Cost and energy demand of producing nickel manganese cobalt cathode material for lithium ion batteries

Ahmed, Shabbir; Nelson, Paul A.; Gallagher, Kevin G.; Susarla, Naresh; Dees, Dennis W.

doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.12.069

Title: Cost and energy demand of producing nickel manganese cobalt cathode material for lithium ion batteries

Abstract

The price of the cathode active materials in lithium ion batteries is a key cost driver and thus significantly impacts consumer adoption of devices that utilize large energy storage contents (e.g. electric vehicles). A process model has been developed and used to study the production process of a common lithium-ion cathode material, lithiated nickel manganese cobalt oxide, using the co-precipitation method. The process was simulated for a plant producing 6500 kg day^–1. The results indicate that the process will consume approximately 4 kWh kg_NMC^–1 of energy, 15 L kg_NMC^–1 of process water, and cost $23 to produce a kg of Li-NMC333. The calculations were extended to compare the production cost using two co-precipitation reactions (with Na₂CO₃ and NaOH), and similar cathode active materials such as lithium manganese oxide and lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide. Finally, a combination of cost saving opportunities show the possibility to reduce the cost of the cathode material by 19%.

Authors:

Ahmed, Shabbir ^[1]; Nelson, Paul A. ^[1]; Gallagher, Kevin G. ^[1]; Susarla, Naresh ^[1]; Dees, Dennis W. ^[1]

Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States)

Publication Date:: Thu Jan 05 00:00:00 EST 2017

Research Org.:: Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE)

OSTI Identifier:: 1368567

Alternate Identifier(s):: OSTI ID: 1397399

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-06CH11357

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Journal of Power Sources

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 342; Journal Issue: C; Journal ID: ISSN 0378-7753

Publisher:: Elsevier

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 25 ENERGY STORAGE; 32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATION; BatPaC; NMC333; cathode material; production; lithium-ion battery; nickel manganese cobalt oxide

Citation Formats


                    Ahmed, Shabbir, Nelson, Paul A., Gallagher, Kevin G., Susarla, Naresh, and Dees, Dennis W. Cost and energy demand of producing nickel manganese cobalt cathode material for lithium ion batteries.  United States: N. p., 2017. 
Web.  doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.12.069.

Copy to clipboard


                    Ahmed, Shabbir, Nelson, Paul A., Gallagher, Kevin G., Susarla, Naresh, & Dees, Dennis W. Cost and energy demand of producing nickel manganese cobalt cathode material for lithium ion batteries.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.12.069

Copy to clipboard


                    Ahmed, Shabbir, Nelson, Paul A., Gallagher, Kevin G., Susarla, Naresh, and Dees, Dennis W. Thu .  
"Cost and energy demand of producing nickel manganese cobalt cathode material for lithium ion batteries".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.12.069.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1368567.

Copy to clipboard


                    
@article{osti_1368567,

  title        = {Cost and energy demand of producing nickel manganese cobalt cathode material for lithium ion batteries},

  author       = {Ahmed, Shabbir and Nelson, Paul A. and Gallagher, Kevin G. and Susarla, Naresh and Dees, Dennis W.},

  abstractNote = {The price of the cathode active materials in lithium ion batteries is a key cost driver and thus significantly impacts consumer adoption of devices that utilize large energy storage contents (e.g. electric vehicles). A process model has been developed and used to study the production process of a common lithium-ion cathode material, lithiated nickel manganese cobalt oxide, using the co-precipitation method. The process was simulated for a plant producing 6500 kg day–1. The results indicate that the process will consume approximately 4 kWh kgNMC–1 of energy, 15 L kgNMC–1 of process water, and cost $23 to produce a kg of Li-NMC333. The calculations were extended to compare the production cost using two co-precipitation reactions (with Na2CO3 and NaOH), and similar cathode active materials such as lithium manganese oxide and lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide. Finally, a combination of cost saving opportunities show the possibility to reduce the cost of the cathode material by 19%.},

  doi          = {10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.12.069},

  journal      = {Journal of Power Sources},

  number       = C,

  volume       = 342,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Thu Jan 05 00:00:00 EST 2017},

  month        = {Thu Jan 05 00:00:00 EST 2017}

}

Copy to clipboard

Journal Article:

Free Publicly Available Full Text

Accepted Manuscript (Publisher)

Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Publisher's Version of Record

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.12.069

Other availability

Search WorldCat to find libraries that may hold this journal

Citation Metrics:

Cited by: 81 works

Citation information provided by
Web of Science

Save / Share:

Export Metadata

Save to My Library

Works referenced in this record:

Updating United States Advanced Battery Consortium and Department of Energy battery technology targets for battery electric vehicles
journal, December 2014

Neubauer, Jeremy; Pesaran, Ahmad; Bae, Chulheung
Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 271
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.06.043

Synthetic optimization of Li[Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3]O2 via co-precipitation
journal, December 2004

Lee, M. -H.; Kang, Y. -J.; Myung, S. -T.
Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 50, Issue 4
DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2004.07.038

Enthalpy of formation of LiNiO2, LiCoO2 and their solid solution, LiNi1−xCoxO2
journal, January 2004

Wang, M.
Solid State Ionics, Vol. 166, Issue 1-2
DOI: 10.1016/j.ssi.2003.11.004

Analysis of the Growth Mechanism of Coprecipitated Spherical and Dense Nickel, Manganese, and Cobalt-Containing Hydroxides in the Presence of Aqueous Ammonia
journal, April 2009

van Bommel, Andrew; Dahn, J. R.
Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 21, Issue 8
DOI: 10.1021/cm803144d

Works referencing / citing this record:

One-time sintering process to synthesize ZrO ₂ -coated LiMn ₂ O ₄ materials for lithium-ion batteries
journal, January 2018

Li, Gang; Chen, Xu; Liu, Yafei
RSC Advances, Vol. 8, Issue 30
DOI: 10.1039/c8ra01421c

Performance and cost of materials for lithium-based rechargeable automotive batteries
journal, April 2018

Schmuch, Richard; Wagner, Ralf; Hörpel, Gerhard
Nature Energy, Vol. 3, Issue 4
DOI: 10.1038/s41560-018-0107-2

Yttrium-doped LiMn2O4 spheres with long cycle life as Lithium-Ion Battery Cathode
journal, October 2019

Xu, Jing; Le, TrungHieu; Yu, Zhihao
Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, Vol. 30, Issue 21
DOI: 10.1007/s10854-019-02308-7

Degradation Mechanisms and Mitigation Strategies of Nickel-Rich NMC-Based Lithium-Ion Batteries
journal, October 2019

Li, Tianyu; Yuan, Xiao-Zi; Zhang, Lei
Electrochemical Energy Reviews, Vol. 3, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1007/s41918-019-00053-3

Life Cycle Analysis of Lithium-Ion Batteries for Automotive Applications
journal, June 2019

Dai, Qiang; Kelly, Jarod C.; Gaines, Linda
Batteries, Vol. 5, Issue 2
DOI: 10.3390/batteries5020048

Similar Records in DOE PAGES and OSTI.GOV collections:

Globally regional life cycle analysis of automotive lithium-ion nickel manganese cobalt batteries

Journal Article Kelly, Jarod C. ; Dai, Qiang ; Wang, Michael - Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change

Electric vehicles based on lithium-ion batteries (LIB) have seen rapid growth over the past decade as they are viewed as a cleaner alternative to conventional fossil-fuel burning vehicles, especially for local pollutant (nitrogen oxides [NO_x], sulfur oxides [SO_x], and particulate matter with diameters less than 2.5 and 10 μm [PM_2.5 and PM₁₀]) and CO₂ emissions. However, LIBs are known to have their own energy and environmental challenges. This study focuses on LIBs made of lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC), since they currently dominate the United States (US) and global automotive markets and will continue to do so into themore »« less
Cited by 53
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-019-09869-2
Techno-economic analysis of cathode material production using flame-assisted spray pyrolysis

Journal Article Zang, Guiyan ; Zhang, Jianan ; Xu, Siqi ; ... - Energy

The cost of cathode materials contributes approximately 32.7% of the total cell construction cost of lithium-ion batteries, significantly affecting the price of battery packs. To reduce the cathode material manufacturing cost, a flame-assisted spray pyrolysis (FSP) method has been developed to utilize a sustainable solvent of glycerol to manufacture the LiNi_1/3Mn_1/3Co_1/3O₂ (NMC333) cathode materials. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the minimum cathode material selling price (MCSP) of the FSP processes compared with a traditional carbonate co-precipitation pathway. Results show that the MCSP of the FSP ismore »« less
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.119504

Full Text Available
Cost of automotive lithium-ion batteries operating at high upper cutoff voltages

Journal Article Ahmed, Shabbir ; Trask, Stephen E. ; Dees, Dennis W. ; ... - Journal of Power Sources

Here, the potential for operating automotive battery packs at high upper cutoff voltages (UCV) has been explored using preliminary data on eight cathode materials. The pack level energy density, specific energy, and battery cost are calculated using the spreadsheet tool BatPaC. The tool used experimental data for some cathode materials such as the lithiated oxides of nickel manganese cobalt (NMC), nickel cobalt aluminum (NCA), layered lithium- and manganese-rich nickel manganese cobalt (LMRNMC). The half-cell data were obtained at UCVs between 4.2 and 4.7 V vs. Li/Li⁺. The experimental data showed LMRNMC with the highest lithiation capacity gain, increasing from 176more »« less
Cited by 36
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2018.09.037

Full Text Available
Commercially Scalable Process to Fabricate Porous Silicon

Technical Report Aurora, Peter

Navitas Advanced Solutions Group proposes a novel, commercially scalable approach to supply microporous silicon (μpSi) to lithium ion battery manufacturers. If successful, this project will result in a significant reduction in the cost and environmental impact of high capacity anodes that are needed to meet the EV Everywhere battery goals. Silicon nanocomposite materials have been identified as a viable anode technology for EV batteries. Presently, high capacity silicon-based anodes rely either on materials that are expensive (e. g., silane or nano-silicon powder) or on processes that are limited by low yield methods (e.g., chemical vapor deposition). Microporous silicon potentially avoidsmore »« less
https://doi.org/10.2172/1395497

Full Text Available
Methods for the production of cathode materials for lithium ion batteries

Patent Huang, Baoquan

The present disclosure provides methods for producing cathode materials for lithium ion batteries. Cathode materials that contain manganese are emphasized. Representative materials include Li_xNi_1-y-zMn_yCo_zO_2M (NMC) (where x is in the range from 0.80 to 1.3, y is in the range from 0.01 to 0.5, and z is in the range from 0.01 to 0.5), Li_xMn₂O₄(LM), and Li_xNi_1-yMn_yO₂ (LMN) (where x is in the range from 0.8 to 1.3 and y is in the range from 0.0 to 0.8). The process includes reactions of carboxylate precursors of nickel, manganese, and/or cobalt and lithiation with a lithium precursor. The carboxylate precursors aremore »« less
Full Text Available

Similar Records

Title: Cost and energy demand of producing nickel manganese cobalt cathode material for lithium ion batteries

Abstract

Citation Formats

Updating United States Advanced Battery Consortium and Department of Energy battery technology targets for battery electric vehicles journal, December 2014

Synthetic optimization of Li[Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3]O2 via co-precipitation journal, December 2004

Enthalpy of formation of LiNiO2, LiCoO2 and their solid solution, LiNi1−xCoxO2 journal, January 2004

Analysis of the Growth Mechanism of Coprecipitated Spherical and Dense Nickel, Manganese, and Cobalt-Containing Hydroxides in the Presence of Aqueous Ammonia journal, April 2009

One-time sintering process to synthesize ZrO 2 -coated LiMn 2 O 4 materials for lithium-ion batteries journal, January 2018

Performance and cost of materials for lithium-based rechargeable automotive batteries journal, April 2018

Yttrium-doped LiMn2O4 spheres with long cycle life as Lithium-Ion Battery Cathode journal, October 2019

Degradation Mechanisms and Mitigation Strategies of Nickel-Rich NMC-Based Lithium-Ion Batteries journal, October 2019

Life Cycle Analysis of Lithium-Ion Batteries for Automotive Applications journal, June 2019

Updating United States Advanced Battery Consortium and Department of Energy battery technology targets for battery electric vehicles
journal, December 2014

Synthetic optimization of Li[Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3]O2 via co-precipitation
journal, December 2004

Enthalpy of formation of LiNiO2, LiCoO2 and their solid solution, LiNi1−xCoxO2
journal, January 2004

Analysis of the Growth Mechanism of Coprecipitated Spherical and Dense Nickel, Manganese, and Cobalt-Containing Hydroxides in the Presence of Aqueous Ammonia
journal, April 2009

One-time sintering process to synthesize ZrO ₂ -coated LiMn ₂ O ₄ materials for lithium-ion batteries
journal, January 2018

Performance and cost of materials for lithium-based rechargeable automotive batteries
journal, April 2018

Yttrium-doped LiMn2O4 spheres with long cycle life as Lithium-Ion Battery Cathode
journal, October 2019

Degradation Mechanisms and Mitigation Strategies of Nickel-Rich NMC-Based Lithium-Ion Batteries
journal, October 2019

Life Cycle Analysis of Lithium-Ion Batteries for Automotive Applications
journal, June 2019