Technology solutions to mitigate electricity cost for electric vehicle DC fast charging

Muratori, Matteo; Elgqvist, Emma M; Cutler, Dylan S; Eichman, Joshua D; Salisbury, Shawn; Fuller, Zachary; Smart, John

doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.03.061

Title: Technology solutions to mitigate electricity cost for electric vehicle DC fast charging

Abstract

Widespread adoption of alternative fuel vehicles is being hindered by high vehicle costs and refueling or range limitations. For plug-in electric vehicles, direct-current fast charging (DCFC) is proposed as a solution to support long-distance travel and relieve range anxiety. However, DCFC has also been shown to be potentially more expensive compared to residential or workplace charging. In particular, electricity demand charges can significantly impact electricity cost for fast charging applications. Here we explore technological solutions that can help reduce the electricity cost for electric vehicle fast charging. In particular, we consider thousands of electricity rates available in the United States and real-world vehicle charging load scenarios to assess opportunities to reduce the cost of DCFC by deploying solar photovoltaics (PV) panels and energy storage (battery), and implementing a co-location configuration where a DCFC station is connected to an existing meter within a commercial building. Results show that while the median electricity cost across more than 7000 commercial retail rates remains less than $0.20/kWh for all charging load scenarios considered, cost varies greatly, and some locations do experience significantly higher electricity cost. Co-location is almost always economically viable to mitigate fixed cost and demand charges, but the relative benefit of co-locatingmore »« less

Authors:

^[1]; Elgqvist, Emma M ^[1]; Cutler, Dylan S ^[1];

^[1]; Salisbury, Shawn ^[2]; Fuller, Zachary ^[2]; Smart, John ^[2]

National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)
Idaho National Lab. (INL), Idaho Falls, ID (United States)

Publication Date:: Sat Mar 16 00:00:00 EDT 2019

Research Org.:: National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO (United States); Idaho National Laboratory (INL), Idaho Falls, ID (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Vehicle Technologies Office (EE-3V); USDOE Office of Energy Policy and Systems Analysis (EPSA)

OSTI Identifier:: 1507680

Alternate Identifier(s):: OSTI ID: 1547632; OSTI ID: 1602721

Report Number(s):: NREL/JA-5400-70540; INL-JOU-18-50243-Rev000
Journal ID: ISSN 0306-2619

Grant/Contract Number:: AC36-08GO28308; AC07-05ID14517

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Applied Energy

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 242; Journal Issue: C; Journal ID: ISSN 0306-2619

Publisher:: Elsevier

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 25 ENERGY STORAGE; 29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY; electricity rates; retail rates; electric vehicles; distributed energy; DC fast charging; 33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS

Citation Formats


                    Muratori, Matteo, Elgqvist, Emma M, Cutler, Dylan S, Eichman, Joshua D, Salisbury, Shawn, Fuller, Zachary, and Smart, John. Technology solutions to mitigate electricity cost for electric vehicle DC fast charging.  United States: N. p., 2019. 
Web.  doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.03.061.

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                    Muratori, Matteo, Elgqvist, Emma M, Cutler, Dylan S, Eichman, Joshua D, Salisbury, Shawn, Fuller, Zachary, & Smart, John. Technology solutions to mitigate electricity cost for electric vehicle DC fast charging.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.03.061

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                    Muratori, Matteo, Elgqvist, Emma M, Cutler, Dylan S, Eichman, Joshua D, Salisbury, Shawn, Fuller, Zachary, and Smart, John. Sat .  
"Technology solutions to mitigate electricity cost for electric vehicle DC fast charging".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.03.061.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1507680.

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@article{osti_1507680,

  title        = {Technology solutions to mitigate electricity cost for electric vehicle DC fast charging},

  author       = {Muratori, Matteo and Elgqvist, Emma M and Cutler, Dylan S and Eichman, Joshua D and Salisbury, Shawn and Fuller, Zachary and Smart, John},

  abstractNote = {Widespread adoption of alternative fuel vehicles is being hindered by high vehicle costs and refueling or range limitations. For plug-in electric vehicles, direct-current fast charging (DCFC) is proposed as a solution to support long-distance travel and relieve range anxiety. However, DCFC has also been shown to be potentially more expensive compared to residential or workplace charging. In particular, electricity demand charges can significantly impact electricity cost for fast charging applications. Here we explore technological solutions that can help reduce the electricity cost for electric vehicle fast charging. In particular, we consider thousands of electricity rates available in the United States and real-world vehicle charging load scenarios to assess opportunities to reduce the cost of DCFC by deploying solar photovoltaics (PV) panels and energy storage (battery), and implementing a co-location configuration where a DCFC station is connected to an existing meter within a commercial building. Results show that while the median electricity cost across more than 7000 commercial retail rates remains less than $0.20/kWh for all charging load scenarios considered, cost varies greatly, and some locations do experience significantly higher electricity cost. Co-location is almost always economically viable to mitigate fixed cost and demand charges, but the relative benefit of co-locating diminishes as station size and utilization increase. Energy storage alone can help mitigate demand charges and is more effective at reducing costs for “peaky” or low-utilization loads. On the other hand, PV systems primarily help mitigate energy charges, and are more effective for loads that are more correlated with solar production, even in areas with lower solar resource. PV and energy storage can deploy synergistically to provide cost reductions for DCFC, leveraging their ability to mitigate demand and energy charges.},

  doi          = {10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.03.061},

  journal      = {Applied Energy},

  number       = C,

  volume       = 242,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Sat Mar 16 00:00:00 EDT 2019},

  month        = {Sat Mar 16 00:00:00 EDT 2019}

}

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Works referencing / citing this record:

Extreme Fast Charging Technology—Prospects to Enhance Sustainable Electric Transportation
journal, September 2019

Ronanki, Deepak; Kelkar, Apoorva; Williamson, Sheldon S.
Energies, Vol. 12, Issue 19
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Similar Records

Title: Technology solutions to mitigate electricity cost for electric vehicle DC fast charging

Abstract

Citation Formats

Electricity costs for an electric vehicle fueling station with Level 3 charging journal, May 2016

Economic dispatch and optimal sizing of battery energy storage systems in utility load-leveling operations journal, January 1999

Assessment of utility side cost savings from battery energy storage journal, January 1997

Role of residential demand response in modern electricity markets journal, May 2014

Electricity Cost Saving Strategy in Data Centers by Using Energy Storage journal, June 2013

Estimating the value of electricity storage in PJM: Arbitrage and some welfare effects journal, March 2009

Demand Response for Ancillary Services journal, December 2013

Overview of current development in electrical energy storage technologies and the application potential in power system operation journal, January 2015

Impact of Energy Storage Costs on Economical Performance in a Distribution Substation journal, May 2005

Experimental study of a DC charging station for full electric and plug in hybrid vehicles journal, August 2015

Electric vehicles charging using photovoltaic: Status and technological review journal, February 2016

PV powered smart charging station for PHEVs journal, June 2014

Modeling of photovoltaic power generation and electric vehicles charging on city-scale: A review journal, June 2018

A Comprehensive Review on Solar Powered Electric Vehicle Charging System journal, December 2017

Economic and environmental impacts of a PV powered workplace parking garage charging station journal, August 2013

System design for a solar powered electric vehicle charging station for workplaces journal, April 2016

Energetic, economic and environmental viability of off-grid PV-BESS for charging electric vehicles: Case study of Spain journal, February 2018

Optimal fast charging station placing and sizing journal, July 2014

The optimization of DC fast charging deployment in California journal, November 2015

Design of an electric vehicle fast-charging station with integration of renewable energy and storage systems journal, February 2019

Incentivizing smart charging: Modeling charging tariffs for electric vehicles in German and French electricity markets journal, August 2018

Extreme Fast Charging Technology—Prospects to Enhance Sustainable Electric Transportation journal, September 2019

Electricity costs for an electric vehicle fueling station with Level 3 charging
journal, May 2016

Economic dispatch and optimal sizing of battery energy storage systems in utility load-leveling operations
journal, January 1999

Assessment of utility side cost savings from battery energy storage
journal, January 1997

Role of residential demand response in modern electricity markets
journal, May 2014

Electricity Cost Saving Strategy in Data Centers by Using Energy Storage
journal, June 2013

Estimating the value of electricity storage in PJM: Arbitrage and some welfare effects
journal, March 2009

Demand Response for Ancillary Services
journal, December 2013

Overview of current development in electrical energy storage technologies and the application potential in power system operation
journal, January 2015

Impact of Energy Storage Costs on Economical Performance in a Distribution Substation
journal, May 2005

Experimental study of a DC charging station for full electric and plug in hybrid vehicles
journal, August 2015

Electric vehicles charging using photovoltaic: Status and technological review
journal, February 2016

PV powered smart charging station for PHEVs
journal, June 2014

Modeling of photovoltaic power generation and electric vehicles charging on city-scale: A review
journal, June 2018

A Comprehensive Review on Solar Powered Electric Vehicle Charging System
journal, December 2017

Economic and environmental impacts of a PV powered workplace parking garage charging station
journal, August 2013

System design for a solar powered electric vehicle charging station for workplaces
journal, April 2016

Energetic, economic and environmental viability of off-grid PV-BESS for charging electric vehicles: Case study of Spain
journal, February 2018

Optimal fast charging station placing and sizing
journal, July 2014

The optimization of DC fast charging deployment in California
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Incentivizing smart charging: Modeling charging tariffs for electric vehicles in German and French electricity markets
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Extreme Fast Charging Technology—Prospects to Enhance Sustainable Electric Transportation
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