Defect activation and annihilation in CIGS solar cells: an operando x-ray microscopy study

Stuckelberger, Michael E.; Nietzold, Tara; West, Bradley; Farshchi, Rouin; Poplavskyy, Dmitry; Bailey, Jeff; Lai, Barry; Maser, Jörg M.; Bertoni, Mariana I.

doi:10.1088/2515-7655/ab5fa6

Title: Defect activation and annihilation in CIGS solar cells: an operando x-ray microscopy study

Abstract

The efficiency of thin-film solar cells with a Cu(In_1-xGa_x)Se₂ absorber is limited by nanoscopic inhomogeneities and defects. Traditional characterization methods are challenged by the multi-scale evaluation of the performance at defects that are buried in the device structures. Multi-modal X-ray microscopy offers a unique tool-set to probe the performance in fully assembled solar cells, and to correlate the performance with composition down to the micro- and nanoscale. We applied this approach to the mapping of temperature-dependent recombination for Cu(In_1-xGa_x)Se₂ solar cells with different absorber grain sizes, evaluating the same areas from room temperature to 100 °C. It was found that poor performing areas in the large-grain sample are correlated with a Cu-deficient phase, whereas defects in the small-grain sample are not correlated with the distribution of Cu. In both samples, classes of recombination sites were identified, where defects were activated or annihilated by temperature. More generally, the methodology of combined operando and in-situ X-ray microscopy was established at the physical limit of spatial resolution given by the device itself. As proof-of-principle, the measurement of nanoscopic current generation in a solar cell is demonstrated with applied bias voltage and bias light.

Authors:

; Nietzold, Tara; West, Bradley; Farshchi, Rouin; Poplavskyy, Dmitry; Bailey, Jeff; Lai, Barry; Maser, Jörg M.; Bertoni, Mariana I.

Publication Date:: Fri Feb 07 00:00:00 EST 2020

Research Org.:: Arizona State Univ., Tempe, AZ (United States); Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Renewable Power Office. Solar Energy Technologies Office; USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES); National Science Foundation (NSF)

OSTI Identifier:: 1598387

Alternate Identifier(s):: OSTI ID: 1596185

Report Number(s):: DOE-ASU8163
Journal ID: ISSN 2515-7655

Grant/Contract Number:: EE0008163; AC02-06CH11357; EEC-1041895; EE0005948

Resource Type:: Published Article

Journal Name:: JPhys Energy

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Name: JPhys Energy Journal Volume: 2 Journal Issue: 2; Journal ID: ISSN 2515-7655

Publisher:: IOP Publishing

Country of Publication:: United Kingdom

Language:: English

Subject:: 14 SOLAR ENERGY; 36 MATERIALS SCIENCE

Citation Formats


                    Stuckelberger, Michael E., Nietzold, Tara, West, Bradley, Farshchi, Rouin, Poplavskyy, Dmitry, Bailey, Jeff, Lai, Barry, Maser, Jörg M., and Bertoni, Mariana I. Defect activation and annihilation in CIGS solar cells: an operando x-ray microscopy study.  United Kingdom: N. p., 2020. 
Web.  doi:10.1088/2515-7655/ab5fa6.

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                    Stuckelberger, Michael E., Nietzold, Tara, West, Bradley, Farshchi, Rouin, Poplavskyy, Dmitry, Bailey, Jeff, Lai, Barry, Maser, Jörg M., & Bertoni, Mariana I. Defect activation and annihilation in CIGS solar cells: an operando x-ray microscopy study.  United Kingdom.  https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7655/ab5fa6

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                    Stuckelberger, Michael E., Nietzold, Tara, West, Bradley, Farshchi, Rouin, Poplavskyy, Dmitry, Bailey, Jeff, Lai, Barry, Maser, Jörg M., and Bertoni, Mariana I. Fri .  
"Defect activation and annihilation in CIGS solar cells: an operando x-ray microscopy study".  United Kingdom.  https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7655/ab5fa6.

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@article{osti_1598387,

  title        = {Defect activation and annihilation in CIGS solar cells: an operando x-ray microscopy study},

  author       = {Stuckelberger, Michael E. and Nietzold, Tara and West, Bradley and Farshchi, Rouin and Poplavskyy, Dmitry and Bailey, Jeff and Lai, Barry and Maser, Jörg M. and Bertoni, Mariana I.},

  abstractNote = {The efficiency of thin-film solar cells with a Cu(In1-xGax)Se2 absorber is limited by nanoscopic inhomogeneities and defects. Traditional characterization methods are challenged by the multi-scale evaluation of the performance at defects that are buried in the device structures. Multi-modal X-ray microscopy offers a unique tool-set to probe the performance in fully assembled solar cells, and to correlate the performance with composition down to the micro- and nanoscale. We applied this approach to the mapping of temperature-dependent recombination for Cu(In1-xGax)Se2 solar cells with different absorber grain sizes, evaluating the same areas from room temperature to 100 °C. It was found that poor performing areas in the large-grain sample are correlated with a Cu-deficient phase, whereas defects in the small-grain sample are not correlated with the distribution of Cu. In both samples, classes of recombination sites were identified, where defects were activated or annihilated by temperature. More generally, the methodology of combined operando and in-situ X-ray microscopy was established at the physical limit of spatial resolution given by the device itself. As proof-of-principle, the measurement of nanoscopic current generation in a solar cell is demonstrated with applied bias voltage and bias light.},

  doi          = {10.1088/2515-7655/ab5fa6},

  journal      = {JPhys Energy},

  number       = 2,

  volume       = 2,

  place        = {United Kingdom},

  year         = {Fri Feb 07 00:00:00 EST 2020},

  month        = {Fri Feb 07 00:00:00 EST 2020}

}

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Title: Defect activation and annihilation in CIGS solar cells: an operando x-ray microscopy study

Abstract

Citation Formats

The Formation and Impact of Sodium rich Secondary Phases in the Absorber layer of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Based Solar Cells conference, June 2018

Quantifying X-Ray Fluorescence Data Using MAPS journal, January 2018

The development of a XEOL and TR XEOL detection system for the I18 microfocus beamline Diamond light source journal, February 2013

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X-ray fluorescence at nanoscale resolution for multicomponent layered structures: a solar cell case study journal, January 2017

Data analysis for X-ray fluorescence imaging journal, March 2003

High-Energy Electron and Proton Irradiation of Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 Heterojunction Solar Cells journal, January 2001

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conference, June 2018

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Nanometer focusing of hard x rays by phase zone plates
journal, May 1999

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journal, March 2003

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Increased Throughput and Sensitivity of Synchrotron-Based Characterization for Photovoltaic Materials
journal, May 2017

Physics of the temperature coefficients of solar cells
journal, September 2015

Residual Nanoscale Strain in Cesium Lead Bromide Perovskite Reduces Stability and Shifts Local Luminescence
journal, March 2019

The Relationship between Chemical Flexibility and Nanoscale Charge Collection in Hybrid Halide Perovskites
journal, March 2018

Synchrotron x-ray characterization of alkali elements at grain boundaries in Cu(In, Ga)Se2 solar cells
conference, June 2016

Exploring Single Semiconductor Nanowires with a Multimodal Hard X-ray Nanoprobe
journal, March 2014

The Advanced Photon Source Upgrade Plan Approved
journal, March 2019

X-ray Beam Induced Current Measurements for Multi-Modal X-ray Microscopy of Solar Cells
journal, January 2019

Commissioning and first-year operational results of the MAX IV 3 GeV ring
journal, August 2018

Solar cell efficiency tables (version 54)
journal, June 2019

Radiative efficiency limits of solar cells with lateral band-gap fluctuations
journal, May 2004

Quantifying the effect of metal-rich precipitates on minority carrier diffusion length in multicrystalline silicon using synchrotron-based spectrally resolved x-ray beam-induced current
journal, July 2005

Mechanisms for light-soaking induced carrier concentration changes in the absorber layer of Cu(In, Ga)Se2 solar cells
conference, June 2016

Correlation between grain composition and charge carrier collection in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells
conference, June 2015

X-Ray Beam Induced Voltage: A Novel Technique for Electrical Nanocharacterization of Solar Cells
conference, June 2017

Grain engineering: How nanoscale inhomogeneities can control charge collection in solar cells
journal, February 2017

Compositional and electrical properties of line and planar defects in Cu(In,Ga)Se ₂ thin films for solar cells - a review
journal, March 2016

Strain Mapping of CdTe Grains in Photovoltaic Devices
journal, November 2019

Nano-XRF Analysis of Metal Impurities Distribution at PL Active Grain Boundaries During mc-Silicon Solar Cell Processing
journal, January 2017

Latest developments in the x-ray based characterization of thin-film solar cells
conference, June 2015

Radiative transitions in highly doped and compensated chalcopyrites and kesterites: The case of ${Cu}_{2} {ZnSnS}_{4}$
journal, December 2014

Nanoscale Growth Kinetics of Cu(In,Ga)Se ₂ Absorbers
journal, July 2018

CIGS absorbers and processes
journal, August 2010

Development of an in situ temperature stage for synchrotron X-ray spectromicroscopy
journal, November 2015

A pyramid approach to subpixel registration based on intensity
journal, January 1998

Engineering solar cells based on correlative X-ray microscopy
journal, May 2017

Efficiency limitations of polycrystalline thin film solar cells: case of Cu(In,Ga)Se2
journal, June 2005