Spatially inhomogeneous electron state deep in the extreme quantum limit of strontium titanate

Bhattacharya, Anand; Skinner, Brian; Khalsa, Guru; Suslov, Alexey V.

doi:10.1038/ncomms12974

Title: Spatially inhomogeneous electron state deep in the extreme quantum limit of strontium titanate

Abstract

When an electronic system is subjected to a sufficiently strong magnetic field that the cyclotron energy is larger than the Fermi energy, the system enters the extreme quantum limit" (EQL) and becomes susceptible to a number of instabilities. Bringing an electronic system deeply into the EQL can be very difficult, however, since it requires a small Fermi energy, large magnetic field, and low disorder. Here we present an experimental study of the EQL in lightly-doped single crystals of strontium titanate. Our samples remain good bulk conductors down to very low temperatures and high magnetic fields. A number of interesting features arise in the transport upon entering the EQL, including a striking nonlinearity in the current-voltage characteristics. We discuss these features in the context of possible correlated electron states, and present evidence for magnetic-field induced puddling of electrons.

Authors:

^[1]; Skinner, Brian ^[2]; Khalsa, Guru ^[3]; Suslov, Alexey V. ^[4]

Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States)
Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States); Massachusetts Inst. of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA (United States)
National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD (United States); Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY (United States)
National High Magnetic Field Lab., Tallahassee, FL (United States)

Publication Date:: Thu Sep 29 00:00:00 EDT 2016

Research Org.:: Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States); Energy Frontier Research Centers (EFRC) (United States). Center for Excitonics (CE)

Sponsoring Org.:: National Science Foundation (NSF); USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES); Materials Sciences and Engineering Division

OSTI Identifier:: 1333158

Alternate Identifier(s):: OSTI ID: 1352906

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-06CH11357

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Nature Communications

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 7; Journal ID: ISSN 2041-1723

Publisher:: Nature Publishing Group

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 36 MATERIALS SCIENCE; electronic properties and materials; phase transitions and critical phenomena

Citation Formats


                    Bhattacharya, Anand, Skinner, Brian, Khalsa, Guru, and Suslov, Alexey V. Spatially inhomogeneous electron state deep in the extreme quantum limit of strontium titanate.  United States: N. p., 2016. 
Web.  doi:10.1038/ncomms12974.

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                    Bhattacharya, Anand, Skinner, Brian, Khalsa, Guru, & Suslov, Alexey V. Spatially inhomogeneous electron state deep in the extreme quantum limit of strontium titanate.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms12974

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                    Bhattacharya, Anand, Skinner, Brian, Khalsa, Guru, and Suslov, Alexey V. Thu .  
"Spatially inhomogeneous electron state deep in the extreme quantum limit of strontium titanate".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms12974.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1333158.

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@article{osti_1333158,

  title        = {Spatially inhomogeneous electron state deep in the extreme quantum limit of strontium titanate},

  author       = {Bhattacharya, Anand and Skinner, Brian and Khalsa, Guru and Suslov, Alexey V.},

  abstractNote = {When an electronic system is subjected to a sufficiently strong magnetic field that the cyclotron energy is larger than the Fermi energy, the system enters the extreme quantum limit" (EQL) and becomes susceptible to a number of instabilities. Bringing an electronic system deeply into the EQL can be very difficult, however, since it requires a small Fermi energy, large magnetic field, and low disorder. Here we present an experimental study of the EQL in lightly-doped single crystals of strontium titanate. Our samples remain good bulk conductors down to very low temperatures and high magnetic fields. A number of interesting features arise in the transport upon entering the EQL, including a striking nonlinearity in the current-voltage characteristics. We discuss these features in the context of possible correlated electron states, and present evidence for magnetic-field induced puddling of electrons.},

  doi          = {10.1038/ncomms12974},

  journal      = {Nature Communications},

  number       = ,

  volume       = 7,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Thu Sep 29 00:00:00 EDT 2016},

  month        = {Thu Sep 29 00:00:00 EDT 2016}

}

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Title: Spatially inhomogeneous electron state deep in the extreme quantum limit of strontium titanate

Abstract

Citation Formats

Electron Gas in Superstrong Magnetic Fields: Wigner Transition journal, April 1972

A Simulation Study of Oxygen-Vacancy Behavior in Strontium Titanate: Beyond Nearest-Neighbor Interactions journal, July 2014

Ground State of an Electron Gas in a Magnetic Field journal, November 1965

Electron Correlation in Oxygen Vacancy in SrTiO 3 journal, November 2013

Shared Holes Trapped by Charge Defects in SrTi O 3 journal, March 1970

Magneto-quantum oscillations in the Hall constant of three-dimensional metallic semiconductors journal, June 1994

Linear Magnetoresistance Caused by Mobility Fluctuations in n -Doped Cd 3 As 2 journal, March 2015

Electron Correlation in Oxygen Vacancy in SrTiO$_3$ text, January 2013

Defect association in acceptor-doped SrTiO 3 : case study for Fe′TiV˙˙O and Mn″TiV˙˙O journal, January 2003

Electron-phonon interactions and charge-density-wave formations in strong magnetic fields journal, April 1986

Electron Transport Phenomena in Semiconductors book, March 1994

Linear magnetoresistance due to multiple-electron scattering by low-mobility islands in an inhomogeneous conductor journal, January 2012

Linear magnetoresistance due to multiple-electron scattering by low-mobility islands in an inhomogeneous conductor journal, January 2012

Fermi surface nesting and the origin of charge density waves in metals journal, April 2008

Magnetic-Field-Induced Localization of Electrons in Fluctuation Potential Wells of Impurities journal, January 1990

Low-Temperature Non-Ohmic Galvanomagnetic Effects in Degenerate n -Type InAs journal, January 1972

Vanishing Hall Coefficient in the Extreme Quantum Limit in Photocarrier-Doped SrTiO3 text, January 2008

Classical magnetotransport of inhomogeneous conductors journal, September 2005

Electric field control of the LaAlO3/SrTiO3 interface ground state journal, December 2008

Nonlinear magnetoresistance and charge-density-wave depinning at liquid-helium temperatures in NbSe 3 journal, March 1987

Magnetic-field-induced localization in InSb and Hg 0.79 Cd 0.21 Te journal, November 1985

Comparison of the chemical diffusion of undoped and Nb-doped SrTiO3 journal, November 1999

Epitaxial SrTiO3 films with electron mobilities exceeding 30,000 cm2 V-1 s-1 journal, April 2010

Electronic Energy Bands in Strontium Titanate journal, August 1964

CDW instability of electron gas in a strong magnetic field journal, June 1978

Electronic Properties of Doped Semiconductors book, January 1984

Stand alone experimental setup for dc transport measurements journal, July 2010

Stand alone experimental setup for dc transport measurements journal, July 2010

Energy Levels of Iron and Aluminum in SrTi O 3 journal, December 1973

Vanishing Hall Coefficient in the Extreme Quantum Limit in Photocarrier-Doped SrTiO 3 journal, August 2008

Structure of transition-metal—oxygen-vacancy pair centers journal, January 1979

Superconductivity in Semiconducting SrTi O 3 journal, April 1964

Quasi-one-dimensional transport in the extreme quantum limit of heavily doped n − InSb journal, December 2000

Neutron Scattering and Nature of the Soft Optical Phonon in SrTiO 3 journal, February 1969

Observation of Vacancy Defect Migration in the Cation Sublattice of Complex Oxides by O 18 Tracer Experiments journal, March 2003

Theory of the SrTiO 3 surface state two-dimensional electron gas journal, September 2012

Magnetic field induced phase transition of a three-dimensional electron gas journal, November 1980

Behavior of oxygen vacancies in single-crystal SrTiO 3 : Equilibrium distribution and diffusion kinetics journal, May 2012

Shubnikov—de Haas Effect in SrTi O 3 journal, June 1967

Evidence for depinning of a Wigner crystal in Hg-Cd-Te journal, April 1986

Room-temperature ferroelectricity in strained SrTiO3 journal, August 2004

Localized Metallic Conductivity and Self-Healing during Thermal Reduction of SrTiO 3 journal, February 2002

Room-temperature ferroelectricity in strained SrTiO3 journal, August 2004

Possible States for a Three-Dimensional Electron Gas in a Strong Magnetic Field journal, January 1987

Persistent optically induced magnetism in oxygen-deficient strontium titanate journal, March 2014

Vacancies and small polarons in SrTiO 3 journal, August 2014

Oxygen Vacancy Clustering and Electron Localization in Oxygen-Deficient SrTiO 3 : LDA + U Study journal, March 2007

Nonlinear and frequency-dependent transport phenomena in low-dimensional conductors journal, July 1983

Lattice Dynamics and Phase Transitions of Strontium Titanate journal, May 1964

Permittivity of Strontium Titanate journal, May 1972

Electron transport in the extreme quantum limit in applied magnetic field journal, April 2000

Magnetic-field-induced localization in narrow-gap semiconductors Hg 1 − x Cd x Te and InSb journal, September 1988

Dielectric Constant in Perovskite Type Crystals journal, April 1952

Why Is the Bulk Resistivity of Topological Insulators So Small? journal, October 2012

A high-mobility electron gas at the LaAlO3/SrTiO3 heterointerface journal, January 2004

A high-mobility electron gas at the LaAlO3/SrTiO3 heterointerface journal, January 2004

Erratum: Electron-phonon interactions and charge-density-wave formations in strong magnetic fields journal, September 1986

Possibility of a metal-insulator transition at the Mott critical field in InSb and Hg 1 − x Cd x Te journal, October 1989

Linear magnetoresistance caused by mobility fluctuations in the n-doped Cd3As2 text, January 2014

The Wigner transition in a magnetic field journal, September 1975

Tunable Quasi-Two-Dimensional Electron Gases in Oxide Heterostructures journal, September 2006

Linear magnetoresistance in metals: Guiding center diffusion in a smooth random potential journal, November 2015

Permittivity of Strontium Titanate journal, May 1972

Matter in strong magnetic fields journal, August 2001

Metal-Insulator Transition journal, October 1968

Oxidation Kinetics of Single-Crystal SrTiO3 journal, September 1965

Conduction-band edge and Shubnikov–de Haas effect in low-electron-density SrTiO 3 journal, July 2013

Persistent Optically Induced Magnetism in Oxygen-Deficient Strontium Titanate text, January 2014

Scalable T2 resistivity in a small single-component Fermi surface journal, August 2015

Nonlinear and frequency-dependent transport phenomena in low-dimensional conductors journal, July 1983

Defect States Induced by Oxygen Vacancies in Cubic SrTiO 3 : First-Principles Calculations journal, November 2010

Electron Transport Phenomena in Semiconductors book, January 1994

Spatial inhomogeneity and temporal dynamics of a 2D electron gas in interaction with a 2D adatom gas journal, September 2017

Charge transport in a polar metal journal, December 2019

Large, nonsaturating thermopower in a quantizing magnetic field journal, May 2018

Electron Gas in Superstrong Magnetic Fields: Wigner Transition
journal, April 1972

A Simulation Study of Oxygen-Vacancy Behavior in Strontium Titanate: Beyond Nearest-Neighbor Interactions
journal, July 2014

Ground State of an Electron Gas in a Magnetic Field
journal, November 1965

Electron Correlation in Oxygen Vacancy in ${SrTiO}_{3}$
journal, November 2013

Shared Holes Trapped by Charge Defects in SrTi $O_{3}$
journal, March 1970

Magneto-quantum oscillations in the Hall constant of three-dimensional metallic semiconductors
journal, June 1994

Linear Magnetoresistance Caused by Mobility Fluctuations in $n$ -Doped ${Cd}_{3} {As}_{2}$
journal, March 2015

Electron Correlation in Oxygen Vacancy in SrTiO$_3$
text, January 2013

Defect association in acceptor-doped SrTiO ₃ : case study for Fe′TiV˙˙O and Mn″TiV˙˙O
journal, January 2003

Electron-phonon interactions and charge-density-wave formations in strong magnetic fields
journal, April 1986

Electron Transport Phenomena in Semiconductors
book, March 1994

Linear magnetoresistance due to multiple-electron scattering by low-mobility islands in an inhomogeneous conductor
journal, January 2012

Linear magnetoresistance due to multiple-electron scattering by low-mobility islands in an inhomogeneous conductor
journal, January 2012

Fermi surface nesting and the origin of charge density waves in metals
journal, April 2008

Magnetic-Field-Induced Localization of Electrons in Fluctuation Potential Wells of Impurities
journal, January 1990

Low-Temperature Non-Ohmic Galvanomagnetic Effects in Degenerate $n$ -Type InAs
journal, January 1972

Vanishing Hall Coefficient in the Extreme Quantum Limit in Photocarrier-Doped SrTiO3
text, January 2008

Classical magnetotransport of inhomogeneous conductors
journal, September 2005

Electric field control of the LaAlO3/SrTiO3 interface ground state
journal, December 2008

Nonlinear magnetoresistance and charge-density-wave depinning at liquid-helium temperatures in ${NbSe}_{3}$
journal, March 1987

Magnetic-field-induced localization in InSb and ${Hg}_{0.79}$ ${Cd}_{0.21}$ Te
journal, November 1985

Comparison of the chemical diffusion of undoped and Nb-doped SrTiO₃
journal, November 1999

Epitaxial SrTiO₃ films with electron mobilities exceeding 30,000 cm² V^-1 s^-1
journal, April 2010

Electronic Energy Bands in Strontium Titanate
journal, August 1964

CDW instability of electron gas in a strong magnetic field
journal, June 1978

Electronic Properties of Doped Semiconductors
book, January 1984

Stand alone experimental setup for dc transport measurements
journal, July 2010

Stand alone experimental setup for dc transport measurements
journal, July 2010

Energy Levels of Iron and Aluminum in SrTi $O_{3}$
journal, December 1973

Vanishing Hall Coefficient in the Extreme Quantum Limit in Photocarrier-Doped ${SrTiO}_{3}$
journal, August 2008

Structure of transition-metal—oxygen-vacancy pair centers
journal, January 1979

Superconductivity in Semiconducting SrTi $O_{3}$
journal, April 1964

Quasi-one-dimensional transport in the extreme quantum limit of heavily doped $n - InSb$
journal, December 2000

Neutron Scattering and Nature of the Soft Optical Phonon in SrTiO ₃
journal, February 1969

Observation of Vacancy Defect Migration in the Cation Sublattice of Complex Oxides by ${}^{18}O$ Tracer Experiments
journal, March 2003

Theory of the SrTiO $_{3}$ surface state two-dimensional electron gas
journal, September 2012

Magnetic field induced phase transition of a three-dimensional electron gas
journal, November 1980

Behavior of oxygen vacancies in single-crystal SrTiO $_{3}$ : Equilibrium distribution and diffusion kinetics
journal, May 2012

Shubnikov—de Haas Effect in SrTi $O_{3}$
journal, June 1967

Evidence for depinning of a Wigner crystal in Hg-Cd-Te
journal, April 1986

Room-temperature ferroelectricity in strained SrTiO₃
journal, August 2004

Localized Metallic Conductivity and Self-Healing during Thermal Reduction of ${SrTiO}_{3}$
journal, February 2002

Room-temperature ferroelectricity in strained SrTiO₃
journal, August 2004

Possible States for a Three-Dimensional Electron Gas in a Strong Magnetic Field
journal, January 1987

Persistent optically induced magnetism in oxygen-deficient strontium titanate
journal, March 2014

Vacancies and small polarons in ${SrTiO}_{3}$
journal, August 2014

Oxygen Vacancy Clustering and Electron Localization in Oxygen-Deficient ${SrTiO}_{3}$ : $LDA + U$ Study
journal, March 2007

Nonlinear and frequency-dependent transport phenomena in low-dimensional conductors
journal, July 1983

Lattice Dynamics and Phase Transitions of Strontium Titanate
journal, May 1964

Permittivity of Strontium Titanate
journal, May 1972

Electron transport in the extreme quantum limit in applied magnetic field
journal, April 2000

Magnetic-field-induced localization in narrow-gap semiconductors ${Hg}_{1 - x}$ ${Cd}_{x}$ Te and InSb
journal, September 1988

Dielectric Constant in Perovskite Type Crystals
journal, April 1952

Why Is the Bulk Resistivity of Topological Insulators So Small?
journal, October 2012

A high-mobility electron gas at the LaAlO3/SrTiO3 heterointerface
journal, January 2004

A high-mobility electron gas at the LaAlO3/SrTiO3 heterointerface
journal, January 2004

Erratum: Electron-phonon interactions and charge-density-wave formations in strong magnetic fields
journal, September 1986

Possibility of a metal-insulator transition at the Mott critical field in InSb and ${Hg}_{1 - x}$ ${Cd}_{x}$ Te
journal, October 1989

Linear magnetoresistance caused by mobility fluctuations in the n-doped Cd3As2
text, January 2014

The Wigner transition in a magnetic field
journal, September 1975

Tunable Quasi-Two-Dimensional Electron Gases in Oxide Heterostructures
journal, September 2006

Linear magnetoresistance in metals: Guiding center diffusion in a smooth random potential
journal, November 2015

Permittivity of Strontium Titanate
journal, May 1972

Matter in strong magnetic fields
journal, August 2001

Metal-Insulator Transition
journal, October 1968

Oxidation Kinetics of Single-Crystal SrTiO3
journal, September 1965

Conduction-band edge and Shubnikov–de Haas effect in low-electron-density SrTiO $_{3}$
journal, July 2013

Persistent Optically Induced Magnetism in Oxygen-Deficient Strontium Titanate
text, January 2014

Scalable T2 resistivity in a small single-component Fermi surface
journal, August 2015

Nonlinear and frequency-dependent transport phenomena in low-dimensional conductors
journal, July 1983

Defect States Induced by Oxygen Vacancies in Cubic SrTiO ₃ : First-Principles Calculations
journal, November 2010

Electron Transport Phenomena in Semiconductors
book, January 1994

Spatial inhomogeneity and temporal dynamics of a 2D electron gas in interaction with a 2D adatom gas
journal, September 2017

Charge transport in a polar metal
journal, December 2019

Large, nonsaturating thermopower in a quantizing magnetic field
journal, May 2018