Assessment of two-phase flow on the chemical alteration and sealing of leakage pathways in cemented wellbores

Iyer, Jaisree; Walsh, Stuart D. C.; Hao, Yue; Carroll, Susan A.

doi:10.1016/j.ijggc.2017.12.001

Title: Assessment of two-phase flow on the chemical alteration and sealing of leakage pathways in cemented wellbores

Abstract

Wellbore leakage tops the list of perceived risks to the long-term geologic storage of CO₂, because wells provide a direct path between the CO₂ storage reservoir and the atmosphere. In this paper, we have coupled a two-phase flow model with our original framework that combined models for reactive transport of carbonated brine, geochemistry of reacting cement, and geomechanics to predict the permeability evolution of cement fractures. Additionally, this makes the framework suitable for field conditions in geological storage sites, permitting simulation of contact between cement and mixtures of brine and supercritical CO₂. Due to lack of conclusive experimental data, we tried both linear and Corey relative permeability models to simulate flow of the two phases in cement fractures. The model also includes two options to account for the inconsistent experimental observations regarding cement reactivity with two-phase CO₂-brine mixtures. One option assumes that the reactive surface area is independent of the brine saturation and the second option assumes that the reactive surface area is proportional to the brine saturation. We have applied the model to predict the extent of cement alteration, the conditions under which fractures seal, the time it takes to seal a fracture, and the leakage rates of CO₂more »« less

Authors:: Iyer, Jaisree; Walsh, Stuart D. C.; Hao, Yue; Carroll, Susan A.

Publication Date:: Thu Feb 01 00:00:00 EST 2018

Research Org.:: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management (FECM); USDOE Office of Fossil Energy (FE)

OSTI Identifier:: 1632990

Alternate Identifier(s):: OSTI ID: 1417272

Report Number(s):: LLNL-JRNL-731159
Journal ID: ISSN 1750-5836; S1750583617304310; PII: S1750583617304310

Grant/Contract Number:: AC52-07NA27344

Resource Type:: Published Article

Journal Name:: International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Name: International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control Journal Volume: 69 Journal Issue: C; Journal ID: ISSN 1750-5836

Publisher:: Elsevier

Country of Publication:: Netherlands

Language:: English

Subject:: 54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES; 58 GEOSCIENCES; 37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY; carbon storage; two-phase flow; wellbore integrity; cement-CO2 reactions

Citation Formats


                    Iyer, Jaisree, Walsh, Stuart D. C., Hao, Yue, and Carroll, Susan A. Assessment of two-phase flow on the chemical alteration and sealing of leakage pathways in cemented wellbores.  Netherlands: N. p., 2018. 
Web.  doi:10.1016/j.ijggc.2017.12.001.

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                    Iyer, Jaisree, Walsh, Stuart D. C., Hao, Yue, & Carroll, Susan A. Assessment of two-phase flow on the chemical alteration and sealing of leakage pathways in cemented wellbores.  Netherlands.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2017.12.001

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                    Iyer, Jaisree, Walsh, Stuart D. C., Hao, Yue, and Carroll, Susan A. Thu .  
"Assessment of two-phase flow on the chemical alteration and sealing of leakage pathways in cemented wellbores".  Netherlands.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2017.12.001.

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@article{osti_1632990,

  title        = {Assessment of two-phase flow on the chemical alteration and sealing of leakage pathways in cemented wellbores},

  author       = {Iyer, Jaisree and Walsh, Stuart D. C. and Hao, Yue and Carroll, Susan A.},

  abstractNote = {Wellbore leakage tops the list of perceived risks to the long-term geologic storage of CO2, because wells provide a direct path between the CO2 storage reservoir and the atmosphere. In this paper, we have coupled a two-phase flow model with our original framework that combined models for reactive transport of carbonated brine, geochemistry of reacting cement, and geomechanics to predict the permeability evolution of cement fractures. Additionally, this makes the framework suitable for field conditions in geological storage sites, permitting simulation of contact between cement and mixtures of brine and supercritical CO2. Due to lack of conclusive experimental data, we tried both linear and Corey relative permeability models to simulate flow of the two phases in cement fractures. The model also includes two options to account for the inconsistent experimental observations regarding cement reactivity with two-phase CO2-brine mixtures. One option assumes that the reactive surface area is independent of the brine saturation and the second option assumes that the reactive surface area is proportional to the brine saturation. We have applied the model to predict the extent of cement alteration, the conditions under which fractures seal, the time it takes to seal a fracture, and the leakage rates of CO2 and brine when damage zones in the wellbore are exposed to two-phase CO2-brine mixtures. Initial brine residence time and the initial fracture aperture are critical parameters that affect the fracture sealing behavior. We also evaluated the importance of the model assumptions regarding relative permeability and cement reactivity. These results illustrate the need to understand how mixtures of carbon dioxide and brine flow through fractures and react with cement to make reasonable predictions regarding well integrity. For example, a reduction in the cement reactivity with two-phase CO2-brine mixture can not only significantly increase the sealing time for fractures but may also prevent fracture sealing.},

  doi          = {10.1016/j.ijggc.2017.12.001},

  journal      = {International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control},

  number       = C,

  volume       = 69,

  place        = {Netherlands},

  year         = {Thu Feb 01 00:00:00 EST 2018},

  month        = {Thu Feb 01 00:00:00 EST 2018}

}

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Title: Assessment of two-phase flow on the chemical alteration and sealing of leakage pathways in cemented wellbores

Abstract

Citation Formats

Geochemistry of Wellbore Integrity in CO2 Sequestration: Portland Cement-Steel-Brine-CO2 Interactions journal, January 2013

Two-Phase Flow Visualization and Relative Permeability Measurement in Natural Rough-Walled Rock Fractures journal, May 1995

Degradation of Well Cement by CO 2 under Geologic Sequestration Conditions journal, July 2007

Experimental study of potential wellbore cement carbonation by various phases of carbon dioxide during geologic carbon sequestration journal, August 2013

Experimental assessment of well integrity for CO 2 geological storage: Batch experimental results on geochemical interactions between a CO 2 –brine mixture and a sandstone–cement–steel sample journal, August 2015

Hydraulic conductivity of rock fractures journal, April 1996

Effect of carbonation on the hydro-mechanical properties of Portland cements journal, December 2009

Mechanical and hydraulic coupling in cement–caprock interfaces exposed to carbonated brine journal, June 2014

Review of integrity of existing wells in relation to CO2 geological storage: What do we know? journal, July 2011

Validity of Cubic Law for fluid flow in a deformable rock fracture journal, December 1980

Review: Role of chemistry, mechanics, and transport on well integrity in CO2 storage environments journal, June 2016

A New Equation of State for Carbon Dioxide Covering the Fluid Region from the Triple‐Point Temperature to 1100 K at Pressures up to 800 MPa journal, November 1996

Incorporating reaction-rate dependence in reaction-front models of wellbore-cement/carbonated-brine systems journal, April 2017

CO2 stability of Portland cement based well cementing systems for use on carbon capture & storage (CCS) wells journal, March 2013

Permeability of Wellbore-Cement Fractures Following Degradation by Carbonated Brine journal, December 2012

Heterogeneous porosity distribution in Portland cement exposed to CO2-rich fluids journal, August 2008

Wettability of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide/Water/Quartz Systems: Simultaneous Measurement of Contact Angle and Interfacial Tension at Reservoir Conditions journal, May 2013

A fully coupled method for massively parallel simulation of hydraulically driven fractures in 3-dimensions: FULLY COUPLED PARALLEL SIMULATION OF HYDRAULIC FRACTURES IN 3-D journal, September 2016

Effect of Dynamic Loading on Wellbore Leakage for the Wabamun Area CO2-Sequestration Project journal, January 2014

Reactive transport of CO2-saturated water in a cement fracture: Application to wellbore leakage during geologic CO2 storage journal, January 2016

Interfacial tension measurements and wettability evaluation for geological CO2 storage journal, January 2009

An improved model calculating CO2 solubility in pure water and aqueous NaCl solutions from 273 to 533 K and from 0 to 2000 bar journal, February 2003

Investigation of two-phase flow pattern, void fraction and pressure drop in a microchannel journal, September 2002

Rate of CO 2 Attack on Hydrated Class H Well Cement under Geologic Sequestration Conditions journal, August 2008

Fracture opening or self-sealing: Critical residence time as a unifying parameter for cement–CO2–brine interactions journal, April 2016

Fracture-scale model of immiscible fluid flow journal, January 2013

The Viscosity of Carbon Dioxide journal, January 1998

Experimental calibration of a numerical model describing the alteration of cement/caprock interfaces by carbonated brine journal, March 2014

Well Technologies for CO 2 Geological Storage: CO 2 -Resistant Cement journal, May 2007

Geochemistry of Wellbore Integrity in CO2 Sequestration: Portland Cement-Steel-Brine-CO2 Interactions
journal, January 2013

Two-Phase Flow Visualization and Relative Permeability Measurement in Natural Rough-Walled Rock Fractures
journal, May 1995

Degradation of Well Cement by CO ₂ under Geologic Sequestration Conditions
journal, July 2007

Experimental study of potential wellbore cement carbonation by various phases of carbon dioxide during geologic carbon sequestration
journal, August 2013

Experimental assessment of well integrity for CO 2 geological storage: Batch experimental results on geochemical interactions between a CO 2 –brine mixture and a sandstone–cement–steel sample
journal, August 2015

Hydraulic conductivity of rock fractures
journal, April 1996

Effect of carbonation on the hydro-mechanical properties of Portland cements
journal, December 2009

Mechanical and hydraulic coupling in cement–caprock interfaces exposed to carbonated brine
journal, June 2014

Review of integrity of existing wells in relation to CO2 geological storage: What do we know?
journal, July 2011

Validity of Cubic Law for fluid flow in a deformable rock fracture
journal, December 1980

Review: Role of chemistry, mechanics, and transport on well integrity in CO2 storage environments
journal, June 2016

A New Equation of State for Carbon Dioxide Covering the Fluid Region from the Triple‐Point Temperature to 1100 K at Pressures up to 800 MPa
journal, November 1996

Incorporating reaction-rate dependence in reaction-front models of wellbore-cement/carbonated-brine systems
journal, April 2017

CO2 stability of Portland cement based well cementing systems for use on carbon capture & storage (CCS) wells
journal, March 2013

Permeability of Wellbore-Cement Fractures Following Degradation by Carbonated Brine
journal, December 2012

Heterogeneous porosity distribution in Portland cement exposed to CO2-rich fluids
journal, August 2008

Wettability of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide/Water/Quartz Systems: Simultaneous Measurement of Contact Angle and Interfacial Tension at Reservoir Conditions
journal, May 2013

A fully coupled method for massively parallel simulation of hydraulically driven fractures in 3-dimensions: FULLY COUPLED PARALLEL SIMULATION OF HYDRAULIC FRACTURES IN 3-D
journal, September 2016

Effect of Dynamic Loading on Wellbore Leakage for the Wabamun Area CO2-Sequestration Project
journal, January 2014

Reactive transport of CO2-saturated water in a cement fracture: Application to wellbore leakage during geologic CO2 storage
journal, January 2016

Interfacial tension measurements and wettability evaluation for geological CO2 storage
journal, January 2009

An improved model calculating CO2 solubility in pure water and aqueous NaCl solutions from 273 to 533 K and from 0 to 2000 bar
journal, February 2003

Investigation of two-phase flow pattern, void fraction and pressure drop in a microchannel
journal, September 2002

Rate of CO ₂ Attack on Hydrated Class H Well Cement under Geologic Sequestration Conditions
journal, August 2008

Fracture opening or self-sealing: Critical residence time as a unifying parameter for cement–CO2–brine interactions
journal, April 2016

Fracture-scale model of immiscible fluid flow
journal, January 2013

The Viscosity of Carbon Dioxide
journal, January 1998

Experimental calibration of a numerical model describing the alteration of cement/caprock interfaces by carbonated brine
journal, March 2014

Well Technologies for CO ₂ Geological Storage: CO ₂ -Resistant Cement
journal, May 2007