Analysis of Powders Containing Illicit Drugs Using Magnetic Levitation

Abrahamsson, Christoffer K.; Nagarkar, Amit; Fink, Michael J.; Preston, Daniel J.; Ge, Shencheng; Bozenko, Joseph S.; Whitesides, George M.

doi:10.1002/anie.201910177

Title: Analysis of Powders Containing Illicit Drugs Using Magnetic Levitation

Abstract

Magneto-Archimedes levitation (MagLev) enables the separation of powdered mixtures of illicit drugs (cocaine, methamphetamine, heroin, fentanyl, and its analogues), adulterants, and diluents based on density, and allows the presumptive identification of individual components. Small samples (mass <50 mg), with low concentrations of illicit drugs, present a particular challenge to analysis for forensic chemists. The MagLev device, a cuvette containing a solution of paramagnetic gadolinium(III) chelate in a non-polar solvent, placed between two like-poles-facing NdFeB magnets, allowed separation of seven relevant compounds simultaneously. In particular, initial separation with MagLev, followed by characterization by FTIR-ATR, enabled identification of fentanyl in a sample of fentanyl-laced heroin (1.3 wt % fentanyl, 2.6 wt % heroin, and 96.1 wt % lactose). MagLev allows identification of unknown powders in mixtures and enables confirmatory identification based on structure-specific techniques.

Authors:

^[1];

^[2];

^[1]

Harvard Univ., Cambridge, MA (United States)
Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), Dulles, VA (United States). Special Testing and Research Laboratory

Publication Date:: Tue Nov 12 00:00:00 EST 2019

Research Org.:: West Virginia Univ., Morgantown, WV (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Science (SC)

OSTI Identifier:: 1800028

Alternate Identifier(s):: OSTI ID: 1577192

Grant/Contract Number:: FG02-01ER45862; ER45862

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Angewandte Chemie (International Edition)

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Name: Angewandte Chemie (International Edition); Journal Volume: 59; Journal Issue: 2; Journal ID: ISSN 1433-7851

Publisher:: Wiley

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY; Chemistry

Citation Formats


                    Abrahamsson, Christoffer K., Nagarkar, Amit, Fink, Michael J., Preston, Daniel J., Ge, Shencheng, Bozenko, Joseph S., and Whitesides, George M. Analysis of Powders Containing Illicit Drugs Using Magnetic Levitation.  United States: N. p., 2019. 
Web.  doi:10.1002/anie.201910177.

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                    Abrahamsson, Christoffer K., Nagarkar, Amit, Fink, Michael J., Preston, Daniel J., Ge, Shencheng, Bozenko, Joseph S., & Whitesides, George M. Analysis of Powders Containing Illicit Drugs Using Magnetic Levitation.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201910177

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                    Abrahamsson, Christoffer K., Nagarkar, Amit, Fink, Michael J., Preston, Daniel J., Ge, Shencheng, Bozenko, Joseph S., and Whitesides, George M. Tue .  
"Analysis of Powders Containing Illicit Drugs Using Magnetic Levitation".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201910177.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1800028.

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@article{osti_1800028,

  title        = {Analysis of Powders Containing Illicit Drugs Using Magnetic Levitation},

  author       = {Abrahamsson, Christoffer K. and Nagarkar, Amit and Fink, Michael J. and Preston, Daniel J. and Ge, Shencheng and Bozenko, Joseph S. and Whitesides, George M.},

  abstractNote = {Magneto-Archimedes levitation (MagLev) enables the separation of powdered mixtures of illicit drugs (cocaine, methamphetamine, heroin, fentanyl, and its analogues), adulterants, and diluents based on density, and allows the presumptive identification of individual components. Small samples (mass <50 mg), with low concentrations of illicit drugs, present a particular challenge to analysis for forensic chemists. The MagLev device, a cuvette containing a solution of paramagnetic gadolinium(III) chelate in a non-polar solvent, placed between two like-poles-facing NdFeB magnets, allowed separation of seven relevant compounds simultaneously. In particular, initial separation with MagLev, followed by characterization by FTIR-ATR, enabled identification of fentanyl in a sample of fentanyl-laced heroin (1.3 wt % fentanyl, 2.6 wt % heroin, and 96.1 wt % lactose). MagLev allows identification of unknown powders in mixtures and enables confirmatory identification based on structure-specific techniques.},

  doi          = {10.1002/anie.201910177},

  journal      = {Angewandte Chemie (International Edition)},

  number       = 2,

  volume       = 59,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Tue Nov 12 00:00:00 EST 2019},

  month        = {Tue Nov 12 00:00:00 EST 2019}

}

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Works referencing / citing this record:

Evolving Magnetically Levitated Plasma Proteins Detects Opioid Use Disorder as a Model Disease
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Ashkarran, Ali Akbar; Olfatbakhsh, Tina; Ramezankhani, Milad
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Similar Records

Title: Analysis of Powders Containing Illicit Drugs Using Magnetic Levitation

Abstract

Citation Formats

Recent Advances in Magnetic Levitation: A Biological Approach from Diagnostics to Tissue Engineering journal, January 2018

An overview of forensic drug testing methods and their suitability for harm reduction point-of-care services journal, July 2017

The Synergistic Effects of Combining Cocaine and Heroin (“Speedball”) Using a Progressive-Ratio Schedule of Drug Reinforcement journal, November 1998

Relative potency of controlled-release oxycodone and controlled-release morphine in a postoperative pain model journal, August 1999

Tilted Magnetic Levitation Enables Measurement of the Complete Range of Densities of Materials with Low Magnetic Permeability journal, January 2016

Carfentanil—an ultra potent opioid journal, May 2010

Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy of illicit drugs journal, November 1989

A review of chemical ‘spot’ tests: A presumptive illicit drug identification technique journal, November 2017

Drug testing in Europe: monitoring results of the Trans European Drug Information (TEDI) project: Drug testing in Europe journal, February 2016

The Crystal Structures of Talc and Pyrophyllite journal, January 1934

Magnetic Levitation To Characterize the Kinetics of Free-Radical Polymerization journal, December 2017

Using Magnetic Levitation to Separate Mixtures of Crystal Polymorphs journal, August 2013

Scheduling of newly emerging drugs: a critical review of decisions over 40 years: A critical review of drug scheduling decisions since 1971 journal, February 2012

Single-Ring Magnetic Levitation Configuration for Object Manipulation and Density-Based Measurement journal, June 2018

Ionic Liquid-Modified Disposable Electrochemical Sensor Strip for Analysis of Fentanyl journal, February 2019

Magnetic Levitation in the Analysis of Foods and Water journal, June 2010

Portable analytical platforms for forensic chemistry: A review journal, November 2018

An accurate and versatile density measurement device: Magnetic levitation journal, September 2019

Sodium carbonate revisited journal, May 2003

Magnetic Force-Based Microfluidic Techniques for Cellular and Tissue Bioengineering journal, December 2018

Label-Free Microfluidic Manipulation of Particles and Cells in Magnetic Liquids journal, April 2016

Quantitative FT-Raman analysis of two crystal forms of a pharmaceutical compound journal, March 1997

New paramagnetic relaxation reagent for water-in-oil emulsions journal, January 1994

DETECHIP ® : A Sensor for Drugs of Abuse journal, May 2010

Evaluation of a point-of-care testing product for drugs of abuse; testing site is a key variable journal, November 1995

Detection and Quantitation of Trace Fentanyl in Heroin by Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy journal, September 2018

Detection of Fentanyl and its Analogs by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay* journal, May 1990

Wearable electrochemical glove-based sensor for rapid and on-site detection of fentanyl journal, October 2019

Why the FUSS (Fentanyl Urine Screen Study)? A cross-sectional survey to characterize an emerging threat to people who use drugs in British Columbia, Canada journal, November 2015

Development of a homogeneous immunoassay for the detection of fentanyl in urine journal, March 2011

Fentanyl in the US heroin supply: A rapidly changing risk environment journal, August 2017

Formation and identification of novel derivatives of primary amine and zwitterionic drugs journal, August 2018

Using Magnetic Levitation to Separate Mixtures of Crystal Polymorphs journal, August 2013

Measuring Densities of Solids and Liquids Using Magnetic Levitation: Fundamentals journal, July 2009

Nondestructive Direct Determination of Heroin in Seized Illicit Street Drugs by Diffuse Reflectance near-Infrared Spectroscopy journal, October 2008

Colour quantitation for chemical spot tests for a controlled substances presumptive test database: Colour quantitation for presumptive drug test database journal, February 2016

Fentanyl, fentanyl analogs and novel synthetic opioids: A comprehensive review journal, May 2018

Magnetic Levitation in Chemistry, Materials Science, and Biochemistry journal, June 2019

Evolving Magnetically Levitated Plasma Proteins Detects Opioid Use Disorder as a Model Disease journal, January 2020

Recent Advances in Magnetic Levitation: A Biological Approach from Diagnostics to Tissue Engineering
journal, January 2018

An overview of forensic drug testing methods and their suitability for harm reduction point-of-care services
journal, July 2017

The Synergistic Effects of Combining Cocaine and Heroin (“Speedball”) Using a Progressive-Ratio Schedule of Drug Reinforcement
journal, November 1998

Relative potency of controlled-release oxycodone and controlled-release morphine in a postoperative pain model
journal, August 1999

Tilted Magnetic Levitation Enables Measurement of the Complete Range of Densities of Materials with Low Magnetic Permeability
journal, January 2016

Carfentanil—an ultra potent opioid
journal, May 2010

Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy of illicit drugs
journal, November 1989

A review of chemical ‘spot’ tests: A presumptive illicit drug identification technique
journal, November 2017

Drug testing in Europe: monitoring results of the Trans European Drug Information (TEDI) project: Drug testing in Europe
journal, February 2016

The Crystal Structures of Talc and Pyrophyllite
journal, January 1934

Magnetic Levitation To Characterize the Kinetics of Free-Radical Polymerization
journal, December 2017

Using Magnetic Levitation to Separate Mixtures of Crystal Polymorphs
journal, August 2013

Scheduling of newly emerging drugs: a critical review of decisions over 40 years: A critical review of drug scheduling decisions since 1971
journal, February 2012

Single-Ring Magnetic Levitation Configuration for Object Manipulation and Density-Based Measurement
journal, June 2018

Ionic Liquid-Modified Disposable Electrochemical Sensor Strip for Analysis of Fentanyl
journal, February 2019

Magnetic Levitation in the Analysis of Foods and Water
journal, June 2010

Portable analytical platforms for forensic chemistry: A review
journal, November 2018

An accurate and versatile density measurement device: Magnetic levitation
journal, September 2019

Sodium carbonate revisited
journal, May 2003

Magnetic Force-Based Microfluidic Techniques for Cellular and Tissue Bioengineering
journal, December 2018

Label-Free Microfluidic Manipulation of Particles and Cells in Magnetic Liquids
journal, April 2016

Quantitative FT-Raman analysis of two crystal forms of a pharmaceutical compound
journal, March 1997

New paramagnetic relaxation reagent for water-in-oil emulsions
journal, January 1994

DETECHIP ^® : A Sensor for Drugs of Abuse
journal, May 2010

Evaluation of a point-of-care testing product for drugs of abuse; testing site is a key variable
journal, November 1995

Detection and Quantitation of Trace Fentanyl in Heroin by Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy
journal, September 2018

Detection of Fentanyl and its Analogs by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay*
journal, May 1990

Wearable electrochemical glove-based sensor for rapid and on-site detection of fentanyl
journal, October 2019

Why the FUSS (Fentanyl Urine Screen Study)? A cross-sectional survey to characterize an emerging threat to people who use drugs in British Columbia, Canada
journal, November 2015

Development of a homogeneous immunoassay for the detection of fentanyl in urine
journal, March 2011

Fentanyl in the US heroin supply: A rapidly changing risk environment
journal, August 2017

Formation and identification of novel derivatives of primary amine and zwitterionic drugs
journal, August 2018

Using Magnetic Levitation to Separate Mixtures of Crystal Polymorphs
journal, August 2013

Measuring Densities of Solids and Liquids Using Magnetic Levitation: Fundamentals
journal, July 2009

Nondestructive Direct Determination of Heroin in Seized Illicit Street Drugs by Diffuse Reflectance near-Infrared Spectroscopy
journal, October 2008

Colour quantitation for chemical spot tests for a controlled substances presumptive test database: Colour quantitation for presumptive drug test database
journal, February 2016

Fentanyl, fentanyl analogs and novel synthetic opioids: A comprehensive review
journal, May 2018

Magnetic Levitation in Chemistry, Materials Science, and Biochemistry
journal, June 2019

Evolving Magnetically Levitated Plasma Proteins Detects Opioid Use Disorder as a Model Disease
journal, January 2020