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Title: Ringed Structures of the HD 163296 Protoplanetary Disk Revealed by ALMA

Abstract

We present Atacama Large Millimeter and Submillimeter Array observations of the protoplanetary disk around the Herbig Ae star HD 163296 that trace the spatial distribution of millimeter-sized particles and cold molecular gas on spatial scales as small as 25 astronomical units (A.U.). The image of the disk recorded in the 1.3 mm continuum emission reveals three dark concentric rings that indicate the presence of dust depleted gaps at about 60, 100, and 160 A.U. from the central star. The maps of the 12CO, 13CO, and C18O J = 2 - 1 emission do not show such structures but reveal a change in the slope of the radial intensity profile across the positions of the dark rings in the continuum image. By comparing the observations with theoretical models for the disk emission, we find that the density of CO molecules is reduced inside the middle and outer dust gaps. However, in the inner ring there is no evidence of CO depletion. From the measurements of the dust and gas densities, we deduce that the gas-to-dust ratio varies across the disk and, in particular, it increases by at least a factor 5 within the inner dust gap compared to adjacent regions ofmore » the disk. The depletion of both dust and gas suggests that the middle and outer rings could be due to the gravitational torque exerted by two Saturn-mass planets orbiting at 100 and 160 A.U. from the star. On the other hand, the inner dust gap could result from dust accumulation at the edge of a magnetorotational instability dead zone, or from dust opacity variations at the edge of the CO frost line. Observations of the dust emission at higher angular resolution and of molecules that probe dense gas are required to establish more precisely the origins of the dark rings observed in the HD 163296 disk.« less

Authors:
 [1];  [2];  [3];  [4]; ORCiD logo [5]; ORCiD logo [5];  [1];  [1];  [6];  [6];  [7];  [8];  [9];  [10];  [11];  [7];  [11]
+ Show Author Affiliations
  1. Rice Univ., Houston, TX (United States)
  2. Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Firenze (Italy)
  3. European Southern Observatory, Munchen (Germany); Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Firenze (Italy)
  4. Rice Univ., Houston, TX (United States) ; Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)
  5. Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)
  6. Joint ALMA Observatory (JAO) (Chile)
  7. European Space Research and Technology Centre (Netherlands)
  8. Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Firenze (Italy); Dublin Inst. for Advanced Studies, Dublin (Ireland)
  9. Max Planck Inst. fuer Radioastronomie , Bonn (Germany)
  10. Harvard Univ., Cambridge, MA (United States)
  11. California Institute of Technology (CalTech), Pasadena, CA (United States)
Publication Date:
Research Org.:
Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)
Sponsoring Org.:
USDOE Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) Program
OSTI Identifier:
1631573
Alternate Identifier(s):
OSTI ID: 1335192
Report Number(s):
LA-UR-20-20198
Journal ID: ISSN 0031-9007; PRLTAO; TRN: US2200980
Grant/Contract Number:  
89233218CNA000001
Resource Type:
Accepted Manuscript
Journal Name:
Physical Review Letters
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Volume: 117; Journal Issue: 25; Journal ID: ISSN 0031-9007
Publisher:
American Physical Society (APS)
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS; Astronomy and Astrophysics; Formation & evolution of stars & galaxies; Radio, microwave, & sub-mm astronomy; Extrasolar planets

Citation Formats

Isella, Andrea, Guidi, Greta, Testi, Leonardo, Liu, Shang Fei, Li, Hui, Li, Shengtai, Weaver, Erik, Boehler, Yann, Carpenter, J., De Gregorio-Monsalvo, Itziar, Manara, Carlo F., Natta, Antonella, Perez, Laura, Ricci, Luca, Sargent, Anneila, Tazzari, M., and Turner, Neal. Ringed Structures of the HD 163296 Protoplanetary Disk Revealed by ALMA. United States: N. p., 2016. Web. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.251101.
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Isella, Andrea, Guidi, Greta, Testi, Leonardo, Liu, Shang Fei, Li, Hui, Li, Shengtai, Weaver, Erik, Boehler, Yann, Carpenter, J., De Gregorio-Monsalvo, Itziar, Manara, Carlo F., Natta, Antonella, Perez, Laura, Ricci, Luca, Sargent, Anneila, Tazzari, M., & Turner, Neal. Ringed Structures of the HD 163296 Protoplanetary Disk Revealed by ALMA. United States. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.251101
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Isella, Andrea, Guidi, Greta, Testi, Leonardo, Liu, Shang Fei, Li, Hui, Li, Shengtai, Weaver, Erik, Boehler, Yann, Carpenter, J., De Gregorio-Monsalvo, Itziar, Manara, Carlo F., Natta, Antonella, Perez, Laura, Ricci, Luca, Sargent, Anneila, Tazzari, M., and Turner, Neal. Mon . "Ringed Structures of the HD 163296 Protoplanetary Disk Revealed by ALMA". United States. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.251101. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1631573.
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@article{osti_1631573,
title = {Ringed Structures of the HD 163296 Protoplanetary Disk Revealed by ALMA},
author = {Isella, Andrea and Guidi, Greta and Testi, Leonardo and Liu, Shang Fei and Li, Hui and Li, Shengtai and Weaver, Erik and Boehler, Yann and Carpenter, J. and De Gregorio-Monsalvo, Itziar and Manara, Carlo F. and Natta, Antonella and Perez, Laura and Ricci, Luca and Sargent, Anneila and Tazzari, M. and Turner, Neal},
abstractNote = {We present Atacama Large Millimeter and Submillimeter Array observations of the protoplanetary disk around the Herbig Ae star HD 163296 that trace the spatial distribution of millimeter-sized particles and cold molecular gas on spatial scales as small as 25 astronomical units (A.U.). The image of the disk recorded in the 1.3 mm continuum emission reveals three dark concentric rings that indicate the presence of dust depleted gaps at about 60, 100, and 160 A.U. from the central star. The maps of the 12CO, 13CO, and C18O J = 2 - 1 emission do not show such structures but reveal a change in the slope of the radial intensity profile across the positions of the dark rings in the continuum image. By comparing the observations with theoretical models for the disk emission, we find that the density of CO molecules is reduced inside the middle and outer dust gaps. However, in the inner ring there is no evidence of CO depletion. From the measurements of the dust and gas densities, we deduce that the gas-to-dust ratio varies across the disk and, in particular, it increases by at least a factor 5 within the inner dust gap compared to adjacent regions of the disk. The depletion of both dust and gas suggests that the middle and outer rings could be due to the gravitational torque exerted by two Saturn-mass planets orbiting at 100 and 160 A.U. from the star. On the other hand, the inner dust gap could result from dust accumulation at the edge of a magnetorotational instability dead zone, or from dust opacity variations at the edge of the CO frost line. Observations of the dust emission at higher angular resolution and of molecules that probe dense gas are required to establish more precisely the origins of the dark rings observed in the HD 163296 disk.},
doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.251101},
journal = {Physical Review Letters},
number = 25,
volume = 117,
place = {United States},
year = {Mon Dec 12 00:00:00 EST 2016},
month = {Mon Dec 12 00:00:00 EST 2016}
}
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    • Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
    • DOI: 10.17863/cam.40404

    Constraining Gas-phase Carbon, Oxygen, and Nitrogen in the IM Lup Protoplanetary Disk
    journal, October 2018

    • Ilsedore Cleeves, L.; Öberg, Karin I.; Wilner, David J.
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 865, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/aade96

    H 2 CO Ortho-to-para Ratio in the Protoplanetary Disk HD 163296
    journal, September 2018

    • Guzmán, V. V.; Öberg, K. I.; Carpenter, J.
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 864, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/aad778

    Multiple Rings in the Transitional Disk of GM Aurigae Revealed by VLA and ALMA
    journal, September 2018

    • Macías, Enrique; Espaillat, Catherine C.; Ribas, Álvaro
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 865, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/aad811

    Investigating the Early Evolution of Planetary Systems with ALMA and the Next Generation Very Large Array
    journal, January 2018

    • Ricci, Luca; Liu, Shang-Fei; Isella, Andrea
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 853, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/aaa546

    Gas Density Perturbations Induced by One or More Forming Planets in the AS 209 Protoplanetary Disk as Seen with ALMA
    text, January 2019

    • Favre, C.; Fedele, D.; Maud, L.
    • Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
    • DOI: 10.17863/cam.37899

    Structure Formation in a Young Protoplanetary Disk by a Magnetic Disk Wind
    journal, September 2018

    Dust-to-gas Ratio Resurgence in Circumstellar Disks Due to the Formation of Giant Planets: The Case of HD 163296
    journal, May 2019

    Planet-driven Spiral Arms in Protoplanetary Disks. I. Formation Mechanism
    journal, May 2018

    Gaps and Rings in an ALMA Survey of Disks in the Taurus Star-forming Region
    text, January 2018

    • Long, Feng; Pinilla, Paola; Herczeg, Gregory J.
    • Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
    • DOI: 10.17863/cam.34668

    A Spatially Resolved au-scale Inner Disk around DM Tau
    journal, November 2018

    • Kudo, Tomoyuki; Hashimoto, Jun; Muto, Takayuki
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 868, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/aaeb1c

    A Cavity of Large Grains in the Disk around the Group II Herbig Ae/Be Star HD 142666
    journal, June 2018

    • Rubinstein, A. E.; Macías, E.; Espaillat, C. C.
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 860, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/aabfba

    A gap in HD 92945’s broad planetesimal disc revealed by ALMA
    journal, January 2019

    • Marino, S.; Yelverton, B.; Booth, M.
    • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 484, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stz049

    The First Detection of 13 C 17 O in a Protoplanetary Disk: A Robust Tracer of Disk Gas Mass
    journal, September 2019

    • Booth, Alice S.; Walsh, Catherine; Ilee, John D.
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 882, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/ab3645

    Upper limits on CH 3 OH in the HD 163296 protoplanetary disk: Evidence for a low gas-phase CH 3 OH-to-H 2 CO ratio
    journal, March 2019

    Detectability of embedded protoplanets from hydrodynamical simulations
    journal, January 2020

    • Sanchis, E.; Picogna, G.; Ercolano, B.
    • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 492, Issue 3
    • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/staa074

    Submillimetre dust polarization and opacity in the HD163296 protoplanetary ring system
    journal, September 2018

    • Dent, W. R. F.; Pinte, C.; Cortes, P. C.
    • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters, Vol. 482, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.1093/mnrasl/sly181

    Observational Signatures of Planets in Protoplanetary Disks: Planet-induced Line Broadening in Gaps
    journal, January 2019

    • Dong, Ruobing; Liu, Sheng-Yuan; Fung, Jeffrey
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 870, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/aaf38e

    On the Planetary Interpretation of Multiple Gaps and Rings in Protoplanetary Disks Seen By ALMA
    journal, June 2019

    Identifying Anticyclonic Vortex Features Produced by the Rossby Wave Instability in Protoplanetary Disks
    journal, October 2018

    Spatial segregation of dust grains in transition disks: SPHERE observations of 2MASS J16083070-3828268 and RXJ1852.3-3700
    journal, March 2019

    Probing Signatures of a Distant Planet around the Young T-Tauri Star CI Tau Hosting a Possible Hot Jupiter
    journal, June 2018

    • Konishi, Mihoko; Hashimoto, Jun; Hori, Yasunori
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 859, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/aac6d2

    Physical properties of dusty protoplanetary disks in Lupus: Evidence for viscous evolution?
    text, January 2017

    • Tazzari, Marco; Testi, L.; Natta, A.
    • Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
    • DOI: 10.17863/cam.11391

    Impacts of Dust Feedback on a Dust Ring Induced by a Planet in a Protoplanetary Disk
    journal, November 2018

    • Kanagawa, Kazuhiro D.; Muto, Takayuki; Okuzumi, Satoshi
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 868, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/aae837

    An opening criterion for dust gaps in protoplanetary discs
    journal, April 2017

    • Dipierro, Giovanni; Laibe, Guillaume
    • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 469, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stx977

    V1094 Scorpii: A rare giant multi-ringed disk around a T Tauri star
    journal, August 2018

    Evidence for a massive dust-trapping vortex connected to spirals: Multi-wavelength analysis of the HD 135344B protoplanetary disk
    journal, November 2018

    Evidence for a Vertical Dependence on the Pressure Structure in AS 209
    journal, November 2018

    • Teague, Richard; Bae, Jaehan; Birnstiel, Tilman
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 868, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/aae836

    New Insights into the Nature of Transition Disks from a Complete Disk Survey of the Lupus Star-forming Region
    journal, February 2018

    • Marel, Nienke van der; Williams, Jonathan P.; Ansdell, M.
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 854, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/aaaa6b

    Probing midplane CO abundance and gas temperature with DCO + in the protoplanetary disk around HD 169142
    journal, June 2018

    The Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP). VII. The Planet–Disk Interactions Interpretation
    journal, December 2018

    • Zhang, Shangjia; Zhu, Zhaohuan; Huang, Jane
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 869, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/aaf744

    The Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP). V. Interpreting ALMA Maps of Protoplanetary Disks in Terms of a Dust Model
    journal, December 2018

    • Birnstiel, Tilman; Dullemond, Cornelis P.; Zhu, Zhaohuan
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 869, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/aaf743

    The Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP). VI. Dust Trapping in Thin-ringed Protoplanetary Disks
    journal, December 2018

    • Dullemond, Cornelis P.; Birnstiel, Tilman; Huang, Jane
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 869, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/aaf742

    The Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP). I. Motivation, Sample, Calibration, and Overview
    journal, December 2018

    • Andrews, Sean M.; Huang, Jane; Pérez, Laura M.
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 869, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/aaf741

    Electron Heating and Saturation of Self-regulating Magnetorotational Instability in Protoplanetary Disks
    journal, November 2017

    • Mori, Shoji; Muranushi, Takayuki; Okuzumi, Satoshi
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 849, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/aa8e42

    An Analytical Model of Radial Dust Trapping in Protoplanetary Disks
    journal, April 2019

    • Sierra, Anibal; Lizano, Susana; Macías, Enrique
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 876, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab1265

    Radial Variations in Grain Sizes and Dust Scale Heights in the Protoplanetary Disk around HD 163296 Revealed by ALMA Polarization Observations
    journal, November 2019

    The newborn planet population emerging from ring-like structures in discs
    journal, March 2019

    • Lodato, Giuseppe; Dipierro, Giovanni; Ragusa, Enrico
    • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 486, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stz913

    Gaps and Rings in an ALMA Survey of Disks in the Taurus Star-forming Region
    journal, December 2018

    • Long, Feng; Pinilla, Paola; Herczeg, Gregory J.
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 869, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/aae8e1

    The diverse lives of massive protoplanets in self-gravitating discs
    journal, April 2018

    • Stamatellos, Dimitris; Inutsuka, Shu-ichiro
    • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 477, Issue 3
    • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/sty827

    Spiral Arms in Disks: Planets or Gravitational Instability?
    journal, July 2018

    • Dong, Ruobing; Najita, Joan R.; Brittain, Sean
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 862, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/aaccfc

    Spontaneous ring formation in wind-emitting accretion discs
    journal, May 2019

    An Empirical Planetesimal Belt Radius–Stellar Luminosity Relation
    journal, May 2018

    Observing the gas component of circumplanetary disks around wide-orbit planet-mass companions in the (sub)mm regime
    journal, April 2019

    ALMA continuum observations of the protoplanetary disk AS 209: Evidence of multiple gaps opened by a single planet★
    journal, February 2018

    The ALMA Lupus protoplanetary disk survey: evidence for compact gas disks and molecular rings from CN
    journal, March 2019

    VLTI/MIDI atlas of disks around low- and intermediate-mass young stellar objects
    journal, September 2018

    High-resolution Millimeter Imaging of the CI Tau Protoplanetary Disk: A Massive Ensemble of Protoplanets from 0.1 to 100 au
    journal, October 2018

    New Constraints on the Dust and Gas Distribution in the LkCa 15 Disk from ALMA
    journal, August 2019

    Empirical Temperature Measurement in Protoplanetary Disks
    journal, January 2018

    • Weaver, Erik; Isella, Andrea; Boehler, Yann
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 853, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/aaa481

    The Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP). IX. A High-definition Study of the HD 163296 Planet-forming Disk
    journal, December 2018

    • Isella, Andrea; Huang, Jane; Andrews, Sean M.
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 869, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/aaf747

    Pebble accretion in Class 0/I YSOs as a possible pathway for early planet formation
    journal, January 2019

    • Tanaka, Yuki A.; Tsukamoto, Yusuke
    • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 484, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stz069

    Gas Density Perturbations Induced by One or More Forming Planets in the AS 209 Protoplanetary Disk as Seen with ALMA
    journal, January 2019

    Signatures of Young Planets in the Continuum Emission from Protostellar Disks
    journal, June 2018

    The Complex Morphology of the Young Disk MWC 758: Spirals and Dust Clumps around a Large Cavity
    journal, February 2018

    An Observational Study for Grain Dynamics in the AS 209 Disk with Submillimeter Polarization
    journal, September 2019

    • Mori, Tomohiro; Kataoka, Akimasa; Ohashi, Satoshi
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 883, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab3575

    On the Planetary Interpretation of Multiple Gaps and Rings in Protoplanetary Disks Seen by ALMA
    text, January 2019

    • Miranda, R.; Rafikov, Roman
    • Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
    • DOI: 10.17863/cam.40516

    ALMA continuum observations of the protoplanetary disk AS 209: Evidence of multiple gaps opened by a single planet ?
    text, January 2018

    • Fedele, D.; Tazzari, Marco; Booth, Richard
    • Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
    • DOI: 10.17863/cam.18604

    Increased H$_2$CO production in the outer disk around HD 163296
    text, January 2017

    A Millimeter Continuum Size-Luminosity Relationship for Protoplanetary Disks
    text, January 2017

    Non-linear Development of Secular Gravitational Instability in Protoplanetary Disks
    text, January 2017

    CO and dust properties in the TW Hya disk from high-resolution ALMA observations
    text, January 2018

    Rings and gaps in the disc around Elias 24 revealed by ALMA
    text, January 2018

    A UV-to-NIR Study of Molecular Gas in the Dust Cavity Around RY Lupi
    text, January 2018

    The diverse lives of massive protoplanets in self-gravitating discs
    text, January 2018

    A Cavity of Large Grains in the Disk Around the Group II Herbig Ae/Be Star HD 142666
    text, January 2018

    The Millimeter Continuum Size-Frequency Relationship in the UZ Tau E Disk
    text, January 2018

    The Eccentric Cavity, Triple Rings, Two-Armed Spirals, and Double Clumps of the MWC 758 Disk
    text, January 2018

    Spiral Arms in Disks: Planets or Gravitational Instability?
    text, January 2018

    Diverse protoplanetary disk morphology produced by a Jupiter-mass planet
    text, January 2018

    Constraining Gas-Phase Carbon, Oxygen, and Nitrogen in the IM Lup Protoplanetary Disk
    text, January 2018

    Chemical Signatures of the FU Ori Outbursts
    text, January 2018

    Submillimetre dust polarisation and opacity in the HD163296 protoplanetary ring system
    text, January 2018

    The formation of rings and gaps in wind-launching non-ideal MHD disks: three-dimensional simulations
    text, January 2018

    Evidence For A Vertical Dependence on the Pressure Structure in AS 209
    text, January 2018

    The ALMA Lupus protoplanetary disk survey: evidence for compact gas disks and molecular rings from CN
    text, January 2018

    The Ring Structure in the MWC 480 Disk Revealed by ALMA
    text, January 2018

    Circumstellar dust distribution in systems with two planets in resonance
    text, January 2018

    A gap in HD 92945's broad planetesimal disc revealed by ALMA
    text, January 2019

    Protoplanetary disk rings and gaps across ages and luminosities
    text, January 2019

    Asymmetric mid-plane gas in ALMA images of HD~100546
    text, January 2019

    Excitation of Planetary Obliquities Through Planet-Disk Interactions
    text, January 2019

    The time evolution of dusty protoplanetary disc radii: observed and physical radii differ
    text, January 2019

    A dust and gas cavity in the disc around CQ Tau revealed by ALMA
    text, January 2019

    New Constraints From Dust Lines On The Surface Densities Of Protoplanetary Disks
    text, January 2019

    Revised description of dust diffusion and a new instability creating multiple rings in protoplanetary disks
    text, January 2019

    New constraints on the dust and gas distribution in the LkCa 15 disk from ALMA
    text, January 2019

    An Observational Study for Grain Dynamics in the AS 209 Disk with Submillimeter Polarization
    text, January 2019

    Systematic Variations of CO Gas Abundance with Radius in Gas-rich Protoplanetary Disks
    text, January 2019

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