Design rules for liquid crystalline electrolytes for enabling dendrite-free lithium metal batteries

Ahmad, Zeeshan; Hong, Zijian; Viswanathan, Venkatasubramanian

doi:10.1073/pnas.2008841117

Title: Design rules for liquid crystalline electrolytes for enabling dendrite-free lithium metal batteries

Journal Article · 08 October 2020 · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2008841117 · OSTI ID:1671829

^[1];

^[2]

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213,, Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213

Significance Lithium metal anodes offer a promising approach to improve the energy density of batteries to enable electrification of transportation. Dendrite suppression plagues the safety and cycle life of lithium metal anodes. In this work, we perform a comprehensive analysis of the use of liquid crystalline electrolytes in lithium metal anodes. We report theoretical demonstration of spontaneous stabilization of metal-electrode position using a liquid crystalline electrolyte due to the energy that arises when the molecules of the liquid crystal reorient. Building on this, we develop a comprehensive set of molecular-level design rules that will pave the way toward the realization of this new class of electrolytes for practical lithium metal batteries.

View Journal Article

Cite

Export

Save

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy (ARPA-E)

Grant/Contract Number:: AR0000774

OSTI ID:: 1671829

Journal Information:: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Journal Name: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Journal Issue: 43 Vol. 117; ISSN 0027-8424

Publisher:: Proceedings of the National Academy of SciencesCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (90)

Alignment of Liquid Crystals with Patterned Isotropic Surfaces Lee, B. -w. Science, Vol. 291, Issue 5513 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.291.5513.2576	journal	March 2001
Real-space grid implementation of the projector augmented wave method Mortensen, J. J.; Hansen, L. B.; Jacobsen, K. W. Physical Review B, Vol. 71, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.71.035109	journal	January 2005
Mathematics and liquid crystals Ball, J. M. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals, Vol. 647, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1080/15421406.2017.1289425	journal	April 2017
Prospect of Thermal Shock Induced Healing of Lithium Dendrite Hong, Zijian; Viswanathan, Venkatasubramanian ACS Energy Letters, Vol. 4, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.9b00433	journal	March 2019
Phase-Field Simulations of Lithium Dendrite Growth with Open-Source Software Hong, Zijian; Viswanathan, Venkatasubramanian ACS Energy Letters, Vol. 3, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.8b01009	journal	June 2018
Surface Anchoring of Liquid Crystal Molecules on Various Substrates Castellano, Joseph A. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals, Vol. 94, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1080/00268948308084245	journal	January 1983
Solid Electrolyte: the Key for High-Voltage Lithium Batteries Li, Juchuan; Ma, Cheng; Chi, Miaofang Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 5, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201401408	journal	October 2014
The Impact of Elastic Deformation on Deposition Kinetics at Lithium/Polymer Interfaces Monroe, Charles; Newman, John Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 152, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1850854	journal	January 2005
Rapid multiphase-field model development using a modular free energy based approach with automatic differentiation in MOOSE/MARMOT Schwen, D.; Aagesen, L. K.; Peterson, J. W. Computational Materials Science, Vol. 132 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.commatsci.2017.02.017	journal	May 2017
Ion Transport in Glassy Side-Group Liquid Crystalline Polymer Electrolytes Imrie, Corrie T.; Ingram, Malcolm D.; McHattie, Gillian S. Advanced Materials, Vol. 11, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1521-4095(199907)11:10<832::AID-ADMA832>3.0.CO;2-Z	journal	July 1999
MOOSE: A parallel computational framework for coupled systems of nonlinear equations Gaston, Derek; Newman, Chris; Hansen, Glen Nuclear Engineering and Design, Vol. 239, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nucengdes.2009.05.021	journal	October 2009
Ultrathin Two-Dimensional Atomic Crystals as Stable Interfacial Layer for Improvement of Lithium Metal Anode Yan, Kai; Lee, Hyun-Wook; Gao, Teng Nano Letters, Vol. 14, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1021/nl503125u	journal	September 2014
Imaging of liquid crystals using a tunnelling microscope Foster, J. S.; Frommer, J. E. Nature, Vol. 333, Issue 6173 https://doi.org/10.1038/333542a0	journal	June 1988
Structured electrolytes to suppress dendrite growth in high energy density batteries: Structured electrolytes to suppress dendrite growth Tan, Jinwang; Ryan, Emily M. International Journal of Energy Research, Vol. 40, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1002/er.3560	journal	May 2016
Nonlinear phase field model for electrodeposition in electrochemical systems Liang, Linyun; Chen, Long-Qing Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 105, Issue 26 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4905341	journal	December 2014
One-dimensional electronic conductivity in discotic liquid crystals Boden, N.; Bushby, R. J.; Clements, J. Chemical Physics Letters, Vol. 152, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2614(88)87334-2	journal	November 1988
Phase-Field Models for Microstructure Evolution Chen, Long-Qing Annual Review of Materials Research, Vol. 32, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.matsci.32.112001.132041	journal	August 2002
Anomalous Scaling of the Surface Width during Cu Electrodeposition Huo, S.; Schwarzacher, W. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 86, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.86.256	journal	January 2001
Lithium metal anodes for rechargeable batteries Xu, Wu; Wang, Jiulin; Ding, Fei Energy Environ. Sci., Vol. 7, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1039/C3EE40795K	journal	January 2014
Metal Electrode Surfaces Can Roughen Despite the Constraint of a Stiff Electrolyte McMeeking, Robert M.; Ganser, Markus; Klinsmann, Markus Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 166, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0221906jes	journal	January 2019
Solid Surface Shape and the Alignment of an Adjacent Nematic Liquid Crystal Berreman, Dwight W. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 28, Issue 26 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.28.1683	journal	June 1972
Electric-Field-Responsive Lithium-Ion Conductors of Propylenecarbonate-Based Columnar Liquid Crystals Shimura, Harutoki; Yoshio, Masafumi; Hamasaki, Atsushi Advanced Materials, Vol. 21, Issue 16, p. 1591-1594 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200802252	journal	April 2009
High electric conductivity of liquid crystals formed by ordered self-assembly of nonionic surfactant N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)dodecanamide in water Zhang, Yan; Li, Dechun; Li, Yaping Soft Matter, Vol. 11, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1039/C4SM02488E	journal	January 2015
Rapini-Papoular Constants in a Model Nematic Liquid Crystal Stelzer, Joachim; Longa, Lech; Trebin, Hans-Rainer Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals Science and Technology. Section A. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals, Vol. 304, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1080/10587259708046969	journal	September 1997
Über die Erzeugung der Anisotropie von Oberflächen Zocher, H.; Coper, K. Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie, Vol. 132U, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1515/zpch-1928-13220	journal	January 1928
Surface-produced alignment of liquid crystals Kahn, F. J.; Taylor, G. N.; Schonhorn, H. Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 61, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1109/PROC.1973.9171	journal	January 1973
Free Energy of a Nonuniform System. III. Nucleation in a Two‐Component Incompressible Fluid Cahn, John W.; Hilliard, John E. The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 31, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1730447	journal	September 1959
Stable lithium electrodeposition in liquid and nanoporous solid electrolytes Lu, Yingying; Tu, Zhengyuan; Archer, Lynden A. Nature Materials, Vol. 13, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat4041	journal	August 2014
From Nanostructured Liquid Crystals to Polymer-Based Electrolytes Kato, Takashi Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 49, Issue 43 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201000707	journal	August 2010
Enabling fast charging – A battery technology gap assessment Ahmed, Shabbir; Bloom, Ira; Jansen, Andrew N. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 367 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.06.055	journal	November 2017
Electroconvection in a Viscoelastic Electrolyte Li, Gaojin; Archer, Lynden A.; Koch, Donald L. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 122, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.124501	journal	March 2019
Projector augmented-wave method Blöchl, P. E. Physical Review B, Vol. 50, Issue 24, p. 17953-17979 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.50.17953	journal	December 1994
An Artificial Solid Electrolyte Interphase with High Li-Ion Conductivity, Mechanical Strength, and Flexibility for Stable Lithium Metal Anodes Liu, Yayuan; Lin, Dingchang; Yuen, Pak Yan Advanced Materials, Vol. 29, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201605531	journal	December 2016
Fluoroethylene Carbonate Additives to Render Uniform Li Deposits in Lithium Metal Batteries Zhang, Xue-Qiang; Cheng, Xin-Bing; Chen, Xiang Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 27, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201605989	journal	January 2017
The Effect of Interfacial Deformation on Electrodeposition Kinetics Monroe, Charles; Newman, John Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 151, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1710893	journal	January 2004
Imaging of liquid crystals with tunneling microscopy Spong, J. K.; LaComb, L. J.; Dovek, M. M. Journal de Physique, Vol. 50, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1051/jphys:0198900500150213900	journal	January 1989
Lithium dendrite growth mechanisms in liquid electrolytes Jana, Aniruddha; García, R. Edwin Nano Energy, Vol. 41 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2017.08.056	journal	November 2017
Role of anisotropy in determining stability of electrodeposition at solid-solid interfaces Ahmad, Zeeshan; Viswanathan, Venkatasubramanian Physical Review Materials, Vol. 1, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevMaterials.1.055403	journal	October 2017
Stability of Electrodeposition at Solid-Solid Interfaces and Implications for Metal Anodes Ahmad, Zeeshan; Viswanathan, Venkatasubramanian Physical Review Letters, Vol. 119, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.119.056003	journal	August 2017
Ion volumes: a comparison Marcus, Yizhak; Donald Brooke Jenkins, H.; Glasser, Leslie Journal of the Chemical Society, Dalton Transactions, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1039/b205785a	journal	September 2002
Phase-Field Simulation of Solidification Boettinger, W. J.; Warren, J. A.; Beckermann, C. Annual Review of Materials Research, Vol. 32, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.matsci.32.101901.155803	journal	August 2002
Nonlinear phase-field model for electrode-electrolyte interface evolution Liang, Linyun; Qi, Yue; Xue, Fei Physical Review E, Vol. 86, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.86.051609	journal	November 2012
Machine Learning Enabled Computational Screening of Inorganic Solid Electrolytes for Suppression of Dendrite Formation in Lithium Metal Anodes Ahmad, Zeeshan; Xie, Tian; Maheshwari, Chinmay ACS Central Science, Vol. 4, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1021/acscentsci.8b00229	journal	August 2018
A Comparative Study of Synthetic Graphite and Li Electrodes in Electrolyte Solutions Based on Ethylene Carbonate-Dimethyl Carbonate Mixtures Aurbach, D. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 143, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1837300	journal	January 1996
Artificial Protection Film on Lithium Metal Anode toward Long-Cycle-Life Lithium-Oxygen Batteries Liu, Qing-Chao; Xu, Ji-Jing; Yuan, Shuang Advanced Materials, Vol. 27, Issue 35 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201501490	journal	August 2015
Universal chemomechanical design rules for solid-ion conductors to prevent dendrite formation in lithium metal batteries Fu, Chengyin; Venturi, Victor; Kim, Jinsoo Nature Materials, Vol. 19, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41563-020-0655-2	journal	April 2020
Surface effects and anchoring in liquid crystals Jerome, B. Reports on Progress in Physics, Vol. 54, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1088/0034-4885/54/3/002	journal	March 1991
Evaluation of Current, Future, and Beyond Li-Ion Batteries for the Electrification of Light Commercial Vehicles: Challenges and Opportunities Sripad, Shashank; Viswanathan, Venkatasubramanian Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 164, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0671711jes	journal	January 2017
Nematic elastomers: The influence of external mechanical stress on the liquid‐crystalline phase behavior Schätzle, Joachim; Kaufhold, Wolfgang; Finkelmann, Heino Die Makromolekulare Chemie, Vol. 190, Issue 12, p. 3269-3284 https://doi.org/10.1002/macp.1989.021901224	journal	December 1989
Quantitative phase-field modeling of dendritic growth in two and three dimensions Karma, Alain; Rappel, Wouter-Jan Physical Review E, Vol. 57, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.57.4323	journal	April 1998
A new class of Solvent-in-Salt electrolyte for high-energy rechargeable metallic lithium batteries Suo, Liumin; Hu, Yong-Sheng; Li, Hong Nature Communications, Vol. 4, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms2513	journal	February 2013
Suppressing Dendritic Lithium Formation Using Porous Media in Lithium Metal-Based Batteries Li, Nan; Wei, Wenfei; Xie, Keyu Nano Letters, Vol. 18, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b00183	journal	February 2018
Theory of Chemical Kinetics and Charge Transfer based on Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics Bazant, Martin Z. Accounts of Chemical Research, Vol. 46, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1021/ar300145c	journal	June 2012
New Type of Li Ion Conductor with 3D Interconnected Nanopores via Polymerization of a Liquid Organic Electrolyte-Filled Lyotropic Liquid-Crystal Assembly Kerr, Robert L.; Miller, Seth A.; Shoemaker, Richard K. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 131, Issue 44 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja905208f	journal	November 2009
The Mechanism of the Dendritic Electrocrystallization of Zinc Diggle, J. W.; Despic, A. R.; Bockris, J. O'M. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 116, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2411588	journal	January 1969
Nonaqueous Liquid Electrolytes for Lithium-Based Rechargeable Batteries Xu, Kang Chemical Reviews, Vol. 104, Issue 10, p. 4303-4418 https://doi.org/10.1021/cr030203g	journal	October 2004
Quantitative phase-field modeling of dendritic electrodeposition Cogswell, Daniel A. Physical Review E, Vol. 92, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.92.011301	journal	July 2015
Onset of dendritic growth in lithium/polymer cells Rosso, M.; Gobron, T.; Brissot, C. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 97-98 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7753(01)00734-0	journal	July 2001
Anchoring energy enhancement and pretilt angle control of liquid crystal alignment on polymerized surfaces Weng, Libo; Liao, Pei-Chun; Lin, Chen-Chun AIP Advances, Vol. 5, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4932153	journal	September 2015
Toward Safe Lithium Metal Anode in Rechargeable Batteries: A Review Cheng, Xin-Bing; Zhang, Rui; Zhao, Chen-Zi Chemical Reviews, Vol. 117, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00115	journal	July 2017
Liquid-Crystalline Electrolytes for Lithium-Ion Batteries: Ordered Assemblies of a Mesogen-Containing Carbonate and a Lithium Salt Sakuda, Junji; Hosono, Eiji; Yoshio, Masafumi Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 25, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201402509	journal	December 2014
Modulation of dendritic patterns during electrodeposition: A nonlinear phase-field model Chen, Lei; Zhang, Hao Wei; Liang, Lin Yun Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 300 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.09.055	journal	December 2015
Lithium dendrite growth mechanisms in polymer electrolytes and prevention strategies Barai, Pallab; Higa, Kenneth; Srinivasan, Venkat Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, Vol. 19, Issue 31 https://doi.org/10.1039/C7CP03304D	journal	January 2017
Phase-field modeling of solid electrolyte interface (SEI) influence on Li dendritic behavior Yurkiv, Vitaliy; Foroozan, Tara; Ramasubramanian, Ajaykrishna Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 265 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2018.01.212	journal	March 2018
Predicting surface anchoring: molecular organization across a thin film of 5CB liquid crystal on silicon Pizzirusso, A.; Berardi, R.; Muccioli, L. Chem. Sci., Vol. 3, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1039/C1SC00696G	journal	January 2012
High rate and stable cycling of lithium metal anode Qian, Jiangfeng; Henderson, Wesley A.; Xu, Wu Nature Communications, Vol. 6, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms7362	journal	February 2015
Liquid crystalline lithium-ion electrolytes derived from biodegradable cyclodextrin Champagne, Pier-Luc; Ester, David; Bhattacharya, Amit Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 7, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1039/C9TA01852B	journal	January 2019
Descriptors for Electrolyte-Renormalized Oxidative Stability of Solvents in Lithium-Ion Batteries Pande, Vikram; Viswanathan, Venkatasubramanian The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, Vol. 10, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b02717	journal	October 2019
Electrochemical potential window of battery electrolytes: the HOMO–LUMO misconception Peljo, Pekka; Girault, Hubert H. Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 11, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1039/C8EE01286E	journal	January 2018
Ionic conductivity in crystalline polymer electrolytes Gadjourova, Zlatka; Andreev, Yuri G.; Tunstall, David P. Nature, Vol. 412, Issue 6846 https://doi.org/10.1038/35087538	journal	August 2001
Towards High-Safe Lithium Metal Anodes: Suppressing Lithium Dendrites via Tuning Surface Energy Wang, Dong; Zhang, Wei; Zheng, Weitao Advanced Science, Vol. 4, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.201600168	journal	July 2016
Molecular order at the free surface of a nematic liquid crystal from light reflectivity measurements Bouchiat, M. A.; Langevin-Cruchon, D. Physics Letters A, Vol. 34, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-9601(71)90897-8	journal	April 1971
Resolution of the Modulus versus Adhesion Dilemma in Solid Polymer Electrolytes for Rechargeable Lithium Metal Batteries Stone, G. M.; Mullin, S. A.; Teran, A. A. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 159, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.030203jes	journal	January 2012
Extending phase field models of solidification to polycrystalline materials Warren, James A.; Kobayashi, Ryo; Lobkovsky, Alexander E. Acta Materialia, Vol. 51, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-6454(03)00388-4	journal	December 2003
Dendrite-Free Lithium Deposition with Self-Aligned Nanorod Structure Zhang, Yaohui; Qian, Jiangfeng; Xu, Wu Nano Letters, Vol. 14, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1021/nl5039117	journal	November 2014
Molecular theories and structure. Some effects of molecular structural change on liquid crystalline properties Gray, G. W.; Harrison, K. J. Symposia of the Faraday Society, Vol. 5 https://doi.org/10.1039/sf9710500054	journal	January 1971
Dendrite-Free Lithium Deposition via Self-Healing Electrostatic Shield Mechanism Ding, Fei; Xu, Wu; Graff, Gordon L. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 135, Issue 11, p. 4450-4456 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja312241y	journal	March 2013
Phase-Field Formulation for Quantitative Modeling of Alloy Solidification Karma, Alain Physical Review Letters, Vol. 87, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.87.115701	journal	August 2001
Suppression of Lithium Dendrite Growth Using Cross-Linked Polyethylene/Poly(ethylene oxide) Electrolytes: A New Approach for Practical Lithium-Metal Polymer Batteries Khurana, Rachna; Schaefer, Jennifer L.; Archer, Lynden A. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 136, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja502133j	journal	May 2014
First Observation of a n-Doped Quasi-One-Dimensional Electronically-Conducting Discotic Liquid Crystal Boden, Neville; Borner, Ruth C.; Bushby, Richard J. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 116, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00102a065	journal	November 1994
Phase field kinetics of lithium electrodeposits Ely, David R.; Jana, Aniruddha; García, R. Edwin Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 272 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.08.062	journal	December 2014
Effect of Additives on Lithium Cycling Efficiency Hirai, Toshiro; Yoshimatsu, Isamu; Yamaki, Jun‐ichi Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 141, Issue 9, p. 2300-2305 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2055116	journal	January 1994
Nano-Segregated Polymeric Film Exhibiting High Ionic Conductivities Kishimoto, Kenji; Suzawa, Tomoyuki; Yokota, Tomoki Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 127, Issue 44 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja0549594	journal	November 2005
Understanding shape entropy through local dense packing van Anders, Greg; Klotsa, Daphne; Ahmed, N. Khalid Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 111, Issue 45 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1418159111	journal	October 2014
Status and challenges in enabling the lithium metal electrode for high-energy and low-cost rechargeable batteries Albertus, Paul; Babinec, Susan; Litzelman, Scott Nature Energy, Vol. 3, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-017-0047-2	journal	December 2017
Orientation of liquid crystals by surface coupling agents Kahn, Frederic J. Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 22, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1654684	journal	April 1973
Towards in Silico Liquid Crystals. Realistic Transition Temperatures and Physical Properties for n -Cyanobiphenyls via Molecular Dynamics Simulations Tiberio, Giustiniano; Muccioli, Luca; Berardi, Roberto ChemPhysChem, Vol. 10, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1002/cphc.200800231	journal	January 2009
Alignment of Liquid Crystals by Grooved Surfaces Berreman, Dwight W. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals, Vol. 23, Issue 3-4 https://doi.org/10.1080/15421407308083374	journal	January 1973
Unified derivation of phase-field models for alloy solidification from a grand-potential functional Plapp, Mathis Physical Review E, Vol. 84, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.84.031601	journal	September 2011
Engineered liquid crystal anchoring energies with nanopatterned surfaces Gear, Christopher; Diest, Kenneth; Liberman, Vladimir Optics Express, Vol. 23, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.23.000807	journal	January 2015

Similar Records

A Highly Reversible, Dendrite‐Free Lithium Metal Anode Enabled by a Lithium‐Fluoride‐Enriched Interphase

Journal Article · 2020 · Advanced Materials · OSTI ID:1599685

Cui, Chunyu; Yang, Chongyin; Eidson, Nico; +7 more

Lithium anode stable in air for low-cost fabrication of a dendrite-free lithium battery

Journal Article · 2019 · Nature Communications · OSTI ID:1614046

Shen, Xiaowei; Li, Yutao; Qian, Tao; +4 more

Lithium Dendrite-Free Li7N2I-LiOH Solid Electrolytes for High Energy Lithium Batteries

Technical Report · 2024 · OSTI ID:2479519

Wang, Chunsheng; Liu, Yijie; Wang, Zeyi

Title: Design rules for liquid crystalline electrolytes for enabling dendrite-free lithium metal batteries

Citation Formats

References (90)

Similar Records

Related Subjects