Measurement of the scintillation and ionization response of liquid xenon at MeV energies in the EXO-200 experiment

Anton, G.; Badhrees, I.; Barbeau, P. S.; Beck, D.; Belov, V.; Bhatta, T.; Breidenbach, M.; Brunner, T.; Cao, G. F.; Cen, W. R.; Chambers, C.; Cleveland, B.; Coon, M.; Craycraft, A.; Daniels, T.; Darroch, L.; Daugherty, S. J.; Davis, J.; Delaquis, S.; Der Mesrobian-Kabakian, A.; DeVoe, R.; Dilling, J.; Dolgolenko, A.; Dolinski, M. J.; Echevers, J.; Fairbank, W.; Fairbank, D.; Farine, J.; Feyzbakhsh, S.; Fierlinger, P.; Fudenberg, D.; Gautam, P.; Gornea, R.; Gratta, G.; Hall, C.; Hansen, E. V.; Hoessl, J.; Hufschmidt, P.; Hughes, M.; Iverson, A.; Jamil, A.; Jessiman, C.; Jewell, M. J.; Johnson, A.; Karelin, A.; Kaufman, L. J.; Koffas, T.; Krücken, R.; Kuchenkov, A.; Kumar, K. S.; Lan, Y.; Larson, A.; Lenardo, B. G.; Leonard, D. S.; Li, G. S.; Li, S.; Li, Z.; Licciardi, C.; Lin, Y. H.; MacLellan, R.; McElroy, T.; Michel, T.; Mong, B.; Moore, D. C.; Murray, K.; Neilson, R.; Njoya, O.; Nusair, O.; Odian, A.; Ostrovskiy, I.; Piepke, A.; Pocar, A.; Retière, F.; Robinson, A. L.; Rowson, P. C.; Runge, J.; Schmidt, S.; Sinclair, D.; Soma, A. K.; Stekhanov, V.; Tarka, M.; Todd, J.; Tolba, T.; Tosi, D.; Totev, T. I.; Veenstra, B.; Veeraraghavan, V.; Vuilleumier, J.-L.; Wagenpfeil, M.; Watkins, J.; Weber, M.; Wen, L. J.; Wichoski, U.; Wrede, G.; Wu, S. X.; Xia, Q.; Yahne, D. R.; Yang, L.; Yen, Y.-R.; Zeldovich, O. Ya.; Ziegler, T.

doi:10.1103/physrevc.101.065501

Title: Measurement of the scintillation and ionization response of liquid xenon at MeV energies in the EXO-200 experiment

Abstract

Liquid xenon (LXe) is employed in a number of current and future detectors for rare event searches. We use the EXO-200 experimental data to measure the absolute scintillation and ionization yields generated by γ interactions from 228Th (2615 keV), 226Ra (1764 keV), and 60Co (1332 keV and 1173 keV) calibration sources, over a range of electric fields. The W value that defines the recombination-independent energy scale is measured to be 11.5 ± 0.5 (syst.) ±0.1 (stat.) eV. These data are also used to measure the recombination fluctuations in the number of electrons and photons produced by the calibration sources at the MeV scale, which deviate from extrapolations of lower-energy data. Additionally, a semiempirical model for the energy resolution of the detector is developed, which is used to constrain the recombination efficiency, i.e., the fraction of recombined electrons that result in the emission of a detectable photon. Detailed measurements of the absolute charge and light yields for MeV-scale electron recoils are important for predicting the performance of future neutrinoless double β-decay detectors.

Authors:

Anton, G.; Badhrees, I.; Barbeau, P. S.; Beck, D.; Belov, V.; Bhatta, T.; Breidenbach, M.; Brunner, T.; Cao, G. F.; Cen, W. R.; Chambers, C.; Cleveland, B.; Coon, M.; Craycraft, A.; Daniels, T.; Darroch, L.; Daugherty, S. J.; Davis, J.; Delaquis, S.; Der Mesrobian-Kabakian, A. more »

Publication Date:: Mon Jun 15 00:00:00 EDT 2020

Research Org.:: SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States); Stanford Univ., CA (United States); Univ. of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE; National Science Foundtaion (NSF); Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC); Swiss National Science Foundation (SNF); Institute for Basic Science (IBS); Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR); German Research Foundation (DFG); Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); International Science and Technology Cooperation Program of China (ISTCP)

Contributing Org.:: EXO-200 Collaboration

OSTI Identifier:: 1637652

Alternate Identifier(s):: OSTI ID: 1660464; OSTI ID: 1830778

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-76SF00515; SC0017970; FG02-01ER41166

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Physical Review. C

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 101; Journal Issue: 6; Journal ID: ISSN 2469-9985

Publisher:: American Physical Society (APS)

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS; 73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS; Neutrinoless double beta decay; Majorana neutrinos; Neutrino detectors; Scintillators; Time-projection chambers

Citation Formats


                    Anton, G., Badhrees, I., Barbeau, P. S., Beck, D., Belov, V., Bhatta, T., Breidenbach, M., Brunner, T., Cao, G. F., Cen, W. R., Chambers, C., Cleveland, B., Coon, M., Craycraft, A., Daniels, T., Darroch, L., Daugherty, S. J., Davis, J., Delaquis, S., Der Mesrobian-Kabakian, A., DeVoe, R., Dilling, J., Dolgolenko, A., Dolinski, M. J., Echevers, J., Fairbank, W., Fairbank, D., Farine, J., Feyzbakhsh, S., Fierlinger, P., Fudenberg, D., Gautam, P., Gornea, R., Gratta, G., Hall, C., Hansen, E. V., Hoessl, J., Hufschmidt, P., Hughes, M., Iverson, A., Jamil, A., Jessiman, C., Jewell, M. J., Johnson, A., Karelin, A., Kaufman, L. J., Koffas, T., Krücken, R., Kuchenkov, A., Kumar, K. S., Lan, Y., Larson, A., Lenardo, B. G., Leonard, D. S., Li, G. S., Li, S., Li, Z., Licciardi, C., Lin, Y. H., MacLellan, R., McElroy, T., Michel, T., Mong, B., Moore, D. C., Murray, K., Neilson, R., Njoya, O., Nusair, O., Odian, A., Ostrovskiy, I., Piepke, A., Pocar, A., Retière, F., Robinson, A. L., Rowson, P. C., Runge, J., Schmidt, S., Sinclair, D., Soma, A. K., Stekhanov, V., Tarka, M., Todd, J., Tolba, T., Tosi, D., Totev, T. I., Veenstra, B., Veeraraghavan, V., Vuilleumier, J.-L., Wagenpfeil, M., Watkins, J., Weber, M., Wen, L. J., Wichoski, U., Wrede, G., Wu, S. X., Xia, Q., Yahne, D. R., Yang, L., Yen, Y.-R., Zeldovich, O. Ya., and Ziegler, T. Measurement of the scintillation and ionization response of liquid xenon at MeV energies in the EXO-200 experiment.  United States: N. p., 2020. 
Web.  doi:10.1103/physrevc.101.065501.

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                    Anton, G., Badhrees, I., Barbeau, P. S., Beck, D., Belov, V., Bhatta, T., Breidenbach, M., Brunner, T., Cao, G. F., Cen, W. R., Chambers, C., Cleveland, B., Coon, M., Craycraft, A., Daniels, T., Darroch, L., Daugherty, S. J., Davis, J., Delaquis, S., Der Mesrobian-Kabakian, A., DeVoe, R., Dilling, J., Dolgolenko, A., Dolinski, M. J., Echevers, J., Fairbank, W., Fairbank, D., Farine, J., Feyzbakhsh, S., Fierlinger, P., Fudenberg, D., Gautam, P., Gornea, R., Gratta, G., Hall, C., Hansen, E. V., Hoessl, J., Hufschmidt, P., Hughes, M., Iverson, A., Jamil, A., Jessiman, C., Jewell, M. J., Johnson, A., Karelin, A., Kaufman, L. J., Koffas, T., Krücken, R., Kuchenkov, A., Kumar, K. S., Lan, Y., Larson, A., Lenardo, B. G., Leonard, D. S., Li, G. S., Li, S., Li, Z., Licciardi, C., Lin, Y. H., MacLellan, R., McElroy, T., Michel, T., Mong, B., Moore, D. C., Murray, K., Neilson, R., Njoya, O., Nusair, O., Odian, A., Ostrovskiy, I., Piepke, A., Pocar, A., Retière, F., Robinson, A. L., Rowson, P. C., Runge, J., Schmidt, S., Sinclair, D., Soma, A. K., Stekhanov, V., Tarka, M., Todd, J., Tolba, T., Tosi, D., Totev, T. I., Veenstra, B., Veeraraghavan, V., Vuilleumier, J.-L., Wagenpfeil, M., Watkins, J., Weber, M., Wen, L. J., Wichoski, U., Wrede, G., Wu, S. X., Xia, Q., Yahne, D. R., Yang, L., Yen, Y.-R., Zeldovich, O. Ya., & Ziegler, T. Measurement of the scintillation and ionization response of liquid xenon at MeV energies in the EXO-200 experiment.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevc.101.065501

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                    Anton, G., Badhrees, I., Barbeau, P. S., Beck, D., Belov, V., Bhatta, T., Breidenbach, M., Brunner, T., Cao, G. F., Cen, W. R., Chambers, C., Cleveland, B., Coon, M., Craycraft, A., Daniels, T., Darroch, L., Daugherty, S. J., Davis, J., Delaquis, S., Der Mesrobian-Kabakian, A., DeVoe, R., Dilling, J., Dolgolenko, A., Dolinski, M. J., Echevers, J., Fairbank, W., Fairbank, D., Farine, J., Feyzbakhsh, S., Fierlinger, P., Fudenberg, D., Gautam, P., Gornea, R., Gratta, G., Hall, C., Hansen, E. V., Hoessl, J., Hufschmidt, P., Hughes, M., Iverson, A., Jamil, A., Jessiman, C., Jewell, M. J., Johnson, A., Karelin, A., Kaufman, L. J., Koffas, T., Krücken, R., Kuchenkov, A., Kumar, K. S., Lan, Y., Larson, A., Lenardo, B. G., Leonard, D. S., Li, G. S., Li, S., Li, Z., Licciardi, C., Lin, Y. H., MacLellan, R., McElroy, T., Michel, T., Mong, B., Moore, D. C., Murray, K., Neilson, R., Njoya, O., Nusair, O., Odian, A., Ostrovskiy, I., Piepke, A., Pocar, A., Retière, F., Robinson, A. L., Rowson, P. C., Runge, J., Schmidt, S., Sinclair, D., Soma, A. K., Stekhanov, V., Tarka, M., Todd, J., Tolba, T., Tosi, D., Totev, T. I., Veenstra, B., Veeraraghavan, V., Vuilleumier, J.-L., Wagenpfeil, M., Watkins, J., Weber, M., Wen, L. J., Wichoski, U., Wrede, G., Wu, S. X., Xia, Q., Yahne, D. R., Yang, L., Yen, Y.-R., Zeldovich, O. Ya., and Ziegler, T. Mon .  
"Measurement of the scintillation and ionization response of liquid xenon at MeV energies in the EXO-200 experiment".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevc.101.065501.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1637652.

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@article{osti_1637652,

  title        = {Measurement of the scintillation and ionization response of liquid xenon at MeV energies in the EXO-200 experiment},

  author       = {Anton, G. and Badhrees, I. and Barbeau, P. S. and Beck, D. and Belov, V. and Bhatta, T. and Breidenbach, M. and Brunner, T. and Cao, G. F. and Cen, W. R. and Chambers, C. and Cleveland, B. and Coon, M. and Craycraft, A. and Daniels, T. and Darroch, L. and Daugherty, S. J. and Davis, J. and Delaquis, S. and Der Mesrobian-Kabakian, A. and DeVoe, R. and Dilling, J. and Dolgolenko, A. and Dolinski, M. J. and Echevers, J. and Fairbank, W. and Fairbank, D. and Farine, J. and Feyzbakhsh, S. and Fierlinger, P. and Fudenberg, D. and Gautam, P. and Gornea, R. and Gratta, G. and Hall, C. and Hansen, E. V. and Hoessl, J. and Hufschmidt, P. and Hughes, M. and Iverson, A. and Jamil, A. and Jessiman, C. and Jewell, M. J. and Johnson, A. and Karelin, A. and Kaufman, L. J. and Koffas, T. and Krücken, R. and Kuchenkov, A. and Kumar, K. S. and Lan, Y. and Larson, A. and Lenardo, B. G. and Leonard, D. S. and Li, G. S. and Li, S. and Li, Z. and Licciardi, C. and Lin, Y. H. and MacLellan, R. and McElroy, T. and Michel, T. and Mong, B. and Moore, D. C. and Murray, K. and Neilson, R. and Njoya, O. and Nusair, O. and Odian, A. and Ostrovskiy, I. and Piepke, A. and Pocar, A. and Retière, F. and Robinson, A. L. and Rowson, P. C. and Runge, J. and Schmidt, S. and Sinclair, D. and Soma, A. K. and Stekhanov, V. and Tarka, M. and Todd, J. and Tolba, T. and Tosi, D. and Totev, T. I. and Veenstra, B. and Veeraraghavan, V. and Vuilleumier, J.-L. and Wagenpfeil, M. and Watkins, J. and Weber, M. and Wen, L. J. and Wichoski, U. and Wrede, G. and Wu, S. X. and Xia, Q. and Yahne, D. R. and Yang, L. and Yen, Y.-R. and Zeldovich, O. Ya. and Ziegler, T.},

  abstractNote = {Liquid xenon (LXe) is employed in a number of current and future detectors for rare event searches. We use the EXO-200 experimental data to measure the absolute scintillation and ionization yields generated by γ interactions from 228Th (2615 keV), 226Ra (1764 keV), and 60Co (1332 keV and 1173 keV) calibration sources, over a range of electric fields. The W value that defines the recombination-independent energy scale is measured to be 11.5 ± 0.5 (syst.) ±0.1 (stat.) eV. These data are also used to measure the recombination fluctuations in the number of electrons and photons produced by the calibration sources at the MeV scale, which deviate from extrapolations of lower-energy data. Additionally, a semiempirical model for the energy resolution of the detector is developed, which is used to constrain the recombination efficiency, i.e., the fraction of recombined electrons that result in the emission of a detectable photon. Detailed measurements of the absolute charge and light yields for MeV-scale electron recoils are important for predicting the performance of future neutrinoless double β-decay detectors.},

  doi          = {10.1103/physrevc.101.065501},

  journal      = {Physical Review. C},

  number       = 6,

  volume       = 101,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Mon Jun 15 00:00:00 EDT 2020},

  month        = {Mon Jun 15 00:00:00 EDT 2020}

}

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Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 81, Issue 7
DOI: 10.1063/1.3436636

Measurement of the scintillation yield of low-energy electrons in liquid xenon
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Extraction efficiency of drifting electrons in a two-phase xenon time projection chamber
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DOI: 10.13016/m24p5p

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Title: Measurement of the scintillation and ionization response of liquid xenon at MeV energies in the EXO-200 experiment

Abstract

Citation Formats

Search for Neutrinoless Double-Beta Decay with the Upgraded EXO-200 Detector journal, February 2018

Experimental study of ionization yield of liquid xenon for electron recoils in the energy range 2.8–80 keV journal, November 2014

Scintillation response of liquid xenon to low energy nuclear recoils journal, October 2005

Nuclear recoil scintillation and ionisation yields in liquid xenon from ZEPLIN-III data journal, November 2011

Response of the XENON100 dark matter detector to nuclear recoils journal, July 2013

Improved measurement of the 2 ν β β half-life of 136 Xe with the EXO-200 detector journal, January 2014

Infrared scintillation in gases, liquids and crystals journal, January 2000

Estimation of absolute photon yields in liquid argon and xenon for relativistic (1 MeV) electrons journal, June 1990

NEST: a comprehensive model for scintillation yield in liquid xenon journal, October 2011

LET dependence of scintillation yields in liquid xenon journal, January 2001

Average energy expended per ion pair in liquid xenon journal, November 1975

Intense infrared scintillation of liquid Ar-Xe mixtures journal, May 2014

Liquid xenon detectors for particle physics and astrophysics journal, July 2010

Simultaneous Measurement of Ionization and Scintillation from Nuclear Recoils in Liquid Xenon for a Dark Matter Experiment journal, August 2006

A dual-phase xenon TPC for scintillation and ionisation yield measurements in liquid xenon journal, April 2018

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A measurement of the electron–hole pair creation energy and the Fano factor in silicon for 5.9keV X-rays and their temperature dependence in the range 80–270K journal, June 2007

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Design and performance of the XENON10 dark matter experiment journal, April 2011

Quantum efficiencies exceeding unity due to impact ionization in silicon solar cells journal, October 1993

New measurement of the scintillation efficiency of low-energy nuclear recoils in liquid xenon journal, October 2011

Quantum Efficiency of Silicon in the Vacuum Ultraviolet journal, April 1964

Near-infrared scintillation of liquid argon journal, March 2016

Correlated fluctuations between luminescence and ionization in liquid xenon journal, August 2003

Observation of Two-Neutrino Double-Beta Decay in Xe 136 with the EXO-200 Detector journal, November 2011

Absolute Scintillation Yields in Liquid Argon and Xenon for Various Particles journal, March 2002

Dark Matter Results from 54-Ton-Day Exposure of PandaX-II Experiment journal, October 2017

Signal yields, energy resolution, and recombination fluctuations in liquid xenon journal, January 2017

A historical view on the R&D for liquid rare gas detectors journal, March 1993

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Liquid noble gas detectors for low energy particle physics journal, April 2013

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Improved measurements of the β -decay response of liquid xenon with the LUX detector journal, July 2019

Signal yields of keV electronic recoils and their discrimination from nuclear recoils in liquid xenon journal, May 2018

Calibration, event reconstruction, data analysis, and limit calculation for the LUX dark matter experiment journal, May 2018

MiX: a position sensitive dual-phase liquid xenon detector journal, October 2015

Search for Neutrinoless Double- β Decay with the Complete EXO-200 Dataset journal, October 2019

On photo-ionization by fast electrons in germanium and silicon journal, January 1959

3D modeling of electric fields in the LUX detector journal, November 2017

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The spectroscopic properties of high-pressure xenon journal, September 1997

Infrared scintillation: a comparison between gaseous and liquid xenon journal, April 2001

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Recombination luminescence in liquid argon and in liquid xenon journal, March 1978

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Spatially uniform calibration of a liquid xenon detector at low energies using K83mr journal, July 2010

Measurement of the scintillation yield of low-energy electrons in liquid xenon journal, December 2012

Extraction efficiency of drifting electrons in a two-phase xenon time projection chamber journal, January 2018

The XENON1T dark matter experiment journal, December 2017

Tritium calibration of the LUX dark matter experiment journal, April 2016

An optimal energy estimator to reduce correlated noise for the EXO-200 light readout journal, July 2016

Liquid xenon ionization and scintillation studies for a totally active-vector electromagnetic calorimeter journal, December 1992

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Solar cell efficiency and carrier multiplication in Si1−xGex alloys journal, April 1998

Time-resolved measurement of free carrier absorption, diffusivity, and internal quantum efficiency in silicon journal, August 2013

A new Monte Carlo code for full simulation of silicon strip detectors journal, November 2004

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Search for Neutrinoless Double-Beta Decay with the Upgraded EXO-200 Detector
journal, February 2018

Experimental study of ionization yield of liquid xenon for electron recoils in the energy range 2.8–80 keV
journal, November 2014

Scintillation response of liquid xenon to low energy nuclear recoils
journal, October 2005

Nuclear recoil scintillation and ionisation yields in liquid xenon from ZEPLIN-III data
journal, November 2011

Response of the XENON100 dark matter detector to nuclear recoils
journal, July 2013

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journal, January 2014

Infrared scintillation in gases, liquids and crystals
journal, January 2000

Estimation of absolute photon yields in liquid argon and xenon for relativistic (1 MeV) electrons
journal, June 1990

NEST: a comprehensive model for scintillation yield in liquid xenon
journal, October 2011

LET dependence of scintillation yields in liquid xenon
journal, January 2001

Average energy expended per ion pair in liquid xenon
journal, November 1975

Intense infrared scintillation of liquid Ar-Xe mixtures
journal, May 2014

Liquid xenon detectors for particle physics and astrophysics
journal, July 2010

Simultaneous Measurement of Ionization and Scintillation from Nuclear Recoils in Liquid Xenon for a Dark Matter Experiment
journal, August 2006

A dual-phase xenon TPC for scintillation and ionisation yield measurements in liquid xenon
journal, April 2018

Sensitivity and discovery potential of the proposed nEXO experiment to neutrinoless double- $β$ decay
journal, June 2018

A measurement of the electron–hole pair creation energy and the Fano factor in silicon for 5.9keV X-rays and their temperature dependence in the range 80–270K
journal, June 2007

The EXO-200 detector, part I: detector design and construction
journal, May 2012

Design and performance of the XENON10 dark matter experiment
journal, April 2011

Quantum efficiencies exceeding unity due to impact ionization in silicon solar cells
journal, October 1993

New measurement of the scintillation efficiency of low-energy nuclear recoils in liquid xenon
journal, October 2011

Quantum Efficiency of Silicon in the Vacuum Ultraviolet
journal, April 1964

Near-infrared scintillation of liquid argon
journal, March 2016

Correlated fluctuations between luminescence and ionization in liquid xenon
journal, August 2003

Observation of Two-Neutrino Double-Beta Decay in ${}^{136}{Xe}$ with the EXO-200 Detector
journal, November 2011

Absolute Scintillation Yields in Liquid Argon and Xenon for Various Particles
journal, March 2002

Dark Matter Results from 54-Ton-Day Exposure of PandaX-II Experiment
journal, October 2017

Signal yields, energy resolution, and recombination fluctuations in liquid xenon
journal, January 2017

A historical view on the R&D for liquid rare gas detectors
journal, March 1993

Characterization of large area APDs for the EXO-200 detector
journal, September 2009

Liquid noble gas detectors for low energy particle physics
journal, April 2013

Large area avalanche photodiodes in scintillation and X-rays detection
journal, June 2002

Improved measurements of the $β$ -decay response of liquid xenon with the LUX detector
journal, July 2019

Signal yields of keV electronic recoils and their discrimination from nuclear recoils in liquid xenon
journal, May 2018

Calibration, event reconstruction, data analysis, and limit calculation for the LUX dark matter experiment
journal, May 2018

MiX: a position sensitive dual-phase liquid xenon detector
journal, October 2015

Search for Neutrinoless Double- β Decay with the Complete EXO-200 Dataset
journal, October 2019

On photo-ionization by fast electrons in germanium and silicon
journal, January 1959

3D modeling of electric fields in the LUX detector
journal, November 2017

Observation of anticorrelation between scintillation and ionization for MeV gamma rays in liquid xenon
journal, July 2007

The spectroscopic properties of high-pressure xenon
journal, September 1997

Infrared scintillation: a comparison between gaseous and liquid xenon
journal, April 2001

Performance and fundamental processes at low energy in a two-phase liquid xenon dark matter detector
journal, August 2007

Recombination luminescence in liquid argon and in liquid xenon
journal, March 1978

Transient dynamics of the electronic subsystem of semiconductors irradiated with an ultrashort vacuum ultraviolet laser pulse
journal, July 2010

Spatially uniform calibration of a liquid xenon detector at low energies using K83mr
journal, July 2010

Measurement of the scintillation yield of low-energy electrons in liquid xenon
journal, December 2012

Extraction efficiency of drifting electrons in a two-phase xenon time projection chamber
journal, January 2018

The XENON1T dark matter experiment
journal, December 2017

Tritium calibration of the LUX dark matter experiment
journal, April 2016

An optimal energy estimator to reduce correlated noise for the EXO-200 light readout
journal, July 2016

Liquid xenon ionization and scintillation studies for a totally active-vector electromagnetic calorimeter
journal, December 1992

Electron extraction efficiency study for dual-phase xenon dark matter experiments
journal, May 2019

Solar cell efficiency and carrier multiplication in Si1−xGex alloys
journal, April 1998

Time-resolved measurement of free carrier absorption, diffusivity, and internal quantum efficiency in silicon
journal, August 2013

A new Monte Carlo code for full simulation of silicon strip detectors
journal, November 2004

Measurement of the Electron Recoil Band of the LUX Dark Matter Detector With a Tritium Calibration Source
collection, January 2014