietrich, Tim
- Nature Communications, Vol. 11, Issue 1
The Electromagnetic Counterpart of the Binary Neutron Star Merger LIGO/Virgo GW170817. I. Discovery of the Optical Counterpart Using the Dark Energy Camera
journal, October 2017
- Soares-Santos, M.; Holz, D. E.; Annis, J.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 848, Issue 2
Dynamical ejecta from precessing neutron star-black hole mergers with a hot, nuclear-theory based equation of state
journal, January 2017
- Foucart, F.; Desai, D.; Brege, W.
- Classical and Quantum Gravity, Vol. 34, Issue 4
Electromagnetic counterparts of compact object mergers powered by the radioactive decay of r-process nuclei: Transients from compact object mergers
journal, June 2010
- Metzger, B. D.; Martínez-Pinedo, G.; Darbha, S.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 406, Issue 4
Light-curve models of black hole – neutron star mergers: steps towards a multi-messenger parameter estimation
journal, May 2019
- Barbieri, C.; Salafia, O. S.; Perego, A.
- Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 625
Gravitational Waves and Gamma-Rays from a Binary Neutron Star Merger: GW170817 and GRB 170817A
journal, October 2017
- Abbott, B. P.; Abbott, R.; Abbott, T. D.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 848, Issue 2
From Neutrino- to Photon-cooled in Three Years: Can Fallback Accretion Explain the X-Ray Excess in GW170817?
journal, July 2021
- Metzger, Brian D.; Fernández, Rodrigo
- The Astrophysical Journal Letters, Vol. 916, Issue 1
Illuminating gravitational waves: A concordant picture of photons from a neutron star merger
journal, October 2017
- Kasliwal, M. M.; Nakar, E.; Singer, L. P.
- Science, Vol. 358, Issue 6370
A kilonova as the electromagnetic counterpart to a gravitational-wave source
journal, October 2017
- Smartt, S. J.; Chen, T. -W.; Jerkstrand, A.
- Nature, Vol. 551, Issue 7678
Modeling Kilonova Light Curves: Dependence on Nuclear Inputs
journal, January 2021
- Zhu, Y. L.; Lund, K. A.; Barnes, J.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 906, Issue 2
Multi-messenger Bayesian parameter inference of a binary neutron-star merger
journal, August 2019
- Coughlin, Michael W.; Dietrich, Tim; Margalit, Ben
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters
Postmerger Mass Ejection of Low-mass Binary Neutron Stars
journal, September 2020
- Fujibayashi, Sho; Wanajo, Shinya; Kiuchi, Kenta
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 901, Issue 2
GW170817: Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Neutron Star Inspiral
journal, October 2017
- Abbott, B. P.; Abbott, R.; Abbott, T. D.
- Physical Review Letters, Vol. 119, Issue 16
Electromagnetic evidence that SSS17a is the result of a binary neutron star merger
journal, October 2017
- Kilpatrick, C. D.; Foley, R. J.; Kasen, D.
- Science, Vol. 358, Issue 6370
THE LARGE AREA TELESCOPE ON THE FERMI GAMMA-RAY SPACE TELESCOPE MISSION
journal, May 2009
- Atwood, W. B.; Abdo, A. A.; Ackermann, M.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 697, Issue 2
The Electromagnetic Counterpart of the Binary Neutron Star Merger LIGO/Virgo GW170817. III. Optical and UV Spectra of a Blue Kilonova from Fast Polar Ejecta
journal, October 2017
- Nicholl, M.; Berger, E.; Kasen, D.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 848, Issue 2
Kilonovae Across the Nuclear Physics Landscape: The Impact of Nuclear Physics Uncertainties on r-process-powered Emission
journal, September 2021
- Barnes, Jennifer; Zhu, Y. L.; Lund, K. A.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 918, Issue 2
Electromagnetic Signatures from the Tidal Tail of a Black Hole—Neutron Star Merger
journal, July 2021
- Darbha, Siva; Kasen, Daniel; Foucart, Francois
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 915, Issue 1
A Low-mass Binary Neutron Star: Long-term Ejecta Evolution and Kilonovae with Weak Blue Emission
journal, May 2021
- Kawaguchi, Kyohei; Fujibayashi, Sho; Shibata, Masaru
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 913, Issue 2
A Magnetar Engine for Short GRBs and Kilonovae
journal, October 2020
- Mösta, Philipp; Radice, David; Haas, Roland
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 901, Issue 2
The alpha-process and the r-process
journal, August 1992
- Woosley, S. E.; Hoffman, Robert D.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 395
Estimates for disk and ejecta masses produced in compact binary mergers
journal, May 2020
- Krüger, Christian J.; Foucart, Francois
- Physical Review D, Vol. 101, Issue 10
The influence of neutrinos on r-process nucleosynthesis in the ejecta of black hole–neutron star mergers
journal, October 2016
- Roberts, Luke F.; Lippuner, Jonas; Duez, Matthew D.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 464, Issue 4
A Decade of Short-Duration Gamma-Ray Burst Broadband Afterglows: Energetics, Circumburst Densities, and jet Opening Angles
journal, December 2015
- Fong, W.; Berger, E.; Margutti, R.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 815, Issue 2
Transient Events from Neutron Star Mergers
journal, November 1998
- Li, Li-Xin; Paczyński, Bohdan
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 507, Issue 1
Effect of a high Opacity on the Light Curves of Radioactively Powered Transients from Compact Object Mergers
journal, August 2013
- Barnes, Jennifer; Kasen, Daniel
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 775, Issue 1
Monte-Carlo Neutrino Transport in Neutron Star Merger Simulations
journal, October 2020
- Foucart, Francois; Duez, Matthew D.; Hebert, Francois
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 902, Issue 1
Electromagnetic Transients Powered by Nuclear Decay in the Tidal Tails of Coalescing Compact Binaries
journal, July 2011
- Roberts, L. F.; Kasen, D.; Lee, W. H.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 736, Issue 1
The Electromagnetic Counterpart of the Binary Neutron Star Merger LIGO/Virgo GW170817. IV. Detection of Near-infrared Signatures of r -process Nucleosynthesis with Gemini-South
journal, October 2017
- Chornock, R.; Berger, E.; Kasen, D.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 848, Issue 2
Mass ejection from the merger of binary neutron stars
journal, January 2013
- Hotokezaka, Kenta; Kiuchi, Kenta; Kyutoku, Koutarou
- Physical Review D, Vol. 87, Issue 2
Spectroscopic identification of r-process nucleosynthesis in a double neutron-star merger
journal, October 2017
- Pian, E.; D’Avanzo, P.; Benetti, S.
- Nature, Vol. 551, Issue 7678
Continued Radio Observations of GW170817 3.5 yr Post-merger
journal, June 2021
- Balasubramanian, Arvind; Corsi, Alessandra; Mooley, Kunal P.
- The Astrophysical Journal Letters, Vol. 914, Issue 1
Radioactivity and Thermalization in the Ejecta of Compact Object Mergers and Their Impact on Kilonova Light Curves
journal, September 2016
- Barnes, Jennifer; Kasen, Daniel; Wu, Meng-Ru
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 829, Issue 2
GRHydro: a new open-source general-relativistic magnetohydrodynamics code for the Einstein toolkit
journal, November 2013
- Mösta, Philipp; Mundim, Bruno C.; Faber, Joshua A.
- Classical and Quantum Gravity, Vol. 31, Issue 1
General-Relativistic Simulations of Three-Dimensional Core-Collapse Supernovae
journal, April 2013
- Ott, Christian D.; Abdikamalov, Ernazar; Mösta, Philipp
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 768, Issue 2
A possible macronova in the late afterglow of the long–short burst GRB 060614
journal, June 2015
- Yang, Bin; Jin, Zhi-Ping; Li, Xiang
- Nature Communications, Vol. 6, Issue 1
Numerical Relativity Simulations of the Neutron Star Merger GW170817: Long-term Remnant Evolutions, Winds, Remnant Disks, and Nucleosynthesis
journal, January 2021
- Nedora, Vsevolod; Bernuzzi, Sebastiano; Radice, David
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 906, Issue 2
The effects of r -process heating on fallback accretion in compact object mergers
journal, March 2010
- Metzger, B. D.; Arcones, A.; Quataert, E.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 402, Issue 4
A ‘kilonova’ associated with the short-duration γ-ray burst GRB 130603B
journal, August 2013
- Tanvir, N. R.; Levan, A. J.; Fruchter, A. S.
- Nature, Vol. 500, Issue 7464
Imprints of r-process heating on fall-back accretion: distinguishing black hole–neutron star from double neutron star mergers
journal, March 2019
- Desai, D.; Metzger, B. D.; Foucart, F.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 485, Issue 3
The Rapid Reddening and Featureless Optical Spectra of the Optical Counterpart of GW170817, AT 2017gfo, during the First Four Days
journal, October 2017
- McCully, Curtis; Hiramatsu, Daichi; Howell, D. Andrew
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 848, Issue 2
Core-Collapse Supernova Equations of State Based on Neutron star Observations
journal, August 2013
- Steiner, A. W.; Hempel, M.; Fischer, T.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 774, Issue 1
A Hubble constant measurement from superluminal motion of the jet in GW170817
journal, July 2019
- Hotokezaka, K.; Nakar, E.; Gottlieb, O.
- Nature Astronomy, Vol. 3, Issue 10
A new open-source code for spherically symmetric stellar collapse to neutron stars and black holes
journal, May 2010
- O'Connor, Evan; Ott, Christian D.
- Classical and Quantum Gravity, Vol. 27, Issue 11
The Light Curve of the Macronova Associated with the Long–Short Burst grb 060614
journal, September 2015
- Jin, Zhi-Ping; Li, Xiang; Cano, Zach
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 811, Issue 2
r-PROCESS LANTHANIDE PRODUCTION AND HEATING RATES IN KILONOVAE
journal, December 2015
- Lippuner, Jonas; Roberts, Luke F.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 815, Issue 2
The tidal disruption of neutron stars by black holes in close binaries
journal, November 1976
- Lattimer, J. M.; Schramm, D. N.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 210
Measuring the neutron star equation of state with gravitational wave observations
journal, June 2009
- Read, Jocelyn S.; Markakis, Charalampos; Shibata, Masaru
- Physical Review D, Vol. 79, Issue 12
Multi-messenger Observations of a Binary Neutron Star Merger
journal, October 2017
- Abbott, B. P.; Abbott, R.; Abbott, T. D.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 848, Issue 2
Modeling dynamical ejecta from binary neutron star mergers and implications for electromagnetic counterparts
journal, April 2017
- Dietrich, Tim; Ujevic, Maximiliano
- Classical and Quantum Gravity, Vol. 34, Issue 10
A generalized equation of state for hot, dense matter
journal, December 1991
- Lattimer, James M.; Douglas Swesty, F.
- Nuclear Physics A, Vol. 535, Issue 2
Models of Kilonova/Macronova Emission from Black Hole–Neutron star Mergers
journal, June 2016
- Kawaguchi, Kyohei; Kyutoku, Koutarou; Shibata, Masaru
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 825, Issue 1
The long-term evolution of neutron star merger remnants – II. Radioactively powered transients
journal, January 2014
- Grossman, Doron; Korobkin, Oleg; Rosswog, Stephan
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 439, Issue 1
The long-term evolution of neutron star merger remnants - I. The impact of r-process nucleosynthesis
journal, January 2014
- Rosswog, S.; Korobkin, O.; Arcones, A.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 439, Issue 1
Konus-W gamma-ray burst experiment for the GGS Wind spacecraft
journal, February 1995
- Aptekar, R. L.; Frederiks, D. D.; Golenetskii, S. V.
- Space Science Reviews, Vol. 71, Issue 1-4
Constraining neutron-star tidal Love numbers with gravitational-wave detectors
journal, January 2008
- Flanagan, Éanna É.; Hinderer, Tanja
- Physical Review D, Vol. 77, Issue 2