Current Status and Future Prospects of Metal–Sulfur Batteries

Chung, Sheng‐Heng; Manthiram, Arumugam

doi:10.1002/adma.201901125

Title: Current Status and Future Prospects of Metal–Sulfur Batteries

Abstract

Abstract Lithium–sulfur batteries are a major focus of academic and industrial energy‐storage research due to their high theoretical energy density and the use of low‐cost materials. The high energy density results from the conversion mechanism that lithium–sulfur cells utilize. The sulfur cathode, being naturally abundant and environmentally friendly, makes lithium–sulfur batteries a potential next‐generation energy‐storage technology. The current state of the research indicates that lithium–sulfur cells are now at the point of transitioning from laboratory‐scale devices to a more practical energy‐storage application. Based on similar electrochemical conversion reactions, the low‐cost sulfur cathode can be coupled with a wide range of metallic anodes, such as sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, and aluminum. These new “metal–sulfur” systems exhibit great potential in either lowering the production cost or producing high energy density. Inspired by the rapid development of lithium–sulfur batteries and the prospect of metal–sulfur cells, here, over 450 research articles are summarized to analyze the research progress and explore the electrochemical characteristics, cell‐assembly parameters, cell‐testing conditions, and materials design. In addition to highlighting the current research progress, the possible future areas of research which are needed to bring conversion‐type lithium–sulfur and other metal–sulfur batteries into the market are also discussed.

Authors:

Chung, Sheng‐Heng ^[1];

^[1]

Univ. of Texas, Austin, TX (United States)

Publication Date:: Mon May 13 00:00:00 EDT 2019

Research Org.:: Univ. of Texas, Austin, TX (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Science (SC)

OSTI Identifier:: 1610833

Alternate Identifier(s):: OSTI ID: 1512327

Grant/Contract Number:: SC0005397; DE‐SC0005397

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Advanced Materials

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 31; Journal Issue: 27; Journal ID: ISSN 0935-9648

Publisher:: Wiley

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 25 ENERGY STORAGE; chemistry; science & technology; materials science; physics; lithium-sulfur batteries; metal-sulfur batteries; battery chemistry; cell fabrication; electrochemistry

Citation Formats


                    Chung, Sheng‐Heng, and Manthiram, Arumugam. Current Status and Future Prospects of Metal–Sulfur Batteries.  United States: N. p., 2019. 
Web.  doi:10.1002/adma.201901125.

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                    Chung, Sheng‐Heng, & Manthiram, Arumugam. Current Status and Future Prospects of Metal–Sulfur Batteries.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201901125

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                    Chung, Sheng‐Heng, and Manthiram, Arumugam. Mon .  
"Current Status and Future Prospects of Metal–Sulfur Batteries".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201901125.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1610833.

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@article{osti_1610833,

  title        = {Current Status and Future Prospects of Metal–Sulfur Batteries},

  author       = {Chung, Sheng‐Heng and Manthiram, Arumugam},

  abstractNote = {Abstract Lithium–sulfur batteries are a major focus of academic and industrial energy‐storage research due to their high theoretical energy density and the use of low‐cost materials. The high energy density results from the conversion mechanism that lithium–sulfur cells utilize. The sulfur cathode, being naturally abundant and environmentally friendly, makes lithium–sulfur batteries a potential next‐generation energy‐storage technology. The current state of the research indicates that lithium–sulfur cells are now at the point of transitioning from laboratory‐scale devices to a more practical energy‐storage application. Based on similar electrochemical conversion reactions, the low‐cost sulfur cathode can be coupled with a wide range of metallic anodes, such as sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, and aluminum. These new “metal–sulfur” systems exhibit great potential in either lowering the production cost or producing high energy density. Inspired by the rapid development of lithium–sulfur batteries and the prospect of metal–sulfur cells, here, over 450 research articles are summarized to analyze the research progress and explore the electrochemical characteristics, cell‐assembly parameters, cell‐testing conditions, and materials design. In addition to highlighting the current research progress, the possible future areas of research which are needed to bring conversion‐type lithium–sulfur and other metal–sulfur batteries into the market are also discussed.},

  doi          = {10.1002/adma.201901125},

  journal      = {Advanced Materials},

  number       = 27,

  volume       = 31,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Mon May 13 00:00:00 EDT 2019},

  month        = {Mon May 13 00:00:00 EDT 2019}

}

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Ambient‐Temperature Energy Storage with Polyvalent Metal–Sulfur Chemistry

Journal Article Yu, Xingwen ; Manthiram, Arumugam - Small Methods

Abstract Electrochemical energy storage with ambient‐ or room‐temperature (RT) non‐aqueous sulfur chemistry has attracted much attention. In addition to the great attention to lithium–sulfur chemistry and sodium–sulfur chemistry, the attention toward polyvalent metal–sulfur chemistry has increased. RT sulfur batteries with magnesium, calcium, and aluminum anodes are of particular interest. In comparison to alkali metal (lithium and sodium) anodes, magnesium, calcium, and aluminum offer multiple advantageous features in terms of safety, abundance, and cost. Therefore, rechargeable battery systems with magnesium–sulfur (Mg–S), calcium–sulfur (Ca–S), and aluminum–sulfur (Al–S) chemistries are promising low‐cost options for large‐scale electrical energy storage. However, the research on thesemore »« less
Cited by 28
https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.201700217
A Progress Report on Metal–Sulfur Batteries

Journal Article Yu, Xingwen ; Manthiram, Arumugam - Advanced Functional Materials

Abstract Nonaqueous conversion‐reaction sulfur chemistry has been attracting increasing attention over the past decade for the development of next‐generation lithium‐based batteries. Li–S batteries are currently approaching a nexus stage from lab‐scale experiments to possible pragmatic applications. Inspired by the success of Li–S chemistry, other metal–sulfur batteries with a variety of metallic anodes, such as sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, and aluminum, have also started to attract attention. In comparison to lithium, Na, Mg, Al, K, and Ca are naturally more abundant and affordable. The Na‐S, Mg‐S, Al‐S, K‐S, and Ca‐S battery systems provide a great potential for improving the volumetric energymore »« less
https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202004084

Full Text Available
Novel Solvent-free Mg-ion Conducting Solid State Polymer Electrolyte

Technical Report Tao, Greg ; Kyu, Thein

Demands for energy storage devices (i.e. batteries) have been increased significantly in recent years, particularly for mobile devices (i.e. cellphones, laptops, etc.), electric vehicles, and renewable energy harvesting systems requiring high quality and sustainable power storage systems. To better serve a wide range of applications, these devices should possess high energy densities, wide operation temperatures, high safety and operation durability, and be economically affordable. Lithium-ion based batteries (LIB) have demonstrated practical energy densities of 100~300 Wh/kg. However, the batteries face some increasing challenges, ranging from high costs due to availability of lithium sources to safety concerns. Redox flow batteries havemore »« less
Long‐Life, High‐Rate Lithium–Sulfur Cells with a Carbon‐Free VN Host as an Efficient Polysulfide Adsorbent and Lithium Dendrite Inhibitor

Journal Article He, Jiarui ; Manthiram, Arumugam - Advanced Energy Materials

Abstract Lithium–sulfur (Li‐S) batteries are a promising next‐generation energy‐storage system, but the polysulfide shuttle and dendritic Li growth seriously hinder their commercial viability. Most of the previous studies have focused on only one of these two issues at a time. To address both the issues simultaneously, presented here is a highly conductive, noncarbon, 3D vanadium nitride (VN) nanowire array as an efficient host for both sulfur cathodes and lithium‐metal anodes. With fast electron and ion transport and high porosity and surface area, VN traps the soluble polysulfides, promotes the redox kinetics of sulfur cathodes, facilitates uniform nucleation/growth of lithium metal,more »« less
Cited by 108
https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201903241

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Title: Current Status and Future Prospects of Metal–Sulfur Batteries

Abstract

Citation Formats

Structural, Spectroscopic, and Reactivity Models for the Manganese Catalases journal, May 2004

Designing an interlayer of reduced graphene oxide aerogel and nitrogen-rich graphitic carbon nitride by a layer-by-layer coating for high-performance lithium sulfur batteries journal, November 2018

Enhanced Performance of a Lithium-Sulfur Battery Using a Carbonate-Based Electrolyte journal, July 2016

Self-Formed Hybrid Interphase Layer on Lithium Metal for High-Performance Lithium–Sulfur Batteries journal, January 2018

Rechargeable Ca-Ion Batteries: A New Energy Storage System journal, December 2015

Enhanced Adsorptions to Polysulfides on Graphene-Supported BN Nanosheets with Excellent Li–S Battery Performance in a Wide Temperature Range journal, October 2018

Enabling High-Energy-Density Cathode for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries journal, June 2018

Mesoporous Titanium Nitride-Enabled Highly Stable Lithium-Sulfur Batteries journal, May 2016

Toward More Reliable Lithium–Sulfur Batteries: An All-Graphene Cathode Structure journal, August 2016

Challenges Facing Lithium Batteries and Electrical Double-Layer Capacitors journal, September 2012

Biomass-Derived Heteroatom-Doped Carbon Aerogels from a Salt Melt Sol-Gel Synthesis and their Performance in Li-S Batteries journal, August 2015

A Sulfur Cathode with Pomegranate-Like Cluster Structure journal, May 2015

Suppressed Polysulfide Crossover in Li–S Batteries through a High-Flux Graphene Oxide Membrane Supported on a Sulfur Cathode journal, July 2016

Recent progress and remaining challenges in sulfur-based lithium secondary batteries – a review journal, January 2013

Powering Lithium–Sulfur Battery Performance by Propelling Polysulfide Redox at Sulfiphilic Hosts journal, December 2015

Lithium–Sulfur Batteries: State of the Art and Future Directions journal, April 2018

Designing Lithium–Sulfur Batteries with High-Loading Cathodes at a Lean Electrolyte Condition journal, November 2018

Review on Li-Sulfur Battery Systems: an Integral Perspective journal, May 2015

The Regulating Role of Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene in Lithium-Ion and Lithium-Sulfur Batteries journal, July 2018

Stabilizing lithium–sulphur cathodes using polysulphide reservoirs journal, May 2011

Atomic layer deposited TiO 2 on a nitrogen-doped graphene/sulfur electrode for high performance lithium–sulfur batteries journal, January 2016

Twinborn TiO 2 –TiN heterostructures enabling smooth trapping–diffusion–conversion of polysulfides towards ultralong life lithium–sulfur batteries journal, January 2017

Freestanding and Sandwich-Structured Electrode Material with High Areal Mass Loading for Long-Life Lithium-Sulfur Batteries journal, January 2017

Template growth of porous graphene microspheres on layered double oxide catalysts and their applications in lithium–sulfur batteries journal, October 2015

Mesoporous TiO 2 Nanocrystals/Graphene as an Efficient Sulfur Host Material for High-Performance Lithium–Sulfur Batteries journal, August 2016

Complex Behavior of Al Dissolution in Non-Aqueous Medium as Revealed by Impedance Spectroscopy journal, January 1990

Strong Surface-Bound Sulfur in Conductive MoO 2 Matrix for Enhancing Li-S Battery Performance journal, March 2015

A modularly-assembled interlayer to entrap polysulfides and protect lithium metal anode for high areal capacity lithium–sulfur batteries journal, October 2017

Toward High-Safety Potassium–Sulfur Batteries Using a Potassium Polysulfide Catholyte and Metal-Free Anode journal, January 2018

Toward High Performance Lithium-Sulfur Batteries Based on Li 2 S Cathodes and Beyond: Status, Challenges, and Perspectives journal, March 2018

Efficient Polysulfide Chemisorption in Covalent Organic Frameworks for High-Performance Lithium-Sulfur Batteries journal, September 2016

Toward Safe Lithium Metal Anode in Rechargeable Batteries: A Review journal, July 2017

Sulfur-Infiltrated Graphene-Based Layered Porous Carbon Cathodes for High-Performance Lithium–Sulfur Batteries journal, April 2014

Ultramicroporous Carbon through an Activation-Free Approach for Li–S and Na–S Batteries in Carbonate-Based Electrolyte journal, April 2017

Functional Mesoporous Carbon-Coated Separator for Long-Life, High-Energy Lithium-Sulfur Batteries journal, July 2015

Preparation and electrochemical properties of sulfur-polypyrrole composite cathodes for electric vehicle applications journal, September 2015

An efficient organic magnesium borate-based electrolyte with non-nucleophilic characteristics for magnesium–sulfur battery journal, January 2017

Reactivation of dissolved polysulfides in Li–S batteries based on atomic layer deposition of Al2O3 in nanoporous carbon cloth journal, November 2013

Lithium Bond Chemistry in Lithium-Sulfur Batteries journal, June 2017

Attainable Gravimetric and Volumetric Energy Density of Li–S and Li Ion Battery Cells with Solid Separator-Protected Li Metal Anodes journal, October 2015

Synergistic Effect of Molecular-Type Electrocatalysts with Ultrahigh Pore Volume Carbon Microspheres for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries journal, May 2018

Long-cycle-life Lithium-sulfur Batteries with Lithium Solvate Ionic Liquids journal, January 2017

Lithium Sulfur Primary Battery with Super High Energy Density: Based on the Cauliflower-like Structured C/S Cathode journal, October 2015

A Rechargeable Al/S Battery with an Ionic-Liquid Electrolyte journal, July 2016

Improving the over-all performance of Li-S batteries via electrolyte optimization with consideration of loading condition journal, November 2016

Carbon Materials for Lithium Sulfur Batteries-Ten Critical Questions journal, March 2016

Organotrisulfide: A High Capacity Cathode Material for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries journal, July 2016

Encapsulated Monoclinic Sulfur for Stable Cycling of Li-S Rechargeable Batteries journal, September 2013

Glyme−Lithium Salt Phase Behavior journal, July 2006

High Rate Magnesium-Sulfur Battery with Improved Cyclability Based on Metal-Organic Framework Derivative Carbon Host journal, January 2018

Engineering of lithium-metal anodes towards a safe and stable battery journal, September 2018

A Lithium/Dissolved Sulfur Battery with an Organic Electrolyte journal, January 1979

A Strategy for Configuration of an Integrated Flexible Sulfur Cathode for High-Performance Lithium-Sulfur Batteries journal, February 2016

In Situ Formation of Copper-Based Hosts Embedded within 3D N-Doped Hierarchically Porous Carbon Networks for Ultralong Cycle Lithium-Sulfur Batteries journal, August 2018

Structural, Spectroscopic, and Reactivity Models for the Manganese Catalases journal, February 2004

Ultra-long cycle life, low-cost room temperature sodium-sulfur batteries enabled by highly doped (N,S) nanoporous carbons journal, February 2017

Ambient-Temperature Sodium-Sulfur Batteries with a Sodiated Nafion Membrane and a Carbon Nanofiber-Activated Carbon Composite Electrode journal, April 2015

Elucidating the Solvation Structure and Dynamics of Lithium Polysulfides Resulting from Competitive Salt and Solvent Interactions journal, April 2017

Progress Towards Commercially Viable Li-S Battery Cells journal, April 2015

Co3O4-NP embedded mesoporous carbon rod with enhanced electrocatalytic conversion in lithium-sulfur battery journal, October 2018

A Polyaniline-Coated Sulfur/Carbon Composite with an Enhanced High-Rate Capability as a Cathode Material for Lithium/Sulfur Batteries journal, May 2012

From Hollow Carbon Spheres to N-Doped Hollow Porous Carbon Bowls: Rational Design of Hollow Carbon Host for Li-S Batteries journal, February 2016

Achieving High-Performance Room-Temperature Sodium–Sulfur Batteries With S@Interconnected Mesoporous Carbon Hollow Nanospheres journal, December 2016

Recent Advances in Electrolytes for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries journal, April 2015

Lithium–sulphur batteries with a microporous carbon paper as a bifunctional interlayer journal, January 2012

Understanding the interactions between lithium polysulfides and N-doped graphene using density functional theory calculations journal, July 2016

Nonlithium Metal-Sulfur Batteries: Steps Toward a Leap journal, November 2018

High capacity vertical aligned carbon nanotube/sulfur composite cathodes for lithium–sulfur batteries journal, January 2012

Enhancing the Reversibility of Mg/S Battery Chemistry through Li + Mediation journal, September 2015

Toward Theoretically Cycling-Stable Lithium–Sulfur Battery Using a Foldable and Compositionally Heterogeneous Cathode journal, December 2017

Elucidating the Catalytic Activity of Oxygen Deficiency in the Polysulfide Conversion Reactions of Lithium-Sulfur Batteries journal, September 2018

Ionic Liquid-Derived Nitrogen-Enriched Carbon/Sulfur Composite Cathodes with Hierarchical Microstructure—A Step Toward Durable High-Energy and High-Performance Lithium–Sulfur Batteries journal, February 2015

A High-Volumetric-Capacity Cathode Based on Interconnected Close-Packed N-Doped Porous Carbon Nanospheres for Long-Life Lithium-Sulfur Batteries journal, August 2017

Synchronous immobilization and conversion of polysulfides on a VO 2 –VN binary host targeting high sulfur load Li–S batteries journal, January 2018

More Reliable Lithium-Sulfur Batteries: Status, Solutions and Prospects journal, April 2017

Metal–organic framework-based separator for lithium–sulfur batteries journal, June 2016

ZnO Hard Templating for Synthesis of Hierarchical Porous Carbons with Tailored Porosity and High Performance in Lithium-Sulfur Battery journal, November 2014

Structural, Spectroscopic, and Reactivity Models for the Manganese Catalases
journal, May 2004

Designing an interlayer of reduced graphene oxide aerogel and nitrogen-rich graphitic carbon nitride by a layer-by-layer coating for high-performance lithium sulfur batteries
journal, November 2018

Enhanced Performance of a Lithium-Sulfur Battery Using a Carbonate-Based Electrolyte
journal, July 2016

Self-Formed Hybrid Interphase Layer on Lithium Metal for High-Performance Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
journal, January 2018

Rechargeable Ca-Ion Batteries: A New Energy Storage System
journal, December 2015

Enhanced Adsorptions to Polysulfides on Graphene-Supported BN Nanosheets with Excellent Li–S Battery Performance in a Wide Temperature Range
journal, October 2018

Enabling High-Energy-Density Cathode for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
journal, June 2018

Mesoporous Titanium Nitride-Enabled Highly Stable Lithium-Sulfur Batteries
journal, May 2016

Toward More Reliable Lithium–Sulfur Batteries: An All-Graphene Cathode Structure
journal, August 2016

Challenges Facing Lithium Batteries and Electrical Double-Layer Capacitors
journal, September 2012

Biomass-Derived Heteroatom-Doped Carbon Aerogels from a Salt Melt Sol-Gel Synthesis and their Performance in Li-S Batteries
journal, August 2015

A Sulfur Cathode with Pomegranate-Like Cluster Structure
journal, May 2015

Suppressed Polysulfide Crossover in Li–S Batteries through a High-Flux Graphene Oxide Membrane Supported on a Sulfur Cathode
journal, July 2016

Recent progress and remaining challenges in sulfur-based lithium secondary batteries – a review
journal, January 2013

Powering Lithium–Sulfur Battery Performance by Propelling Polysulfide Redox at Sulfiphilic Hosts
journal, December 2015

Lithium–Sulfur Batteries: State of the Art and Future Directions
journal, April 2018

Designing Lithium–Sulfur Batteries with High-Loading Cathodes at a Lean Electrolyte Condition
journal, November 2018

Review on Li-Sulfur Battery Systems: an Integral Perspective
journal, May 2015

The Regulating Role of Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene in Lithium-Ion and Lithium-Sulfur Batteries
journal, July 2018

Stabilizing lithium–sulphur cathodes using polysulphide reservoirs
journal, May 2011

Atomic layer deposited TiO ₂ on a nitrogen-doped graphene/sulfur electrode for high performance lithium–sulfur batteries
journal, January 2016

Twinborn TiO ₂ –TiN heterostructures enabling smooth trapping–diffusion–conversion of polysulfides towards ultralong life lithium–sulfur batteries
journal, January 2017

Freestanding and Sandwich-Structured Electrode Material with High Areal Mass Loading for Long-Life Lithium-Sulfur Batteries
journal, January 2017

Template growth of porous graphene microspheres on layered double oxide catalysts and their applications in lithium–sulfur batteries
journal, October 2015

Mesoporous TiO ₂ Nanocrystals/Graphene as an Efficient Sulfur Host Material for High-Performance Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
journal, August 2016

Complex Behavior of Al Dissolution in Non-Aqueous Medium as Revealed by Impedance Spectroscopy
journal, January 1990

Strong Surface-Bound Sulfur in Conductive MoO ₂ Matrix for Enhancing Li-S Battery Performance
journal, March 2015

A modularly-assembled interlayer to entrap polysulfides and protect lithium metal anode for high areal capacity lithium–sulfur batteries
journal, October 2017

Toward High-Safety Potassium–Sulfur Batteries Using a Potassium Polysulfide Catholyte and Metal-Free Anode
journal, January 2018

Toward High Performance Lithium-Sulfur Batteries Based on Li ₂ S Cathodes and Beyond: Status, Challenges, and Perspectives
journal, March 2018

Efficient Polysulfide Chemisorption in Covalent Organic Frameworks for High-Performance Lithium-Sulfur Batteries
journal, September 2016

Toward Safe Lithium Metal Anode in Rechargeable Batteries: A Review
journal, July 2017

Sulfur-Infiltrated Graphene-Based Layered Porous Carbon Cathodes for High-Performance Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
journal, April 2014

Ultramicroporous Carbon through an Activation-Free Approach for Li–S and Na–S Batteries in Carbonate-Based Electrolyte
journal, April 2017

Functional Mesoporous Carbon-Coated Separator for Long-Life, High-Energy Lithium-Sulfur Batteries
journal, July 2015

Preparation and electrochemical properties of sulfur-polypyrrole composite cathodes for electric vehicle applications
journal, September 2015

An efficient organic magnesium borate-based electrolyte with non-nucleophilic characteristics for magnesium–sulfur battery
journal, January 2017

Reactivation of dissolved polysulfides in Li–S batteries based on atomic layer deposition of Al2O3 in nanoporous carbon cloth
journal, November 2013

Lithium Bond Chemistry in Lithium-Sulfur Batteries
journal, June 2017

Attainable Gravimetric and Volumetric Energy Density of Li–S and Li Ion Battery Cells with Solid Separator-Protected Li Metal Anodes
journal, October 2015

Synergistic Effect of Molecular-Type Electrocatalysts with Ultrahigh Pore Volume Carbon Microspheres for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
journal, May 2018

Long-cycle-life Lithium-sulfur Batteries with Lithium Solvate Ionic Liquids
journal, January 2017

Lithium Sulfur Primary Battery with Super High Energy Density: Based on the Cauliflower-like Structured C/S Cathode
journal, October 2015

A Rechargeable Al/S Battery with an Ionic-Liquid Electrolyte
journal, July 2016

Improving the over-all performance of Li-S batteries via electrolyte optimization with consideration of loading condition
journal, November 2016

Carbon Materials for Lithium Sulfur Batteries-Ten Critical Questions
journal, March 2016

Organotrisulfide: A High Capacity Cathode Material for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries
journal, July 2016

Encapsulated Monoclinic Sulfur for Stable Cycling of Li-S Rechargeable Batteries
journal, September 2013

Glyme−Lithium Salt Phase Behavior
journal, July 2006

High Rate Magnesium-Sulfur Battery with Improved Cyclability Based on Metal-Organic Framework Derivative Carbon Host
journal, January 2018

Engineering of lithium-metal anodes towards a safe and stable battery
journal, September 2018

A Lithium/Dissolved Sulfur Battery with an Organic Electrolyte
journal, January 1979

A Strategy for Configuration of an Integrated Flexible Sulfur Cathode for High-Performance Lithium-Sulfur Batteries
journal, February 2016

In Situ Formation of Copper-Based Hosts Embedded within 3D N-Doped Hierarchically Porous Carbon Networks for Ultralong Cycle Lithium-Sulfur Batteries
journal, August 2018

Structural, Spectroscopic, and Reactivity Models for the Manganese Catalases
journal, February 2004

Ultra-long cycle life, low-cost room temperature sodium-sulfur batteries enabled by highly doped (N,S) nanoporous carbons
journal, February 2017

Ambient-Temperature Sodium-Sulfur Batteries with a Sodiated Nafion Membrane and a Carbon Nanofiber-Activated Carbon Composite Electrode
journal, April 2015

Elucidating the Solvation Structure and Dynamics of Lithium Polysulfides Resulting from Competitive Salt and Solvent Interactions
journal, April 2017

Progress Towards Commercially Viable Li-S Battery Cells
journal, April 2015

Co3O4-NP embedded mesoporous carbon rod with enhanced electrocatalytic conversion in lithium-sulfur battery
journal, October 2018

A Polyaniline-Coated Sulfur/Carbon Composite with an Enhanced High-Rate Capability as a Cathode Material for Lithium/Sulfur Batteries
journal, May 2012

From Hollow Carbon Spheres to N-Doped Hollow Porous Carbon Bowls: Rational Design of Hollow Carbon Host for Li-S Batteries
journal, February 2016

Achieving High-Performance Room-Temperature Sodium–Sulfur Batteries With S@Interconnected Mesoporous Carbon Hollow Nanospheres
journal, December 2016

Recent Advances in Electrolytes for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries
journal, April 2015

Lithium–sulphur batteries with a microporous carbon paper as a bifunctional interlayer
journal, January 2012

Understanding the interactions between lithium polysulfides and N-doped graphene using density functional theory calculations
journal, July 2016

Nonlithium Metal-Sulfur Batteries: Steps Toward a Leap
journal, November 2018

High capacity vertical aligned carbon nanotube/sulfur composite cathodes for lithium–sulfur batteries
journal, January 2012

Enhancing the Reversibility of Mg/S Battery Chemistry through Li ⁺ Mediation
journal, September 2015

Toward Theoretically Cycling-Stable Lithium–Sulfur Battery Using a Foldable and Compositionally Heterogeneous Cathode
journal, December 2017

Elucidating the Catalytic Activity of Oxygen Deficiency in the Polysulfide Conversion Reactions of Lithium-Sulfur Batteries
journal, September 2018

Ionic Liquid-Derived Nitrogen-Enriched Carbon/Sulfur Composite Cathodes with Hierarchical Microstructure—A Step Toward Durable High-Energy and High-Performance Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
journal, February 2015

A High-Volumetric-Capacity Cathode Based on Interconnected Close-Packed N-Doped Porous Carbon Nanospheres for Long-Life Lithium-Sulfur Batteries
journal, August 2017

Synchronous immobilization and conversion of polysulfides on a VO ₂ –VN binary host targeting high sulfur load Li–S batteries
journal, January 2018

More Reliable Lithium-Sulfur Batteries: Status, Solutions and Prospects
journal, April 2017

Metal–organic framework-based separator for lithium–sulfur batteries
journal, June 2016

ZnO Hard Templating for Synthesis of Hierarchical Porous Carbons with Tailored Porosity and High Performance in Lithium-Sulfur Battery
journal, November 2014

A Mathematical Model for a Lithium–Sulfur Cell
journal, January 2008

2D MoS2 as an efficient protective layer for lithium metal anodes in high-performance Li–S batteries
journal, February 2018

Dense integration of graphene and sulfur through the soft approach for compact lithium/sulfur battery cathode
journal, March 2015