Realization of ground-state artificial skyrmion lattices at room temperature

Gilbert, Dustin A.; Maranville, Brian B.; Balk, Andrew L.; Kirby, Brian J.; Fischer, Peter; Pierce, Daniel T.; Unguris, John; Borchers, Julie A.; Liu, Kai

doi:10.1038/ncomms9462

Title: Realization of ground-state artificial skyrmion lattices at room temperature

Abstract

The topological nature of magnetic skyrmions leads to extraordinary properties that provide new insights into fundamental problems of magnetism and exciting potentials for novel magnetic technologies. Prerequisite are systems exhibiting skyrmion lattices at ambient conditions, which have been elusive so far. Here, we demonstrate the realization of artificial Bloch skyrmion lattices over extended areas in their ground state at room temperature by patterning asymmetric magnetic nanodots with controlled circularity on an underlayer with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA). Polarity is controlled by a tailored magnetic field sequence and demonstrated in magnetometry measurements. The vortex structure is imprinted from the dots into the interfacial region of the underlayer via suppression of the PMA by a critical ion-irradiation step. The imprinted skyrmion lattices are identified directly with polarized neutron reflectometry and confirmed by magnetoresistance measurements. Our results demonstrate an exciting platform to explore room-temperature ground-state skyrmion lattices.

Authors:

Gilbert, Dustin A. ^[1]; Maranville, Brian B. ^[2]; Balk, Andrew L. ^[3]; Kirby, Brian J. ^[2]; Fischer, Peter ^[4]; Pierce, Daniel T. ^[5]; Unguris, John ^[5]; Borchers, Julie A. ^[2]; Liu, Kai ^[6]

Univ. of California, Davis, CA (United States). Dept. of Physics; National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD (United States). Center for Neutron Research
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD (United States). Center for Neutron Research
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD (United States). Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology; Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD (United States)
Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States); Univ. of California, Santa Cruz, CA (United States)
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD (United States). Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology
Univ. of California, Davis, CA (United States). Dept. of Physics

Publication Date:: Thu Oct 08 00:00:00 EDT 2015

Research Org.:: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES)

OSTI Identifier:: 1252990

Alternate Identifier(s):: OSTI ID: 1378586

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-05-CH11231; DMR-1008791; ECCS-1232275; AC02-05CH11231

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Nature Communications

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 6; Journal ID: ISSN 2041-1723

Publisher:: Nature Publishing Group

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSICS; Applied physics; Magnetic properties and materials; Quantum mechanics

Citation Formats


                    Gilbert, Dustin A., Maranville, Brian B., Balk, Andrew L., Kirby, Brian J., Fischer, Peter, Pierce, Daniel T., Unguris, John, Borchers, Julie A., and Liu, Kai. Realization of ground-state artificial skyrmion lattices at room temperature.  United States: N. p., 2015. 
Web.  doi:10.1038/ncomms9462.

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                    Gilbert, Dustin A., Maranville, Brian B., Balk, Andrew L., Kirby, Brian J., Fischer, Peter, Pierce, Daniel T., Unguris, John, Borchers, Julie A., & Liu, Kai. Realization of ground-state artificial skyrmion lattices at room temperature.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms9462

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                    Gilbert, Dustin A., Maranville, Brian B., Balk, Andrew L., Kirby, Brian J., Fischer, Peter, Pierce, Daniel T., Unguris, John, Borchers, Julie A., and Liu, Kai. Thu .  
"Realization of ground-state artificial skyrmion lattices at room temperature".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms9462.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1252990.

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@article{osti_1252990,

  title        = {Realization of ground-state artificial skyrmion lattices at room temperature},

  author       = {Gilbert, Dustin A. and Maranville, Brian B. and Balk, Andrew L. and Kirby, Brian J. and Fischer, Peter and Pierce, Daniel T. and Unguris, John and Borchers, Julie A. and Liu, Kai},

  abstractNote = {The topological nature of magnetic skyrmions leads to extraordinary properties that provide new insights into fundamental problems of magnetism and exciting potentials for novel magnetic technologies. Prerequisite are systems exhibiting skyrmion lattices at ambient conditions, which have been elusive so far. Here, we demonstrate the realization of artificial Bloch skyrmion lattices over extended areas in their ground state at room temperature by patterning asymmetric magnetic nanodots with controlled circularity on an underlayer with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA). Polarity is controlled by a tailored magnetic field sequence and demonstrated in magnetometry measurements. The vortex structure is imprinted from the dots into the interfacial region of the underlayer via suppression of the PMA by a critical ion-irradiation step. The imprinted skyrmion lattices are identified directly with polarized neutron reflectometry and confirmed by magnetoresistance measurements. Our results demonstrate an exciting platform to explore room-temperature ground-state skyrmion lattices.},

  doi          = {10.1038/ncomms9462},

  journal      = {Nature Communications},

  number       = ,

  volume       = 6,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Thu Oct 08 00:00:00 EDT 2015},

  month        = {Thu Oct 08 00:00:00 EDT 2015}

}

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Wu, Kuo-Ming; Huang, Chao-Hsien; Shiu, Deng-Shiang
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DOI: 10.1142/s2010324719500012

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A centrosymmetric hexagonal magnet with superstable biskyrmion magnetic nanodomains in a wide temperature range of 100K to 340K
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Wang, Wenhong; Zhang, Ying; Xu, Guizhou
arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.1605.06186

A nontrivial crossover in topological Hall effect regimes
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Denisov, K. S.; Rozhansky, I. V.; Averkiev, N. S.
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Forming individual magnetic biskyrmions by merging two skyrmions in a centrosymmetric nanodisk
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Structural and magnetic depth profiles of magneto-ionic heterostructures beyond the interface limit
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Statics and Dynamics of Skyrmions Interacting with Pinning: A Review
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arXiv
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Title: Realization of ground-state artificial skyrmion lattices at room temperature

Abstract

Citation Formats

Gauge fields in real and momentum spaces in magnets: monopoles and skyrmions journal, December 2012

Spin Transfer Torques in MnSi at Ultralow Current Densities journal, December 2010

Chiral magnetic order at surfaces driven by inversion asymmetry journal, May 2007

Polarized neutron reflectometry journal, August 1991

Magnetic stripes and skyrmions with helicity reversals journal, May 2012

Skyrmions and anomalous Hall effect in a Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya spiral magnet journal, August 2009

Skyrmions on the track journal, March 2013

Skyrmion Lattice in a Chiral Magnet journal, February 2009

Nucleation, stability and current-induced motion of isolated magnetic skyrmions in nanostructures journal, October 2013

Discrete helicoidal states in chiral magnetic thin films journal, December 2013

Manipulating Topological States by Imprinting Non-Collinear Spin Textures journal, March 2015

Angular dependence of vortex-annihilation fields in asymmetric cobalt dots journal, July 2009

Single-Domain Circular Nanomagnets journal, August 1999

Extended Skyrmion Phase in Epitaxial FeGe ( 111 ) Thin Films journal, June 2012

Creating an Artificial Two-Dimensional Skyrmion Crystal by Nanopatterning journal, April 2013

Deposition order dependent magnetization reversal in pressure graded Co/Pd films journal, April 2014

Quantitative Decoding of Interactions in Tunable Nanomagnet Arrays Using First Order Reversal Curves journal, February 2014

Stochastic formation of magnetic vortex structures in asymmetric disks triggered by chaotic dynamics journal, December 2014

Experimental realization of two-dimensional artificial skyrmion crystals at room temperature journal, November 2014

Spontaneous atomic-scale magnetic skyrmion lattice in two dimensions journal, July 2011

Spontaneous skyrmion ground states in magnetic metals journal, August 2006

Writing and Deleting Single Magnetic Skyrmions journal, August 2013

Tuning perpendicular anisotropy gradient in Co/Pd multilayers by ion irradiation journal, August 2014

Multiple- q States and the Skyrmion Lattice of the Triangular-Lattice Heisenberg Antiferromagnet under Magnetic Fields journal, January 2012

Skyrmion in a real magnetic film journal, October 1998

Skyrmions in a Doped Antiferromagnet journal, June 2011

Dynamics of Skyrmion Crystals in Metallic Thin Films journal, September 2011

Observation of Skyrmions in a Multiferroic Material journal, April 2012

Topological properties and dynamics of magnetic skyrmions journal, December 2013

Tailoring the topology of an artificial magnetic skyrmion journal, August 2014

Dynamic switching of the spin circulation in tapered magnetic nanodisks journal, April 2013

Bubble domains in magnetostatically coupled garnet films journal, October 1973

Patterned nanomagnets journal, June 2007

Temperature induced single domain–vortex state transition in sub-100nm Fe nanodots journal, November 2007

Phase-sensitive specular neutron reflectometry for imaging the nanometer scale composition depth profile of thin-film materials journal, February 2012

Blowing magnetic skyrmion bubbles journal, June 2015

Skyrmion lattice in a two-dimensional chiral magnet journal, September 2010

Real-space observation of a two-dimensional skyrmion crystal journal, June 2010

Chiral skyrmions in thin magnetic films: new objects for magnetic storage technologies? journal, September 2011

Skyrmion Lattice in a Chiral Magnet text, January 2009

Skyrmions and Anomalous Hall Effect in a Dzyloshinskii-Moriya Spiral Magnet text, January 2009

Chirality control via double vortices in asymmetric Co dots text, January 2010

Spin Transfer Torques in MnSi at Ultra-low Current Densities text, January 2010

Chiral skyrmions in thin magnetic films: new objects for magnetic storage technologies? text, January 2011

Dynamics of Skyrmion Crystals in Metallic Thin Films text, January 2011

Deposition Order Dependent Magnetization Reversal in Pressure Graded Co/Pd films text, January 2014

Skyrmion in a real magnetic film text, January 1998

Skyrmions on the track journal, March 2013

Quantitative Decoding of Interactions in Tunable Nanomagnet Arrays Using First Order Reversal Curves journal, February 2014

Manipulating Topological States by Imprinting Non-Collinear Spin Textures journal, March 2015

Correction for Yu et al., Magnetic stripes and skyrmions with helicity reversals journal, January 2017

Observation of Skyrmions in a Multiferroic Material journal, April 2012

Writing and Deleting Single Magnetic Skyrmions journal, August 2013

Spin Transfer Torques in MnSi at Ultra-low Current Densities text, January 2010

Dynamics of Skyrmion Crystals in Metallic Thin Films text, January 2011

Multiple-q states and skyrmion lattice of the triangular-lattice Heisenberg antiferromagnet under magnetic fields text, January 2011

Spontaneous Skyrmion Ground States in Magnetic Metals text, January 2006

An Artificial Skyrmion Platform with Robust Tunability in Synthetic Antiferromagnetic Multilayers journal, October 2019

A Centrosymmetric Hexagonal Magnet with Superstable Biskyrmion Magnetic Nanodomains in a Wide Temperature Range of 100-340 K journal, May 2016

Modulation of Heavy Metal/Ferromagnetic Metal Interface for High‐Performance Spintronic Devices journal, June 2019

Simultaneous control of magnetic topologies for reconfigurable vortex arrays journal, February 2017

Magnetic skyrmions: advances in physics and potential applications journal, June 2017

Emergent phenomena induced by spin–orbit coupling at surfaces and interfaces journal, November 2016

Controllable positive exchange bias via redox-driven oxygen migration journal, March 2016

Out-of-plane chiral domain wall spin-structures in ultrathin in-plane magnets journal, May 2017

Creation and annihilation of topological meron pairs in in-plane magnetized films journal, December 2019

A nontrivial crossover in topological Hall effect regimes journal, December 2017

Observation of Skyrmions at Room Temperature in Co2FeAl Heusler Alloy Ultrathin Film Heterostructures journal, January 2019

Forming individual magnetic biskyrmions by merging two skyrmions in a centrosymmetric nanodisk journal, July 2019

Switching of chiral magnetic skyrmions by picosecond magnetic field pulses via transient topological states journal, June 2016

Creation of artificial skyrmions and antiskyrmions by anisotropy engineering journal, August 2016

Tuning the Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction in Pt/Co/MgO heterostructures through the MgO thickness journal, January 2018

The limit to realize an isolated magnetic single skyrmionic state journal, January 2019

Micromagnetic study of excitation modes of an artificial skyrmion crystal journal, November 2015

Synthesizing skyrmion bound pairs in Fe-Gd thin films journal, July 2016

Potential implementation of reservoir computing models based on magnetic skyrmions journal, May 2018

Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction in Pt/Co/Ir and Pt/Co/Ru multilayer films journal, March 2018

Gauge fields in real and momentum spaces in magnets: monopoles and skyrmions
journal, December 2012

Spin Transfer Torques in MnSi at Ultralow Current Densities
journal, December 2010

Chiral magnetic order at surfaces driven by inversion asymmetry
journal, May 2007

Polarized neutron reflectometry
journal, August 1991

Magnetic stripes and skyrmions with helicity reversals
journal, May 2012

Skyrmions and anomalous Hall effect in a Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya spiral magnet
journal, August 2009

Skyrmions on the track
journal, March 2013

Skyrmion Lattice in a Chiral Magnet
journal, February 2009

Nucleation, stability and current-induced motion of isolated magnetic skyrmions in nanostructures
journal, October 2013

Discrete helicoidal states in chiral magnetic thin films
journal, December 2013

Manipulating Topological States by Imprinting Non-Collinear Spin Textures
journal, March 2015

Angular dependence of vortex-annihilation fields in asymmetric cobalt dots
journal, July 2009

Single-Domain Circular Nanomagnets
journal, August 1999

Extended Skyrmion Phase in Epitaxial $FeGe (111)$ Thin Films
journal, June 2012

Creating an Artificial Two-Dimensional Skyrmion Crystal by Nanopatterning
journal, April 2013

Deposition order dependent magnetization reversal in pressure graded Co/Pd films
journal, April 2014

Quantitative Decoding of Interactions in Tunable Nanomagnet Arrays Using First Order Reversal Curves
journal, February 2014

Stochastic formation of magnetic vortex structures in asymmetric disks triggered by chaotic dynamics
journal, December 2014

Experimental realization of two-dimensional artificial skyrmion crystals at room temperature
journal, November 2014

Spontaneous atomic-scale magnetic skyrmion lattice in two dimensions
journal, July 2011

Spontaneous skyrmion ground states in magnetic metals
journal, August 2006

Writing and Deleting Single Magnetic Skyrmions
journal, August 2013

Tuning perpendicular anisotropy gradient in Co/Pd multilayers by ion irradiation
journal, August 2014

Multiple- $q$ States and the Skyrmion Lattice of the Triangular-Lattice Heisenberg Antiferromagnet under Magnetic Fields
journal, January 2012

Skyrmion in a real magnetic film
journal, October 1998

Skyrmions in a Doped Antiferromagnet
journal, June 2011

Dynamics of Skyrmion Crystals in Metallic Thin Films
journal, September 2011

Observation of Skyrmions in a Multiferroic Material
journal, April 2012

Topological properties and dynamics of magnetic skyrmions
journal, December 2013

Tailoring the topology of an artificial magnetic skyrmion
journal, August 2014

Dynamic switching of the spin circulation in tapered magnetic nanodisks
journal, April 2013

Bubble domains in magnetostatically coupled garnet films
journal, October 1973

Patterned nanomagnets
journal, June 2007

Temperature induced single domain–vortex state transition in sub-100nm Fe nanodots
journal, November 2007

Phase-sensitive specular neutron reflectometry for imaging the nanometer scale composition depth profile of thin-film materials
journal, February 2012

Blowing magnetic skyrmion bubbles
journal, June 2015

Skyrmion lattice in a two-dimensional chiral magnet
journal, September 2010

Real-space observation of a two-dimensional skyrmion crystal
journal, June 2010

Chiral skyrmions in thin magnetic films: new objects for magnetic storage technologies?
journal, September 2011

Skyrmion Lattice in a Chiral Magnet
text, January 2009

Skyrmions and Anomalous Hall Effect in a Dzyloshinskii-Moriya Spiral Magnet
text, January 2009

Chirality control via double vortices in asymmetric Co dots
text, January 2010

Spin Transfer Torques in MnSi at Ultra-low Current Densities
text, January 2010

Chiral skyrmions in thin magnetic films: new objects for magnetic storage technologies?
text, January 2011

Dynamics of Skyrmion Crystals in Metallic Thin Films
text, January 2011

Deposition Order Dependent Magnetization Reversal in Pressure Graded Co/Pd films
text, January 2014

Skyrmion in a real magnetic film
text, January 1998

Skyrmions on the track
journal, March 2013

Quantitative Decoding of Interactions in Tunable Nanomagnet Arrays Using First Order Reversal Curves
journal, February 2014

Manipulating Topological States by Imprinting Non-Collinear Spin Textures
journal, March 2015

Correction for Yu et al., Magnetic stripes and skyrmions with helicity reversals
journal, January 2017

Observation of Skyrmions in a Multiferroic Material
journal, April 2012

Writing and Deleting Single Magnetic Skyrmions
journal, August 2013

Spin Transfer Torques in MnSi at Ultra-low Current Densities
text, January 2010

Dynamics of Skyrmion Crystals in Metallic Thin Films
text, January 2011

Multiple-q states and skyrmion lattice of the triangular-lattice Heisenberg antiferromagnet under magnetic fields
text, January 2011

Spontaneous Skyrmion Ground States in Magnetic Metals
text, January 2006

An Artificial Skyrmion Platform with Robust Tunability in Synthetic Antiferromagnetic Multilayers
journal, October 2019

A Centrosymmetric Hexagonal Magnet with Superstable Biskyrmion Magnetic Nanodomains in a Wide Temperature Range of 100-340 K
journal, May 2016

Modulation of Heavy Metal/Ferromagnetic Metal Interface for High‐Performance Spintronic Devices
journal, June 2019

Simultaneous control of magnetic topologies for reconfigurable vortex arrays
journal, February 2017

Magnetic skyrmions: advances in physics and potential applications
journal, June 2017

Emergent phenomena induced by spin–orbit coupling at surfaces and interfaces
journal, November 2016

Controllable positive exchange bias via redox-driven oxygen migration
journal, March 2016

Out-of-plane chiral domain wall spin-structures in ultrathin in-plane magnets
journal, May 2017

Creation and annihilation of topological meron pairs in in-plane magnetized films
journal, December 2019

A nontrivial crossover in topological Hall effect regimes
journal, December 2017

Observation of Skyrmions at Room Temperature in Co2FeAl Heusler Alloy Ultrathin Film Heterostructures
journal, January 2019

Forming individual magnetic biskyrmions by merging two skyrmions in a centrosymmetric nanodisk
journal, July 2019

Switching of chiral magnetic skyrmions by picosecond magnetic field pulses via transient topological states
journal, June 2016

Creation of artificial skyrmions and antiskyrmions by anisotropy engineering
journal, August 2016

Tuning the Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction in Pt/Co/MgO heterostructures through the MgO thickness
journal, January 2018

The limit to realize an isolated magnetic single skyrmionic state
journal, January 2019

Micromagnetic study of excitation modes of an artificial skyrmion crystal
journal, November 2015

Synthesizing skyrmion bound pairs in Fe-Gd thin films
journal, July 2016

Potential implementation of reservoir computing models based on magnetic skyrmions
journal, May 2018

Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction in Pt/Co/Ir and Pt/Co/Ru multilayer films
journal, March 2018

Generation and stability of structurally imprinted target skyrmions in magnetic multilayers
journal, September 2019

Zero-field topological Hall effect as evidence of ground-state skyrmions at room temperature in BiSb/MnGa bilayers
journal, December 2019

First-order reversal curves (FORCs) of nano-engineered 3D Co-Fe structures
journal, January 2020