Thermal Runaway of Li-Ion Cells: How Internal Dynamics, Mass Ejection, and Heat Vary with Cell Geometry and Abuse Type
Abstract
Abstract Thermal runaway of lithium-ion batteries can involve various types of failure mechanisms each with their own unique characteristics. Using fractional thermal runaway calorimetry and high-speed radiography, the response of three different geometries of cylindrical cell (18650, 21700, and D-cell) to different abuse mechanisms (thermal, internal short circuiting, and nail penetration) are quantified and statistically examined. Correlations between the geometry of cells and their thermal behavior are identified, such as increasing heat output per amp-hour (kJ Ah-1) of cells with increasing cell diameter during nail penetration. High-speed radiography reveals that the rate of thermal runaway propagation within cells is generally highest for nail penetration where there is a relative increase in rate of propagation with increasing diameter, compared to thermal or internal short-circuiting abuse. For a given cell model tested under the same conditions, a distribution of heat output is observed with a trend of increasing heat output with increased mass ejection. Finally, internal temperature measurements using thermocouples embedded in the penetrating nail are shown to be unreliable thus demonstrating the need for care when using thermocouples where the temperature is rapidly changing. All data used in this manuscript are open access through the NREL and NASA Battery Failure Databank.
- Authors:
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- Publication Date:
- Research Org.:
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)
- Sponsoring Org.:
- USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE)
- OSTI Identifier:
- 1844283
- Alternate Identifier(s):
- OSTI ID: 1842881; OSTI ID: 1856213
- Report Number(s):
- NREL/JA-5700-82410
Journal ID: ISSN 0013-4651
- Grant/Contract Number:
- AC36-08GO28308
- Resource Type:
- Published Article
- Journal Name:
- Journal of the Electrochemical Society
- Additional Journal Information:
- Journal Name: Journal of the Electrochemical Society Journal Volume: 169 Journal Issue: 2; Journal ID: ISSN 0013-4651
- Publisher:
- The Electrochemical Society
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
- Subject:
- 33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS; 25 ENERGY STORAGE; cell geometries; lithium-ion batteries; thermal behavior
Citation Formats
Sharp, Matthew, Darst, John Jacob, Hughes, Peter, Billman, Julia, Pham, Martin, Petrushenko, David, Heenan, Thomas M. M., Jervis, Rhodri, Owen, Rhodri, Patel, Drasti, Wenjia, Du, Michael, Harry, Rack, Alexander, Magdysyuk, Oxana V., Connolley, Thomas, Brett, Dan J. L., Hinds, Gareth, Keyser, Matt, Darcy, Eric, Shearing, Paul R., Walker, William, and Finegan, Donal P. Thermal Runaway of Li-Ion Cells: How Internal Dynamics, Mass Ejection, and Heat Vary with Cell Geometry and Abuse Type. United States: N. p., 2022.
Web. doi:10.1149/1945-7111/ac4fef.
Sharp, Matthew, Darst, John Jacob, Hughes, Peter, Billman, Julia, Pham, Martin, Petrushenko, David, Heenan, Thomas M. M., Jervis, Rhodri, Owen, Rhodri, Patel, Drasti, Wenjia, Du, Michael, Harry, Rack, Alexander, Magdysyuk, Oxana V., Connolley, Thomas, Brett, Dan J. L., Hinds, Gareth, Keyser, Matt, Darcy, Eric, Shearing, Paul R., Walker, William, & Finegan, Donal P. Thermal Runaway of Li-Ion Cells: How Internal Dynamics, Mass Ejection, and Heat Vary with Cell Geometry and Abuse Type. United States. https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac4fef
Sharp, Matthew, Darst, John Jacob, Hughes, Peter, Billman, Julia, Pham, Martin, Petrushenko, David, Heenan, Thomas M. M., Jervis, Rhodri, Owen, Rhodri, Patel, Drasti, Wenjia, Du, Michael, Harry, Rack, Alexander, Magdysyuk, Oxana V., Connolley, Thomas, Brett, Dan J. L., Hinds, Gareth, Keyser, Matt, Darcy, Eric, Shearing, Paul R., Walker, William, and Finegan, Donal P. Wed .
"Thermal Runaway of Li-Ion Cells: How Internal Dynamics, Mass Ejection, and Heat Vary with Cell Geometry and Abuse Type". United States. https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac4fef.
@article{osti_1844283,
title = {Thermal Runaway of Li-Ion Cells: How Internal Dynamics, Mass Ejection, and Heat Vary with Cell Geometry and Abuse Type},
author = {Sharp, Matthew and Darst, John Jacob and Hughes, Peter and Billman, Julia and Pham, Martin and Petrushenko, David and Heenan, Thomas M. M. and Jervis, Rhodri and Owen, Rhodri and Patel, Drasti and Wenjia, Du and Michael, Harry and Rack, Alexander and Magdysyuk, Oxana V. and Connolley, Thomas and Brett, Dan J. L. and Hinds, Gareth and Keyser, Matt and Darcy, Eric and Shearing, Paul R. and Walker, William and Finegan, Donal P.},
abstractNote = {Abstract Thermal runaway of lithium-ion batteries can involve various types of failure mechanisms each with their own unique characteristics. Using fractional thermal runaway calorimetry and high-speed radiography, the response of three different geometries of cylindrical cell (18650, 21700, and D-cell) to different abuse mechanisms (thermal, internal short circuiting, and nail penetration) are quantified and statistically examined. Correlations between the geometry of cells and their thermal behavior are identified, such as increasing heat output per amp-hour (kJ Ah-1) of cells with increasing cell diameter during nail penetration. High-speed radiography reveals that the rate of thermal runaway propagation within cells is generally highest for nail penetration where there is a relative increase in rate of propagation with increasing diameter, compared to thermal or internal short-circuiting abuse. For a given cell model tested under the same conditions, a distribution of heat output is observed with a trend of increasing heat output with increased mass ejection. Finally, internal temperature measurements using thermocouples embedded in the penetrating nail are shown to be unreliable thus demonstrating the need for care when using thermocouples where the temperature is rapidly changing. All data used in this manuscript are open access through the NREL and NASA Battery Failure Databank.},
doi = {10.1149/1945-7111/ac4fef},
journal = {Journal of the Electrochemical Society},
number = 2,
volume = 169,
place = {United States},
year = {Wed Feb 09 00:00:00 EST 2022},
month = {Wed Feb 09 00:00:00 EST 2022}
}
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