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Title: A genome-wide screen identifies a single β-defensin gene cluster in the chicken: implications for the origin and evolution of mammalian defensins

Abstract

Defensins comprise a large family of cationic antimicrobial peptides that are characterized by the presence of a conserved cysteine-rich defensin motif. Based on the spacing pattern of cysteines, these defensins are broadly divided into five groups, namely plant, invertebrate, α-, β-, and θ-defensins, with the last three groups being mostly found in mammalian species. However, the evolutionary relationships among these five groups of defensins remain controversial. Following a comprehensive screen, here we report that the chicken genome encodes a total of 13 different β-defensins but with no other groups of defensins being discovered. These chicken β-defensin genes, designated as Gallinacin 1–13, are clustered densely within a 86-Kb distance on the chromosome 3q3.5-q3.7. The deduced peptides vary from 63 to 104 amino acid residues in length sharing the characteristic defensin motif. Based on the tissue expression pattern, 13 β-defensin genes can be divided into two subgroups with Gallinacin 1–7 being predominantly expressed in bone marrow and the respiratory tract and the remaining genes being restricted to liver and the urogenital tract. Comparative analysis of the defensin clusters among chicken, mouse, and human suggested that vertebrate defensins have evolved from a single β-defensin-like gene, which has undergone rapid duplication, diversification, and translocationmore » in various vertebrate lineages during evolution. We conclude that the chicken genome encodes only β-defensin sequences and that all mammalian defensins are evolved from a common β-defensin-like ancestor. The α-defensins arose from β-defensins by gene duplication, which may have occurred after the divergence of mammals from other vertebrates, and θ-defensins have arisen from α-defensins specific to the primate lineage. Further analysis of these defensins in different vertebrate lineages will shed light on the mechanisms of host defense and evolution of innate immunity.« less

Authors:
 [1];  [2];  [3];  [3];  [4];  [1];  [1]
+ Show Author Affiliations
  1. Oklahoma State Univ., Stillwater, OK (United States)
  2. Univ. of South Carolina, Columbia, SC (United States)
  3. Hokkaido Univ., Sapporo (Japan)
  4. Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)
Publication Date:
Research Org.:
Oklahoma State Univ., Stillwater, OK (United States); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)
Sponsoring Org.:
USDOE Office of Science (SC), Biological and Environmental Research (BER). Biological Systems Science Division; Oklahoma Center for Advancement of Science and Technology
OSTI Identifier:
1626441
Grant/Contract Number:  
AC02-05CH11231; HR-136
Resource Type:
Accepted Manuscript
Journal Name:
BMC Genomics
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Volume: 5; Journal Issue: 1; Journal ID: ISSN 1471-2164
Publisher:
Springer
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Bacterial artificial chromosome; Bacterial artificial chromosome clone; Chicken genome; Defensin gene; High throughput genomic sequence

Citation Formats

Xiao, Yanjing, Hughes, Austin L., Ando, Junko, Matsuda, Yoichi, Cheng, Jan-Fang, Skinner-Noble, Donald, and Zhang, Guolong. A genome-wide screen identifies a single β-defensin gene cluster in the chicken: implications for the origin and evolution of mammalian defensins. United States: N. p., 2004. Web. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-5-56.
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Xiao, Yanjing, Hughes, Austin L., Ando, Junko, Matsuda, Yoichi, Cheng, Jan-Fang, Skinner-Noble, Donald, & Zhang, Guolong. A genome-wide screen identifies a single β-defensin gene cluster in the chicken: implications for the origin and evolution of mammalian defensins. United States. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-5-56
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Xiao, Yanjing, Hughes, Austin L., Ando, Junko, Matsuda, Yoichi, Cheng, Jan-Fang, Skinner-Noble, Donald, and Zhang, Guolong. Fri . "A genome-wide screen identifies a single β-defensin gene cluster in the chicken: implications for the origin and evolution of mammalian defensins". United States. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-5-56. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1626441.
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@article{osti_1626441,
title = {A genome-wide screen identifies a single β-defensin gene cluster in the chicken: implications for the origin and evolution of mammalian defensins},
author = {Xiao, Yanjing and Hughes, Austin L. and Ando, Junko and Matsuda, Yoichi and Cheng, Jan-Fang and Skinner-Noble, Donald and Zhang, Guolong},
abstractNote = {Defensins comprise a large family of cationic antimicrobial peptides that are characterized by the presence of a conserved cysteine-rich defensin motif. Based on the spacing pattern of cysteines, these defensins are broadly divided into five groups, namely plant, invertebrate, α-, β-, and θ-defensins, with the last three groups being mostly found in mammalian species. However, the evolutionary relationships among these five groups of defensins remain controversial. Following a comprehensive screen, here we report that the chicken genome encodes a total of 13 different β-defensins but with no other groups of defensins being discovered. These chicken β-defensin genes, designated as Gallinacin 1–13, are clustered densely within a 86-Kb distance on the chromosome 3q3.5-q3.7. The deduced peptides vary from 63 to 104 amino acid residues in length sharing the characteristic defensin motif. Based on the tissue expression pattern, 13 β-defensin genes can be divided into two subgroups with Gallinacin 1–7 being predominantly expressed in bone marrow and the respiratory tract and the remaining genes being restricted to liver and the urogenital tract. Comparative analysis of the defensin clusters among chicken, mouse, and human suggested that vertebrate defensins have evolved from a single β-defensin-like gene, which has undergone rapid duplication, diversification, and translocation in various vertebrate lineages during evolution. We conclude that the chicken genome encodes only β-defensin sequences and that all mammalian defensins are evolved from a common β-defensin-like ancestor. The α-defensins arose from β-defensins by gene duplication, which may have occurred after the divergence of mammals from other vertebrates, and θ-defensins have arisen from α-defensins specific to the primate lineage. Further analysis of these defensins in different vertebrate lineages will shed light on the mechanisms of host defense and evolution of innate immunity.},
doi = {10.1186/1471-2164-5-56},
journal = {BMC Genomics},
number = 1,
volume = 5,
place = {United States},
year = {Fri Aug 13 00:00:00 EDT 2004},
month = {Fri Aug 13 00:00:00 EDT 2004}
}
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