Predictability of the terrestrial carbon cycle
Abstract
Abstract Terrestrial ecosystems sequester roughly 30% of anthropogenic carbon emission. However this estimate has not been directly deduced from studies of terrestrial ecosystems themselves, but inferred from atmospheric and oceanic data. This raises a question: to what extent is the terrestrial carbon cycle intrinsically predictable? In this paper, we investigated fundamental properties of the terrestrial carbon cycle, examined its intrinsic predictability, and proposed a suite of future research directions to improve empirical understanding and model predictive ability. Specifically, we isolated endogenous internal processes of the terrestrial carbon cycle from exogenous forcing variables. The internal processes share five fundamental properties (i.e., compartmentalization, carbon input through photosynthesis, partitioning among pools, donor pool‐dominant transfers, and the first‐order decay) among all types of ecosystems on the Earth. The five properties together result in an emergent constraint on predictability of various carbon cycle components in response to five classes of exogenous forcing. Future observational and experimental research should be focused on those less predictive components while modeling research needs to improve model predictive ability for those highly predictive components. We argue that an understanding of predictability should provide guidance on future observational, experimental and modeling research.
- Authors:
-
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology University of Oklahoma Norman OK USA, Center for Earth System Science Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
- Department of Biological Sciences Macquarie University Sydney Australia, Computational Science Laboratory Microsoft Research Cambridge UK
- Computational Science Laboratory Microsoft Research Cambridge UK
- Publication Date:
- Sponsoring Org.:
- USDOE
- OSTI Identifier:
- 1400674
- Resource Type:
- Publisher's Accepted Manuscript
- Journal Name:
- Global Change Biology
- Additional Journal Information:
- Journal Name: Global Change Biology Journal Volume: 21 Journal Issue: 5; Journal ID: ISSN 1354-1013
- Publisher:
- Wiley-Blackwell
- Country of Publication:
- United Kingdom
- Language:
- English
Citation Formats
Luo, Yiqi, Keenan, Trevor F., and Smith, Matthew. Predictability of the terrestrial carbon cycle. United Kingdom: N. p., 2014.
Web. doi:10.1111/gcb.12766.
Luo, Yiqi, Keenan, Trevor F., & Smith, Matthew. Predictability of the terrestrial carbon cycle. United Kingdom. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12766
Luo, Yiqi, Keenan, Trevor F., and Smith, Matthew. Wed .
"Predictability of the terrestrial carbon cycle". United Kingdom. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12766.
@article{osti_1400674,
title = {Predictability of the terrestrial carbon cycle},
author = {Luo, Yiqi and Keenan, Trevor F. and Smith, Matthew},
abstractNote = {Abstract Terrestrial ecosystems sequester roughly 30% of anthropogenic carbon emission. However this estimate has not been directly deduced from studies of terrestrial ecosystems themselves, but inferred from atmospheric and oceanic data. This raises a question: to what extent is the terrestrial carbon cycle intrinsically predictable? In this paper, we investigated fundamental properties of the terrestrial carbon cycle, examined its intrinsic predictability, and proposed a suite of future research directions to improve empirical understanding and model predictive ability. Specifically, we isolated endogenous internal processes of the terrestrial carbon cycle from exogenous forcing variables. The internal processes share five fundamental properties (i.e., compartmentalization, carbon input through photosynthesis, partitioning among pools, donor pool‐dominant transfers, and the first‐order decay) among all types of ecosystems on the Earth. The five properties together result in an emergent constraint on predictability of various carbon cycle components in response to five classes of exogenous forcing. Future observational and experimental research should be focused on those less predictive components while modeling research needs to improve model predictive ability for those highly predictive components. We argue that an understanding of predictability should provide guidance on future observational, experimental and modeling research.},
doi = {10.1111/gcb.12766},
journal = {Global Change Biology},
number = 5,
volume = 21,
place = {United Kingdom},
year = {Wed Dec 03 00:00:00 EST 2014},
month = {Wed Dec 03 00:00:00 EST 2014}
}
Free Publicly Available Full Text
Publisher's Version of Record
https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12766
https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12766
Other availability
Search WorldCat to find libraries that may hold this journal
Cited by: 157 works
Citation information provided by
Web of Science
Web of Science
Save to My Library
You must Sign In or Create an Account in order to save documents to your library.
Works referenced in this record:
The REFLEX project: Comparing different algorithms and implementations for the inversion of a terrestrial ecosystem model against eddy covariance data
journal, October 2009
- Fox, Andrew; Williams, Mathew; Richardson, Andrew D.
- Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 149, Issue 10
Predictability of spatio-temporal patterns in a lattice of coupled FitzHugh–Nagumo oscillators
journal, April 2013
- Grace, Miriam; Hütt, Marc-Thorsten
- Journal of The Royal Society Interface, Vol. 10, Issue 81
Forest water use and water use efficiency at elevated CO 2 : a model-data intercomparison at two contrasting temperate forest FACE sites
journal, March 2013
- De Kauwe, Martin G.; Medlyn, Belinda E.; Zaehle, Sönke
- Global Change Biology, Vol. 19, Issue 6
Carbon Flux and Growth in Mature Deciduous Forest Trees Exposed to Elevated CO2
journal, August 2005
- Korner, C.
- Science, Vol. 309, Issue 5739
'Breathing' of the terrestrial biosphere: lessons learned from a global network of carbon dioxide flux measurement systems
journal, January 2008
- Baldocchi, Dennis
- Australian Journal of Botany, Vol. 56, Issue 1
Fire as an interactive component of dynamic vegetation models: FIRE IN DYNAMIC VEGETATION MODELS
journal, November 2005
- Arora, Vivek K.; Boer, George J.
- Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, Vol. 110, Issue G2
Responses of Arctic Tundra to Experimental and Observed Changes in Climate
journal, April 1995
- Chapin, F. Stuart; Shaver, Gaius R.; Giblin, Anne E.
- Ecology, Vol. 76, Issue 3
Simple three-pool model accurately describes patterns of long-term litter decomposition in diverse climates
journal, August 2008
- Adair, E. Carol; Parton, William J.; Del Grosso, Steven J.
- Global Change Biology
A global model of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus cycles for the terrestrial biosphere
journal, January 2010
- Wang, Y. P.; Law, R. M.; Pak, B.
- Biogeosciences, Vol. 7, Issue 7
Erratum: Acceleration of global warming due to carbon-cycle feedbacks in a coupled climate model
journal, December 2000
- Cox, Peter M.; Betts, Richard A.; Jones, Chris D.
- Nature, Vol. 408, Issue 6813
Recent decline in the global land evapotranspiration trend due to limited moisture supply
journal, October 2010
- Jung, Martin; Reichstein, Markus; Ciais, Philippe
- Nature, Vol. 467, Issue 7318
The Global Extent and Determinants of Savanna and Forest as Alternative Biome States
journal, October 2011
- Staver, A. C.; Archibald, S.; Levin, S. A.
- Science, Vol. 334, Issue 6053
Separating soil CO2 efflux into C-pool-specific decay rates via inverse analysis of soil incubation data
journal, January 2013
- Schädel, Christina; Luo, Yiqi; David Evans, R.
- Oecologia, Vol. 171, Issue 3
Evaluation of continental carbon cycle simulations with North American flux tower observations
journal, November 2013
- Raczka, Brett M.; Davis, Kenneth J.; Huntzinger, Deborah
- Ecological Monographs, Vol. 83, Issue 4
CLIMATE CHANGE: Ecosystem Disturbance, Carbon, and Climate
journal, August 2008
- Running, S. W.
- Science, Vol. 321, Issue 5889
Impacts of biological invasions on disturbance regimes
journal, May 1998
- Mack, Michelle C.; D'Antonio, Caria M.
- Trends in Ecology & Evolution, Vol. 13, Issue 5
Ecosystem carbon storage capacity as affected by disturbance regimes: A general theoretical model: THE REGIME MODEL
journal, July 2012
- Weng, Ensheng; Luo, Yiqi; Wang, Weile
- Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, Vol. 117, Issue G3
Plant litter decomposition in a semi-arid ecosystem controlled by photodegradation
journal, August 2006
- Austin, Amy T.; Vivanco, Lucía
- Nature, Vol. 442, Issue 7102
Predicting the response of plants to increasing carbon dioxide: A critique of plant growth models
journal, September 1985
- Reynolds, James F.; Acock, Basil
- Ecological Modelling, Vol. 29, Issue 1-4
Quantifying variation in forest disturbance, and its effects on aboveground biomass dynamics, across the eastern United States
journal, February 2013
- Vanderwel, Mark C.; Coomes, David A.; Purves, Drew W.
- Global Change Biology, Vol. 19, Issue 5
Interactions between Carbon and Nitrogen Mineralization and Soil Organic Matter Chemistry in Arctic Tundra Soils
journal, March 2003
- Weintraub, Michael N.; Schimel, Joshua P.
- Ecosystems, Vol. 6, Issue 2
Tolerance of riverine plants to flooding and exposure indicated by water regime
journal, January 1999
- Blanch, Stuart J.; Ganf, George G.; Walker, Keith F.
- Regulated Rivers: Research & Management, Vol. 15, Issue 1-3
Carbon and nitrogen cycle dynamics in the O-CN land surface model: 2. Role of the nitrogen cycle in the historical terrestrial carbon balance: NITROGEN EFFECTS ON GLOBAL C CYCLING
journal, February 2010
- Zaehle, S.; Friend, A. D.; Friedlingstein, P.
- Global Biogeochemical Cycles, Vol. 24, Issue 1
Global response of terrestrial ecosystem structure and function to CO 2 and climate change: results from six dynamic global vegetation models
journal, April 2001
- Cramer, Wolfgang; Bondeau, Alberte; Woodward, F. Ian
- Global Change Biology, Vol. 7, Issue 4
A semi-analytical solution to accelerate spin-up of a coupled carbon and nitrogen land model to steady state
journal, January 2012
- Xia, J. Y.; Luo, Y. Q.; Wang, Y. -P.
- Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 5, Issue 5
Atmospheric CO2 forces abrupt vegetation shifts locally, but not globally
journal, June 2012
- Higgins, Steven I.; Scheiter, Simon
- Nature, Vol. 488, Issue 7410
Review of mechanisms and quantification of priming effects
journal, October 2000
- Kuzyakov, Y.; Friedel, J. K.; Stahr, K.
- Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Vol. 32, Issue 11-12
A framework for benchmarking land models
journal, January 2012
- Luo, Y. Q.; Randerson, J. T.; Abramowitz, G.
- Biogeosciences, Vol. 9, Issue 10
A model-data intercomparison of CO 2 exchange across North America: Results from the North American Carbon Program site synthesis
journal, January 2010
- Schwalm, Christopher R.; Williams, Christopher A.; Schaefer, Kevin
- Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 115
Terrestrial biosphere model performance for inter-annual variability of land-atmosphere CO2 exchange
journal, March 2012
- Keenan, T. F.; Baker, Ian; Barr, Alan
- Global Change Biology, Vol. 18, Issue 6
Rate my data: quantifying the value of ecological data for the development of models of the terrestrial carbon cycle
journal, January 2013
- Keenan, Trevor F.; Davidson, Eric A.; Munger, J. William
- Ecological Applications, Vol. 23, Issue 1
Carbon balance of the terrestrial biosphere in the Twentieth Century: Analyses of CO 2 , climate and land use effects with four process-based ecosystem models
journal, March 2001
- McGuire, A. D.; Sitch, S.; Clein, J. S.
- Global Biogeochemical Cycles, Vol. 15, Issue 1
An improved analysis of forest carbon dynamics using data assimilation
journal, January 2005
- Williams, Mathew; Schwarz, Paul A.; Law, Beverly E.
- Global Change Biology, Vol. 11, Issue 1
Sensitivity of plants to changing atmospheric CO 2 concentration: from the geological past to the next century
journal, January 2013
- Franks, Peter J.; Adams, Mark A.; Amthor, Jeffrey S.
- New Phytologist, Vol. 197, Issue 4
The effect of permafrost thaw on old carbon release and net carbon exchange from tundra
journal, May 2009
- Schuur, Edward A. G.; Vogel, Jason G.; Crummer, Kathryn G.
- Nature, Vol. 459, Issue 7246
Integrating Theoretical Climate and Fire Effects on Savanna and Forest Systems
journal, August 2012
- Staver, A. Carla; Levin, Simon A.
- The American Naturalist, Vol. 180, Issue 2
Forest disturbance and recovery: A general review in the context of spaceborne remote sensing of impacts on aboveground biomass and canopy structure: REMOTE SENSING OF FOREST DISTURBANCE
journal, June 2009
- Frolking, S.; Palace, M. W.; Clark, D. B.
- Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, Vol. 114, Issue G2
Systematic assessment of terrestrial biogeochemistry in coupled climate-carbon models
journal, October 2009
- Randerson, James T.; Hoffman, Forrest M.; Thornton, Peter E.
- Global Change Biology, Vol. 15, Issue 10
The Dual Arrhenius and Michaelis-Menten kinetics model for decomposition of soil organic matter at hourly to seasonal time scales
journal, October 2011
- Davidson, Eric A.; Samanta, Sudeep; Caramori, Samantha S.
- Global Change Biology, Vol. 18, Issue 1
Oscillatory behavior of two nonlinear microbial models of soil carbon decomposition
journal, January 2014
- Wang, Y. P.; Chen, B. C.; Wieder, W. R.
- Biogeosciences, Vol. 11, Issue 7
Carbon and nitrogen dynamics during forest stand development: a global synthesis
journal, February 2011
- Yang, Yuanhe; Luo, Yiqi; Finzi, Adrien C.
- New Phytologist, Vol. 190, Issue 4
Tropical forest responses to increasing atmospheric CO2: current knowledge and opportunities for future research
journal, January 2013
- Cernusak, Lucas A.; Winter, Klaus; Dalling, James W.
- Functional Plant Biology, Vol. 40, Issue 6
Global soil carbon projections are improved by modelling microbial processes
journal, July 2013
- Wieder, William R.; Bonan, Gordon B.; Allison, Steven D.
- Nature Climate Change, Vol. 3, Issue 10
Co-limitation of photosynthetic capacity by nitrogen and phosphorus in West Africa woodlands: Nutrients constraints on photosynthesis in African woodlands
journal, January 2010
- Domingues, Tomas Ferreira; Meir, Patrick; Feldpausch, Ted R.
- Plant, Cell & Environment, Vol. 33, Issue 6
The predictability of a flow which possesses many scales of motion
journal, June 1969
- Lorenz, Edward N.
- Tellus, Vol. 21, Issue 3
Linear Analysis of soil Decomposition: Insights from the Century Model
journal, May 1998
- Bolker, Benjamin M.; Pacala, Stephen W.; Parton, William J.
- Ecological Applications, Vol. 8, Issue 2
Freshwater biodiversity: importance, threats, status and conservation challenges
journal, December 2005
- Dudgeon, David; Arthington, Angela H.; Gessner, Mark O.
- Biological Reviews, Vol. 81, Issue 02
Variations in atmospheric CO2 growth rates coupled with tropical temperature
journal, July 2013
- Wang, W.; Ciais, P.; Nemani, R. R.
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 110, Issue 32
Long-term patterns of mass loss during the decomposition of leaf and fine root litter: an intersite comparison
journal, May 2009
- Harmon, Mark E.; Silver, Whendee L.; Fasth, Becky
- Global Change Biology, Vol. 15, Issue 5
Simple mathematical models with very complicated dynamics
journal, June 1976
- May, Robert M.
- Nature, Vol. 261, Issue 5560
Model-data synthesis in terrestrial carbon observation: methods, data requirements and data uncertainty specifications
journal, March 2005
- Raupach, M. R.; Rayner, P. J.; Barrett, D. J.
- Global Change Biology, Vol. 11, Issue 3
Interannual extremes in the rate of rise of atmospheric carbon dioxide since 1980
journal, June 1995
- Keeling, C. D.; Whorf, T. P.; Wahlen, M.
- Nature, Vol. 375, Issue 6533
Carbon loss from an unprecedented Arctic tundra wildfire
journal, July 2011
- Mack, Michelle C.; Bret-Harte, M. Syndonia; Hollingsworth, Teresa N.
- Nature, Vol. 475, Issue 7357
Thermal optimality of net ecosystem exchange of carbon dioxide and underlying mechanisms
journal, March 2012
- Niu, Shuli; Luo, Yiqi; Fei, Shenfeng
- New Phytologist, Vol. 194, Issue 3
Amazonian forest dieback under climate-carbon cycle projections for the 21st century
journal, April 2004
- Cox, P. M.; Betts, R. A.; Collins, M.
- Theoretical and Applied Climatology, Vol. 78, Issue 1-3
Dynamic disequilibrium of the terrestrial carbon cycle under global change
journal, February 2011
- Luo, Yiqi; Weng, Ensheng
- Trends in Ecology & Evolution, Vol. 26, Issue 2
Acclimatization of soil respiration to warming in a tall grass prairie
journal, October 2001
- Luo, Yiqi; Wan, Shiqiang; Hui, Dafeng
- Nature, Vol. 413, Issue 6856
Causes of variation in soil carbon simulations from CMIP5 Earth system models and comparison with observations
journal, January 2013
- Todd-Brown, K. E. O.; Randerson, J. T.; Post, W. M.
- Biogeosciences, Vol. 10, Issue 3
Tundra burning in Alaska: Linkages to climatic change and sea ice retreat
journal, January 2010
- Hu, Feng Sheng; Higuera, Philip E.; Walsh, John E.
- Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 115, Issue G4
Continued warming could transform Greater Yellowstone fire regimes by mid-21st century
journal, July 2011
- Westerling, Anthony L.; Turner, Monica G.; Smithwick, Erica A. H.
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 108, Issue 32
NEON terrestrial field observations: designing continental-scale, standardized sampling
journal, December 2012
- Kao, Rebecca Hufft; Gibson, Cara M.; Gallery, Rachel E.
- Ecosphere, Vol. 3, Issue 12
Terrestrial mechanisms of interannual CO 2 variability : INTERANNUAL CO
journal, March 2005
- Zeng, N.; Mariotti, A.; Wetzel, P.
- Global Biogeochemical Cycles, Vol. 19, Issue 1
Climate–Carbon Cycle Feedback Analysis: Results from the C 4 MIP Model Intercomparison
journal, July 2006
- Friedlingstein, P.; Cox, P.; Betts, R.
- Journal of Climate, Vol. 19, Issue 14
Carbon emissions from land use and land-cover change
journal, January 2012
- Houghton, R. A.; House, J. I.; Pongratz, J.
- Biogeosciences, Vol. 9, Issue 12
Rates of litter decomposition in terrestrial ecosystems: global patterns and controlling factors
journal, March 2008
- Zhang, Deqiang; Hui, Dafeng; Luo, Yiqi
- Journal of Plant Ecology, Vol. 1, Issue 2
Model of Transient Changes in Arctic and Boreal Vegetation in Response to Climate and Land Use Change
journal, August 1996
- Starfield, Anthony M.; Chapin, F. Stuart
- Ecological Applications, Vol. 6, Issue 3
Fire in the Earth System
journal, April 2009
- Bowman, D. M. J. S.; Balch, J. K.; Artaxo, P.
- Science, Vol. 324, Issue 5926
Temporal Changes in c and n Stocks of Restored Prairie: Implications for c Sequestration Strategies
journal, September 2008
- Matamala, R.; Jastrow, J. D.; Miller, R. M.
- Ecological Applications, Vol. 18, Issue 6
An analysis of some diverse approaches to modelling terrestrial net primary productivity
journal, October 2004
- Adams, B.; White, A.; Lenton, T. M.
- Ecological Modelling, Vol. 177, Issue 3-4
Macroclimate and Lignin Control of Litter Decomposition Rates
journal, May 1978
- Meentemeyer, Vernon
- Ecology, Vol. 59, Issue 3
Soil-carbon response to warming dependent on microbial physiology
journal, April 2010
- Allison, Steven D.; Wallenstein, Matthew D.; Bradford, Mark A.
- Nature Geoscience, Vol. 3, Issue 5
Energy Storage and the Balance of Producers and Decomposers in Ecological Systems
journal, April 1963
- Olson, Jerry S.
- Ecology, Vol. 44, Issue 2
The response of terrestrial ecosystems to global climate change: Towards an integrated approach
journal, October 2008
- Rustad, Lindsey E.
- Science of The Total Environment, Vol. 404, Issue 2-3
Traceable components of terrestrial carbon storage capacity in biogeochemical models
journal, March 2013
- Xia, Jianyang; Luo, Yiqi; Wang, Ying-Ping
- Global Change Biology, Vol. 19, Issue 7
Latitudinal patterns of magnitude and interannual variability in net ecosystem exchange regulated by biological and environmental variables: LATITUDE PATTERNS OF NET ECOSYSTEM EXCHANGE
journal, January 2009
- Yuan, Wenping; Luo, Yiqi; Richardson, Andrew D.
- Global Change Biology, Vol. 15, Issue 12
Increase in observed net carbon dioxide uptake by land and oceans during the past 50 years
journal, August 2012
- Ballantyne, A. P.; Alden, C. B.; Miller, J. B.
- Nature, Vol. 488, Issue 7409
Trends in the sources and sinks of carbon dioxide
journal, November 2009
- Le Quéré, Corinne; Raupach, Michael R.; Canadell, Josep G.
- Nature Geoscience, Vol. 2, Issue 12
Global Resilience of Tropical Forest and Savanna to Critical Transitions
journal, October 2011
- Hirota, M.; Holmgren, M.; Van Nes, E. H.
- Science, Vol. 334, Issue 6053
Climate extremes and the carbon cycle
journal, August 2013
- Reichstein, Markus; Bahn, Michael; Ciais, Philippe
- Nature, Vol. 500, Issue 7462
A biochemical model of photosynthetic CO2 assimilation in leaves of C3 species
journal, June 1980
- Farquhar, G. D.; von Caemmerer, S.; Berry, J. A.
- Planta, Vol. 149, Issue 1
A model-data comparison of gross primary productivity: Results from the North American Carbon Program site synthesis: A MODEL-DATA COMPARISON OF GPP
journal, July 2012
- Schaefer, Kevin; Schwalm, Christopher R.; Williams, Chris
- Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, Vol. 117, Issue G3
Mechanisms controlling soil respiration (CO2 and CH4) in southern peatlands
journal, November 1992
- Bridgham, Scott D.; Richardson, Curtis J.
- Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Vol. 24, Issue 11
The climate dependence of the terrestrial carbon cycle, including parameter and structural uncertainties
journal, January 2013
- Smith, M. J.; Purves, D. W.; Vanderwel, M. C.
- Biogeosciences, Vol. 10, Issue 1
Threshold models in restoration and conservation: a developing framework
journal, May 2009
- Suding, Katharine N.; Hobbs, Richard J.
- Trends in Ecology & Evolution, Vol. 24, Issue 5
Perturbations in the carbon budget of the tropics
journal, June 2014
- Grace, John; Mitchard, Edward; Gloor, Emanuel
- Global Change Biology, Vol. 20, Issue 10
Global pattern of temperature sensitivity of soil heterotrophic respiration (Q 10 ) and its implications for carbon-climate feedback : GLOBAL PATTERN OF TEMPERATURE SENSITIVITY
journal, May 2009
- Zhou, Tao; Shi, Peijun; Hui, Dafeng
- Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, Vol. 114, Issue G2
Complexity and coexistence in a simple spatial model for arid savanna ecosystems
journal, June 2012
- Baudena, Mara; Rietkerk, Max
- Theoretical Ecology, Vol. 6, Issue 2
Carbon consequences of forest disturbance and recovery across the conterminous United States: FOREST DISTURBANCE AND CARBON DYNAMICS
journal, January 2012
- Williams, Christopher A.; Collatz, G. James; Masek, Jeffrey
- Global Biogeochemical Cycles, Vol. 26, Issue 1
Global patterns of land-atmosphere fluxes of carbon dioxide, latent heat, and sensible heat derived from eddy covariance, satellite, and meteorological observations
journal, January 2011
- Jung, Martin; Reichstein, Markus; Margolis, Hank A.
- Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 116
Soil organic carbon pools in the northern circumpolar permafrost region: SOIL ORGANIC CARBON POOLS
journal, June 2009
- Tarnocai, C.; Canadell, J. G.; Schuur, E. A. G.
- Global Biogeochemical Cycles, Vol. 23, Issue 2