Nanoscale imaging of charge carrier transport in water splitting photoanodes

Eichhorn, Johanna; Kastl, Christoph; Cooper, Jason K.; Ziegler, Dominik; Schwartzberg, Adam M.; Sharp, Ian D.; Toma, Francesca M.

doi:10.1038/s41467-018-04856-8

Title: Nanoscale imaging of charge carrier transport in water splitting photoanodes

Abstract

The performance of energy materials hinges on the presence of structural defects and heterogeneity over different length scales. Here we map the correlation between morphological and functional heterogeneity in bismuth vanadate, a promising metal oxide photoanode for photoelectrochemical water splitting, by photoconductive atomic force microscopy. We demonstrate that contrast in mapping electrical conductance depends on charge transport limitations, and on the contact at the sample/probe interface. Using temperature and illumination intensity-dependent current–voltage spectroscopy, we find that the transport mechanism in bismuth vanadate can be attributed to space charge-limited current in the presence of trap states. We observe no additional recombination sites at grain boundaries, which indicates high defect tolerance in bismuth vanadate. These findings support the fabrication of highly efficient bismuth vanadate nanostructures and provide insights into how local functionality affects the macroscopic performance.

Authors:

Eichhorn, Johanna; Kastl, Christoph; Cooper, Jason K.; Ziegler, Dominik; Schwartzberg, Adam M.; Sharp, Ian D.;

Publication Date:: Mon Jul 16 00:00:00 EDT 2018

Research Org.:: Scuba Probe Technologies LLC, Alameda, CA (United States); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES). Scientific User Facilities Division; USDOE Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) Program; National Science Foundation (NSF)

Contributing Org.:: Scuba Probe Technologies LLC, Alameda, CA (United States)

OSTI Identifier:: 1457514

Alternate Identifier(s):: OSTI ID: 1460612; OSTI ID: 1465473

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-05CH11231; SC0013212; IIP-141659; SC 0013212

Resource Type:: Published Article

Journal Name:: Nature Communications

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Name: Nature Communications Journal Volume: 9 Journal Issue: 1; Journal ID: ISSN 2041-1723

Publisher:: Nature Publishing Group

Country of Publication:: United Kingdom

Language:: English

Subject:: 77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY; Electrocatalysis, Solar fuels; 36 MATERIALS SCIENCE; 37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

Citation Formats


                    Eichhorn, Johanna, Kastl, Christoph, Cooper, Jason K., Ziegler, Dominik, Schwartzberg, Adam M., Sharp, Ian D., and Toma, Francesca M. Nanoscale imaging of charge carrier transport in water splitting photoanodes.  United Kingdom: N. p., 2018. 
Web.  doi:10.1038/s41467-018-04856-8.

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                    Eichhorn, Johanna, Kastl, Christoph, Cooper, Jason K., Ziegler, Dominik, Schwartzberg, Adam M., Sharp, Ian D., & Toma, Francesca M. Nanoscale imaging of charge carrier transport in water splitting photoanodes.  United Kingdom.  https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-04856-8

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                    Eichhorn, Johanna, Kastl, Christoph, Cooper, Jason K., Ziegler, Dominik, Schwartzberg, Adam M., Sharp, Ian D., and Toma, Francesca M. Mon .  
"Nanoscale imaging of charge carrier transport in water splitting photoanodes".  United Kingdom.  https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-04856-8.

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@article{osti_1457514,

  title        = {Nanoscale imaging of charge carrier transport in water splitting photoanodes},

  author       = {Eichhorn, Johanna and Kastl, Christoph and Cooper, Jason K. and Ziegler, Dominik and Schwartzberg, Adam M. and Sharp, Ian D. and Toma, Francesca M.},

  abstractNote = {The performance of energy materials hinges on the presence of structural defects and heterogeneity over different length scales. Here we map the correlation between morphological and functional heterogeneity in bismuth vanadate, a promising metal oxide photoanode for photoelectrochemical water splitting, by photoconductive atomic force microscopy. We demonstrate that contrast in mapping electrical conductance depends on charge transport limitations, and on the contact at the sample/probe interface. Using temperature and illumination intensity-dependent current–voltage spectroscopy, we find that the transport mechanism in bismuth vanadate can be attributed to space charge-limited current in the presence of trap states. We observe no additional recombination sites at grain boundaries, which indicates high defect tolerance in bismuth vanadate. These findings support the fabrication of highly efficient bismuth vanadate nanostructures and provide insights into how local functionality affects the macroscopic performance.},

  doi          = {10.1038/s41467-018-04856-8},

  journal      = {Nature Communications},

  number       = 1,

  volume       = 9,

  place        = {United Kingdom},

  year         = {Mon Jul 16 00:00:00 EDT 2018},

  month        = {Mon Jul 16 00:00:00 EDT 2018}

}

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Title: Nanoscale imaging of charge carrier transport in water splitting photoanodes

Abstract

Citation Formats

Unravelling Small-Polaron Transport in Metal Oxide Photoelectrodes journal, January 2016

Powering the planet: Chemical challenges in solar energy utilization journal, October 2006

Direct Time-Resolved Observation of Carrier Trapping and Polaron Conductivity in BiVO 4 journal, October 2016

Bismuth Vanadate as a Platform for Accelerating Discovery and Development of Complex Transition-Metal Oxide Photoanodes journal, December 2016

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Theoretical and experimental investigations of nano-Schottky contacts journal, July 2016

Efficient solar water splitting by enhanced charge separation in a bismuth vanadate-silicon tandem photoelectrode journal, July 2013

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Defect states and disorder in charge transport in semiconductor nanowires journal, July 2013

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Trap density in conducting organic semiconductors determined from temperature dependence of J−V characteristics journal, July 2003

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Disentangling interfacial energetics journal, December 2017

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Powering the planet: Chemical challenges in solar energy utilization
journal, October 2006

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Anomalous Conductivity Tailored by Domain-Boundary Transport in Crystalline Bismuth Vanadate Photoanodes
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Theoretical and experimental investigations of nano-Schottky contacts
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Efficient solar water splitting by enhanced charge separation in a bismuth vanadate-silicon tandem photoelectrode
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Metal oxide photoelectrodes for hydrogen generation using solar radiation-driven water splitting
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Nanoporous BiVO₄ Photoanodes with Dual-Layer Oxygen Evolution Catalysts for Solar Water Splitting
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Identifying champion nanostructures for solar water-splitting
journal, July 2013

Defect states and disorder in charge transport in semiconductor nanowires
journal, July 2013

Investigation of contact-force dependent effects in conductive atomic force microscopy on Si and GaAs
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journal, July 2003

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journal, July 2016

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journal, September 2014

Observation of trap-assisted space charge limited conductivity in short channel MoS ₂ transistor
journal, September 2013

Combined Charge Carrier Transport and Photoelectrochemical Characterization of BiVO ₄ Single Crystals: Intrinsic Behavior of a Complex Metal Oxide
journal, July 2013

Generalized Adiabatic Polaron Hopping: Meyer-Neldel Compensation and Poole-Frenkel Behavior
journal, April 2008

Microscopic Investigation of Grain Boundaries in Organolead Halide Perovskite Solar Cells
journal, December 2015

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journal, December 2017

Indirect Bandgap and Optical Properties of Monoclinic Bismuth Vanadate
journal, January 2015

Direct Imaging of Highly Anisotropic Photogenerated Charge Separations on Different Facets of a Single BiVO ₄ Photocatalyst
journal, July 2015

Improved hole mobility and suppressed trap density in polymer-polymer dual donor based highly efficient organic solar cells
journal, February 2016

Space-charge-limited current in nanowires depleted by oxygen adsorption
journal, October 2006

Electrical characteristics of micro mechanical contacts
journal, November 1996

Mechanistic insights into chemical and photochemical transformations of bismuth vanadate photoanodes
journal, July 2016

Disentangling interfacial energetics
journal, December 2017

Life-cycle net energy assessment of large-scale hydrogen production via photoelectrochemical water splitting
journal, January 2014

The Origin of Slow Carrier Transport in BiVO ₄ Thin Film Photoanodes: A Time-Resolved Microwave Conductivity Study
journal, July 2013

Thermodynamic Oxidation and Reduction Potentials of Photocatalytic Semiconductors in Aqueous Solution
journal, September 2012

Crystal-Face-Dependent Charge Dynamics on a BiVO ₄ Photocatalyst Revealed by Single-Particle Spectroelectrochemistry
journal, March 2016

Semiconducting materials for photoelectrochemical energy conversion
journal, January 2016

Spatial separation of photogenerated electrons and holes among {010} and {110} crystal facets of BiVO4
journal, February 2013

Vertical Charge Transport via Small Polaron Hopping within TIPS-Pentacene Lamellar Single Crystal
journal, May 2017

Dye-sensitized TiO2 thin-film solar cell research at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)
journal, June 2005

Space‐Charge‐Limited Currents in Organic Crystals
journal, January 1962

Conducting atomic force microscopy study of silicon dioxide breakdown
journal, September 1995

Facet-dependent photovoltaic efficiency variations in single grains of hybrid halide perovskite
journal, July 2016

Doping properties of monoclinic BiVO $_{4}$ studied by first-principles density-functional theory
journal, April 2011

Space charge limited conduction with exponential trap distribution in reduced graphene oxide sheets
journal, August 2010

Evaluating the Optoelectronic Quality of Hybrid Perovskites by Conductive Atomic Force Microscopy with Noise Spectroscopy
journal, November 2016

Charge transport in CdTe solar cells revealed by conductive tomographic atomic force microscopy
journal, September 2016

Visible Light Induced Photoelectrochemical Properties of n-BiVO ₄ and n-BiVO ₄ /p-Co ₃ O ₄
journal, January 2008

Physics of Semiconductor Devices
book, January 2007

Role of Hydrogen in Defining the n-Type Character of BiVO ₄ Photoanodes
journal, August 2016

Recent developments in complex metal oxide photoelectrodes
journal, April 2017