New State of Nuclear Matter: Nearly Perfect Fluid of Quarks and Gluons in Heavy Ion Collisions at RHIC Energies From Charged Particle Density to Jet Quenching

Nouicer, R.

doi:10.1140/epjp/i2016-16070-2

Title: New State of Nuclear Matter: Nearly Perfect Fluid of Quarks and Gluons in Heavy Ion Collisions at RHIC Energies From Charged Particle Density to Jet Quenching

Abstract

This article reviews several important results from RHIC experiments and discusses their implications. They were obtained in a unique environment for studying QCD matter at temperatures and densities that exceed the limits wherein hadrons can exist as individual entities and raises to prominence the quark-gluon degrees of freedom. These findings are supported by major experimental observations via measuring of the bulk properties of particle production, particle ratios and chemical freeze-out conditions, and elliptic ow; followed by hard probe measurements: high-pT hadron suppression, dijet fragment azimuthal correlations, and heavy favor probes. These measurements are presented for particles of different species as a function of system sizes, collision centrality, and energy carried out in RHIC experiments. The results reveal that a dense, strongly-interacting medium is created in central Au + Au collisions at p sNN = 200 GeV at RHIC. This revelation of a new state of nuclear matter has also been observed in measurements at the LHC. Further, the IP-Glasma model coupled with viscous hydrodynamic models, which assumes the formation of a QGP, reproduces well the experimental ow results from Au + Au at p sNN = 200 GeV. This implies that the fluctuations in the initial geometry state are importantmore »« less

Authors:

Nouicer, R. ^[1]

Brookhaven National Lab. (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)

Publication Date:: Mon Mar 28 00:00:00 EDT 2016

Research Org.:: Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States). Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Nuclear Energy (NE)

OSTI Identifier:: 1340419

Report Number(s):: BNL-113306-2016-JA
Journal ID: ISSN 2190-5444

Grant/Contract Number:: SC00112704

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: European Physical Journal Plus

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 131; Journal ID: ISSN 2190-5444

Publisher:: Springer

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS; Quarks; gluons; collisions; QCD; Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider

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                    Nouicer, R. New State of Nuclear Matter: Nearly Perfect Fluid of Quarks and Gluons in Heavy Ion Collisions at RHIC Energies From Charged Particle Density to Jet Quenching.  United States: N. p., 2016. 
Web.  doi:10.1140/epjp/i2016-16070-2.

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                    Nouicer, R. New State of Nuclear Matter: Nearly Perfect Fluid of Quarks and Gluons in Heavy Ion Collisions at RHIC Energies From Charged Particle Density to Jet Quenching.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1140/epjp/i2016-16070-2

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                    Nouicer, R. Mon .  
"New State of Nuclear Matter: Nearly Perfect Fluid of Quarks and Gluons in Heavy Ion Collisions at RHIC Energies From Charged Particle Density to Jet Quenching".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1140/epjp/i2016-16070-2.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1340419.

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@article{osti_1340419,

  title        = {New State of Nuclear Matter: Nearly Perfect Fluid of Quarks and Gluons in Heavy Ion Collisions at RHIC Energies From Charged Particle Density to Jet Quenching},

  author       = {Nouicer, R.},

  abstractNote = {This article reviews several important results from RHIC experiments and discusses their implications. They were obtained in a unique environment for studying QCD matter at temperatures and densities that exceed the limits wherein hadrons can exist as individual entities and raises to prominence the quark-gluon degrees of freedom. These findings are supported by major experimental observations via measuring of the bulk properties of particle production, particle ratios and chemical freeze-out conditions, and elliptic ow; followed by hard probe measurements: high-pT hadron suppression, dijet fragment azimuthal correlations, and heavy favor probes. These measurements are presented for particles of different species as a function of system sizes, collision centrality, and energy carried out in RHIC experiments. The results reveal that a dense, strongly-interacting medium is created in central Au + Au collisions at p sNN = 200 GeV at RHIC. This revelation of a new state of nuclear matter has also been observed in measurements at the LHC. Further, the IP-Glasma model coupled with viscous hydrodynamic models, which assumes the formation of a QGP, reproduces well the experimental ow results from Au + Au at p sNN = 200 GeV. This implies that the fluctuations in the initial geometry state are important and the created medium behaves as a nearly perfect liquid of nuclear matter because it has an extraordinarily low ratio of shear viscosity to entropy density, =s 0.12. However, these discoveries are far from being fully understood. Furthermore, recent experimental results from RHIC and LHC in small p + A, d + Au and 3He+Au collision systems provide brand new insight into the role of initial and final state effects. These have proven to be interesting and more surprising than originally anticipated; and could conceivably shed new light in our understanding of collective behavior in heavy-ion physics. Accordingly, the focus of the experiments at both facilities RHIC and the LHC is on detailed exploration of the properties of this new state of nuclear matter, the QGP.},

  doi          = {10.1140/epjp/i2016-16070-2},

  journal      = {European Physical Journal Plus},

  number       = ,

  volume       = 131,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Mon Mar 28 00:00:00 EDT 2016},

  month        = {Mon Mar 28 00:00:00 EDT 2016}

}

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Title: New State of Nuclear Matter: Nearly Perfect Fluid of Quarks and Gluons in Heavy Ion Collisions at RHIC Energies From Charged Particle Density to Jet Quenching

Abstract

Citation Formats

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Formation of dense partonic matter in relativistic nucleus–nucleus collisions at RHIC: Experimental evaluation by the PHENIX Collaboration journal, August 2005

RHIC project overview journal, March 2003

New forms of QCD matter discovered at RHIC journal, March 2005

Measurements of the Nuclear Modification Factor for Jets in Pb + Pb Collisions at s NN = 2.76 TeV with the ATLAS Detector journal, February 2015

Gravitational collapse, chaos in CFT correlators and the information paradox journal, June 2014

Observation of long-range, near-side angular correlations in proton-proton collisions at the LHC journal, September 2010

Observation of Associated Near-Side and Away-Side Long-Range Correlations in s N N = 5.02 TeV Proton-Lead Collisions with the ATLAS Detector journal, May 2013

Two-particle correlations in p-Pb collisions at the LHC with ALICE journal, May 2014

J / ψ Production versus Centrality, Transverse Momentum, andRapidity in Au + Au Collisions at s N N = 200 GeV journal, June 2007

Shadowing and absorption effects on J / ψ production in d A collisions journal, May 2005

A quantitative analysis of charmonium suppression in nuclear collisions journal, April 1997

EPS09 — A new generation of NLO and LO nuclear parton distribution functions journal, April 2009

Modeling of J / ψ modifications in deuteron-nucleus collisions at high energies journal, October 2011

Evidence of final-state suppression of high-p $_{_{\rm T}}$ hadrons in Au + Au collisions using d + Au measurements at RHIC journal, February 2004

Entropy Analysis in Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions journal, January 2013

High-energy scattering of protons by nuclei journal, January 1970

Glauber model and the heavy ion reaction cross section journal, May 2003

Glauber Modeling in High-Energy Nuclear Collisions journal, November 2007

Parameterization of deformed nuclei for Glauber modeling in relativistic heavy ion collisions journal, October 2015

Systematics of Global Observables in Cu+Cu and Au+Au Collisions at RHIC Energies conference, January 2006

System Size, Energy, and Centrality Dependence of Pseudorapidity Distributions of Charged Particles in Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions journal, April 2009

Energy dependence of pion and kaon production in central Pb+Pb collisions journal, November 2002

Energy and centrality dependence of deuteron and proton production in Pb + Pb collisions at relativistic energies journal, February 2004

Charged-Particle Multiplicity Density at Midrapidity in Central Pb-Pb Collisions at s N N = 2.76 TeV journal, December 2010

QCD saturation at the LHC: Comparisons of models to p+p and A+A data and predictions for p+Pb collisions journal, March 2012

Hadron production in nuclear collisions at RHIC and high-density QCD journal, May 2001

Entanglement entropy and entropy production in the color glass condensate framework journal, August 2015

Pseudorapidity distributions of charged particles in d+Au and p+p collisions at journal, July 2004

Pseudorapidity Distribution of Charged Particles in d + A u Collisions at s N N = 200 G e V journal, August 2004

Scaling of charged particle production in d + Au collisions at s NN = 200 GeV journal, September 2005

Charged-particle multiplicity and pseudorapidity distributions measured with the PHOBOS detector in Au + Au , Cu + Cu , d + Au , and p + p collisions at ultrarelativistic energies journal, February 2011

Silicon pad detectors for the PHOBOS experiment at RHIC journal, April 2001

The PHOBOS detector at RHIC journal, March 2003

The study of high density matter at RHIC journal, February 2004

Rapidity Dependence of Charged Antihadron to Hadron Ratios in A u + A u Collisions at s N N = 200 G e V journal, March 2003

The statistical model in Pb–Pb collisions at the LHC journal, May 2013

Nuclear Stopping in A u + A u Collisions at s N N = 200 G e V journal, August 2004

Scaling properties at freeze-out in relativistic heavy-ion collisions journal, March 2011

Statistical hadronisation phenomenology journal, May 2002

The pressure in 2, 2+1 and 3 flavour QCD journal, April 2000

Collective Sideward Flow of Nuclear Matter in Violent High-Energy Heavy-Ion Collisions journal, March 1980

Jets of nuclear matter from high energy heavy ion collisions journal, April 1982

High energy heavy ion collisions—probing the equation of state of highly excited hardronic matter journal, May 1986

Collective flow in Heavy-Ion Collisions journal, December 1997

Directed and elliptic flow of charged pions and protons in Pb + Pb collisions at 4 0 A and 1 5 8 A GeV journal, September 2003

Elliptic flow and initial eccentricity in Cu+Cu and Au+Au collisions at RHIC journal, July 2007

Energy Dependence of Elliptic Flow over a Large Pseudorapidity Range in Au + Au Collisions at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider journal, April 2005

System Size, Energy, Pseudorapidity, and Centrality Dependence of Elliptic Flow journal, June 2007

Methods for analyzing anisotropic flow in relativistic nuclear collisions journal, September 1998

Collision-geometry fluctuations and triangular flow in heavy-ion collisions journal, May 2010

Initial fluctuation effect on harmonic flows in high-energy heavy-ion collisions journal, December 2011

Hadronic dissipative effects on elliptic flow in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions journal, May 2006

System size dependence of elliptic flows in relativistic heavy-ion collisions journal, March 2006

Excitation function of elliptic flow in Au+Au collisions and the nuclear matter equation of state journal, April 2005

Predictions for the LHC heavy-ion program journal, December 2007

Elliptic Flow of Charged Particles in Pb-Pb Collisions at s N N = 2.76 TeV journal, December 2010

Anisotropic flow at the LHC measured with the ALICE detector journal, November 2011

Systematic investigation of partonic collectivity through centrality dependence of elliptic flow of multi-strange hadrons in Au + Au collisions at sNN=200 GeV in STAR journal, May 2013

Multistrange Baryon Elliptic Flow in Au + Au Collisions at s N N = 200 GeV journal, September 2005

Centrality dependence of charged hadron and strange hadron elliptic flow from s NN = 200 GeV Au+Au collisions journal, May 2008

Transverse-energy distributions at midrapidity in p + p , d + Au , and Au + Au collisions at s NN = 62.4 –200 GeV and implications for particle-production models journal, April 2014

Event-by-Event Anisotropic Flow in Heavy-ion Collisions from Combined Yang-Mills and Viscous Fluid Dynamics journal, January 2013

Eccentric Protons? Sensitivity of Flow to System Size and Shape in p + p , p + Pb , and Pb + Pb Collisions journal, September 2014

Azimuthal anisotropy in Au+Au collisions at s NN = 200 GeV journal, July 2005

Consistency of Perfect Fluidity and Jet Quenching in Semi-Quark-Gluon Monopole Plasmas journal, August 2015

Elliptic Flow at Large Transverse Momenta from Quark Coalescence journal, August 2003

Suppressed π 0 Production at Large Transverse Momentum in Central A u + A u Collisions at s N N = 200 G e V journal, August 2003

Quantum chromodynamics and the theory of superdense matter
journal, May 1980

The physics of the quark-gluon plasma
journal, October 1986

Dark matter of weakly interacting massive particles and the QCD equation of state
journal, April 2005

The QCD equation of state with dynamical quarks
journal, November 2010

Equation of state in ( $2 + 1$ )-flavor QCD
journal, November 2014

Shock waves and mach cones in fast nucleus-nucleus collisions
journal, December 1975

Highly relativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions: The central rapidity region
journal, January 1983

Quark–gluon plasma and color glass condensate at RHIC? The perspective from the BRAHMS experiment
journal, August 2005

The PHOBOS perspective on discoveries at RHIC
journal, August 2005

Experimental and theoretical challenges in the search for the quark–gluon plasma: The STAR Collaboration's critical assessment of the evidence from RHIC collisions
journal, August 2005

Formation of dense partonic matter in relativistic nucleus–nucleus collisions at RHIC: Experimental evaluation by the PHENIX Collaboration
journal, August 2005

RHIC project overview
journal, March 2003

New forms of QCD matter discovered at RHIC
journal, March 2005

Measurements of the Nuclear Modification Factor for Jets in $Pb + Pb$ Collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 2.76 TeV$ with the ATLAS Detector
journal, February 2015

Gravitational collapse, chaos in CFT correlators and the information paradox
journal, June 2014

Observation of long-range, near-side angular correlations in proton-proton collisions at the LHC
journal, September 2010

Observation of Associated Near-Side and Away-Side Long-Range Correlations in $\sqrt{s_{N N}} = 5.02 TeV$ Proton-Lead Collisions with the ATLAS Detector
journal, May 2013

Two-particle correlations in p-Pb collisions at the LHC with ALICE
journal, May 2014

$J / ψ$ Production versus Centrality, Transverse Momentum, andRapidity in $Au + Au$ Collisions at $\sqrt{s_{N N}} = 200 GeV$
journal, June 2007

Shadowing and absorption effects on $J / ψ$ production in $d A$ collisions
journal, May 2005

A quantitative analysis of charmonium suppression in nuclear collisions
journal, April 1997

EPS09 — A new generation of NLO and LO nuclear parton distribution functions
journal, April 2009

Modeling of $J / ψ$ modifications in deuteron-nucleus collisions at high energies
journal, October 2011

Evidence of final-state suppression of high-p $_{_{\rm T}}$ hadrons in Au + Au collisions using d + Au measurements at RHIC
journal, February 2004

Entropy Analysis in Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions
journal, January 2013

High-energy scattering of protons by nuclei
journal, January 1970

Glauber model and the heavy ion reaction cross section
journal, May 2003

Glauber Modeling in High-Energy Nuclear Collisions
journal, November 2007

Parameterization of deformed nuclei for Glauber modeling in relativistic heavy ion collisions
journal, October 2015

Systematics of Global Observables in Cu+Cu and Au+Au Collisions at RHIC Energies
conference, January 2006

System Size, Energy, and Centrality Dependence of Pseudorapidity Distributions of Charged Particles in Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions
journal, April 2009

Energy dependence of pion and kaon production in central Pb+Pb collisions
journal, November 2002

Energy and centrality dependence of deuteron and proton production in $Pb + Pb$ collisions at relativistic energies
journal, February 2004

Charged-Particle Multiplicity Density at Midrapidity in Central Pb-Pb Collisions at $\sqrt{s_{N N}} = 2.76 TeV$
journal, December 2010

QCD saturation at the LHC: Comparisons of models to p+p and A+A data and predictions for p+Pb collisions
journal, March 2012

Hadron production in nuclear collisions at RHIC and high-density QCD
journal, May 2001

Entanglement entropy and entropy production in the color glass condensate framework
journal, August 2015

Pseudorapidity distributions of charged particles in d+Au and p+p collisions at
journal, July 2004

Pseudorapidity Distribution of Charged Particles in $d + A u$ Collisions at $\sqrt{s_{N N}} = 200 G e V$
journal, August 2004

Scaling of charged particle production in $d + Au$ collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 200 GeV$
journal, September 2005

Charged-particle multiplicity and pseudorapidity distributions measured with the PHOBOS detector in $Au + Au$ , $Cu + Cu$ , $d + Au$ , and $p + p$ collisions at ultrarelativistic energies
journal, February 2011

Silicon pad detectors for the PHOBOS experiment at RHIC
journal, April 2001

The PHOBOS detector at RHIC
journal, March 2003

The study of high density matter at RHIC
journal, February 2004

Rapidity Dependence of Charged Antihadron to Hadron Ratios in $A u + A u$ Collisions at $\sqrt{s_{N N}} = 200 G e V$
journal, March 2003

The statistical model in Pb–Pb collisions at the LHC
journal, May 2013

Nuclear Stopping in $A u + A u$ Collisions at $\sqrt{s_{N N}} = 200 G e V$
journal, August 2004

Scaling properties at freeze-out in relativistic heavy-ion collisions
journal, March 2011

Statistical hadronisation phenomenology
journal, May 2002

The pressure in 2, 2+1 and 3 flavour QCD
journal, April 2000

Collective Sideward Flow of Nuclear Matter in Violent High-Energy Heavy-Ion Collisions
journal, March 1980

Jets of nuclear matter from high energy heavy ion collisions
journal, April 1982

High energy heavy ion collisions—probing the equation of state of highly excited hardronic matter
journal, May 1986

Collective flow in Heavy-Ion Collisions
journal, December 1997

Directed and elliptic flow of charged pions and protons in $Pb + Pb$ collisions at $40 A$ and $158 A GeV$
journal, September 2003

Elliptic flow and initial eccentricity in Cu+Cu and Au+Au collisions at RHIC
journal, July 2007

Energy Dependence of Elliptic Flow over a Large Pseudorapidity Range in $Au + Au$ Collisions at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider
journal, April 2005

System Size, Energy, Pseudorapidity, and Centrality Dependence of Elliptic Flow
journal, June 2007

Methods for analyzing anisotropic flow in relativistic nuclear collisions
journal, September 1998

Collision-geometry fluctuations and triangular flow in heavy-ion collisions
journal, May 2010

Initial fluctuation effect on harmonic flows in high-energy heavy-ion collisions
journal, December 2011

Hadronic dissipative effects on elliptic flow in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions
journal, May 2006

System size dependence of elliptic flows in relativistic heavy-ion collisions
journal, March 2006

Excitation function of elliptic flow in Au+Au collisions and the nuclear matter equation of state
journal, April 2005

Predictions for the LHC heavy-ion program
journal, December 2007

Elliptic Flow of Charged Particles in Pb-Pb Collisions at $\sqrt{s_{N N}} = 2.76 TeV$
journal, December 2010

Anisotropic flow at the LHC measured with the ALICE detector
journal, November 2011

Systematic investigation of partonic collectivity through centrality dependence of elliptic flow of multi-strange hadrons in Au + Au collisions at sNN=200 GeV in STAR
journal, May 2013

Multistrange Baryon Elliptic Flow in $Au + Au$ Collisions at $\sqrt{s_{N N}} = 200 GeV$
journal, September 2005

Centrality dependence of charged hadron and strange hadron elliptic flow from $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 200$ GeV Au+Au collisions
journal, May 2008

Transverse-energy distributions at midrapidity in $p + p$ , $d + Au$ , and $Au + Au$ collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 62.4$ –200 GeV and implications for particle-production models
journal, April 2014

Event-by-Event Anisotropic Flow in Heavy-ion Collisions from Combined Yang-Mills and Viscous Fluid Dynamics
journal, January 2013

Eccentric Protons? Sensitivity of Flow to System Size and Shape in $p + p$ , $p + Pb$ , and $Pb + Pb$ Collisions
journal, September 2014

Azimuthal anisotropy in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 200 GeV$
journal, July 2005

Consistency of Perfect Fluidity and Jet Quenching in Semi-Quark-Gluon Monopole Plasmas
journal, August 2015

Elliptic Flow at Large Transverse Momenta from Quark Coalescence
journal, August 2003

Suppressed $π^{0}$ Production at Large Transverse Momentum in Central $A u + A u$ Collisions at $\sqrt{s_{N N}} = 200 G e V$
journal, August 2003

Midrapidity Neutral-Pion Production in Proton-Proton Collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 200 G e V$
journal, December 2003

Production of hadrons at large transverse momentum at 200, 300, and 400 GeV
journal, June 1975

Centrality Dependence of $π^{0}$ and $η$ Production at Large Transverse Momentum in $\sqrt{s_{N N}} = 200 GeV$ $d + Au$ Collisions
journal, April 2007