DOE PAGES title logo U.S. Department of Energy
Office of Scientific and Technical Information

Title: The occurrence and wave properties of H⁺-, He⁺-, and O⁺-band EMIC waves observed by the Van Allen Probes

Abstract

We perform a statistical study of electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves detected by the Van Allen Probes mission to investigate the spatial distribution of their occurrence, wave power, ellipticity, and normal angle. The Van Allen Probes have been used which allow us to explore the inner magnetosphere (1.1 to 5.8 RE). Magnetic field measurements from the Electric and Magnetic Field Instrument Suite and Integrated Science on board the Van Allen Probes are used to identify EMIC wave events for the first 22 months of the mission operation (8 September 2012 to 30 June 2014). EMIC waves are examined in H⁺-, He⁺-, and O⁺-bands. Over 700 EMIC wave events have been identified over the three different wave bands (265 H⁺-band events, 438 He⁺-band events, and 68 O⁺-band events). EMIC wave events are observed between L = 2 – 8, with over 140 EMIC wave events observed below L = 4. The results show that H⁺-band EMIC waves have two peak magnetic local time (MLT) occurrence regions: pre-noon (09:00 < MLT ≤ 12:00) and afternoon (15:00 < MLT ≤ 17:00) sectors. He⁺-band EMIC waves feature an overall stronger dayside occurrence. O⁺-band EMIC waves have one peak region located in the morning sectormore » at lower L shells (L < 4). He⁺-band EMIC waves average the highest wave power overall (>0.1 nT²/Hz), especially in the afternoon sector. Ellipticity observations reveal that linearly polarized EMIC waves dominate in lower L shells.« less

Authors:
 [1];  [1];  [2];  [1];  [1];  [1];  [1];  [3];  [4]
  1. Univ. of New Hampshire, Durham, NH (United States)
  2. Univ. of Texas at San Antonio, TX (United States); Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX (United States)
  3. Univ. of Iowa, Iowa City, IA (United States)
  4. Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)
Publication Date:
Research Org.:
Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)
Sponsoring Org.:
USDOE
OSTI Identifier:
1221606
Report Number(s):
LA-UR-15-23068
Journal ID: ISSN 2169-9380
Grant/Contract Number:  
AC52-06NA25396
Resource Type:
Accepted Manuscript
Journal Name:
Journal of Geophysical Research. Space Physics
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Name: Journal of Geophysical Research. Space Physics; Journal ID: ISSN 2169-9380
Publisher:
American Geophysical Union
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
58 GEOSCIENCES; EMIC waves; Van Allen Probes; Fast Fourier Transform; spatial distribution; band separation

Citation Formats

Saikin, A. A., Zhang, J. -C., Allen, R. C., Smith, C. W., Kistler, L. M., Spence, H. E., Torbert, R. B., Kletzing, C. A., and Jordanova, Vania K. The occurrence and wave properties of H⁺-, He⁺-, and O⁺-band EMIC waves observed by the Van Allen Probes. United States: N. p., 2015. Web. doi:10.1002/2015JA021358.
Saikin, A. A., Zhang, J. -C., Allen, R. C., Smith, C. W., Kistler, L. M., Spence, H. E., Torbert, R. B., Kletzing, C. A., & Jordanova, Vania K. The occurrence and wave properties of H⁺-, He⁺-, and O⁺-band EMIC waves observed by the Van Allen Probes. United States. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JA021358
Saikin, A. A., Zhang, J. -C., Allen, R. C., Smith, C. W., Kistler, L. M., Spence, H. E., Torbert, R. B., Kletzing, C. A., and Jordanova, Vania K. Sat . "The occurrence and wave properties of H⁺-, He⁺-, and O⁺-band EMIC waves observed by the Van Allen Probes". United States. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JA021358. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1221606.
@article{osti_1221606,
title = {The occurrence and wave properties of H⁺-, He⁺-, and O⁺-band EMIC waves observed by the Van Allen Probes},
author = {Saikin, A. A. and Zhang, J. -C. and Allen, R. C. and Smith, C. W. and Kistler, L. M. and Spence, H. E. and Torbert, R. B. and Kletzing, C. A. and Jordanova, Vania K.},
abstractNote = {We perform a statistical study of electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves detected by the Van Allen Probes mission to investigate the spatial distribution of their occurrence, wave power, ellipticity, and normal angle. The Van Allen Probes have been used which allow us to explore the inner magnetosphere (1.1 to 5.8 RE). Magnetic field measurements from the Electric and Magnetic Field Instrument Suite and Integrated Science on board the Van Allen Probes are used to identify EMIC wave events for the first 22 months of the mission operation (8 September 2012 to 30 June 2014). EMIC waves are examined in H⁺-, He⁺-, and O⁺-bands. Over 700 EMIC wave events have been identified over the three different wave bands (265 H⁺-band events, 438 He⁺-band events, and 68 O⁺-band events). EMIC wave events are observed between L = 2 – 8, with over 140 EMIC wave events observed below L = 4. The results show that H⁺-band EMIC waves have two peak magnetic local time (MLT) occurrence regions: pre-noon (09:00 < MLT ≤ 12:00) and afternoon (15:00 < MLT ≤ 17:00) sectors. He⁺-band EMIC waves feature an overall stronger dayside occurrence. O⁺-band EMIC waves have one peak region located in the morning sector at lower L shells (L < 4). He⁺-band EMIC waves average the highest wave power overall (>0.1 nT²/Hz), especially in the afternoon sector. Ellipticity observations reveal that linearly polarized EMIC waves dominate in lower L shells.},
doi = {10.1002/2015JA021358},
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research. Space Physics},
number = ,
volume = ,
place = {United States},
year = {Sat Sep 26 00:00:00 EDT 2015},
month = {Sat Sep 26 00:00:00 EDT 2015}
}

Journal Article:
Free Publicly Available Full Text
Publisher's Version of Record

Citation Metrics:
Cited by: 177 works
Citation information provided by
Web of Science

Save / Share:

Works referenced in this record:

Multiple bidirectional EMIC waves observed by Cluster at middle magnetic latitudes in the dayside magnetosphere: MULTIPLE BIDIRECTIONAL EMIC WAVES
journal, October 2013

  • Allen, R. C.; Zhang, J. -C.; Kistler, L. M.
  • Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 118, Issue 10
  • DOI: 10.1002/jgra.50600

A statistical study of EMIC waves observed by Cluster: 1. Wave properties: EMIC Wave Properties
journal, July 2015

  • Allen, R. C.; Zhang, J. -C.; Kistler, L. M.
  • Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 120, Issue 7
  • DOI: 10.1002/2015JA021333

A statistical study of Pc 1-2 magnetic pulsations in the equatorial magnetosphere: 1. Equatorial occurrence distributions
journal, March 1992

  • Anderson, B. J.; Erlandson, R. E.; Zanetti, L. J.
  • Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 97, Issue A3
  • DOI: 10.1029/91JA02706

Observational test of local proton cyclotron instability in the Earth's magnetosphere
journal, October 1996

  • Anderson, B. J.; Denton, R. E.; Ho, G.
  • Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 101, Issue A10
  • DOI: 10.1029/96JA01251

Ion cyclotron waves during a great magnetic storm observed by Freja double-probe electric field instrument
journal, March 1998

  • Bräysy, T.; Mursula, K.; Marklund, G.
  • Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 103, Issue A3
  • DOI: 10.1029/97JA02820

Cyclotron instabilities and electromagnetic emission in the ultra low frequency and very low frequency ranges
journal, January 1965


Pc 1 micropulsation activity and magnetospheric amplification of 0.2- to 5.0-Hz hydromagnetic waves
journal, January 1969


Effect of spatial density variation and O+ concentration on the growth and evolution of electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves
journal, October 2014

  • Denton, R. E.; Jordanova, V. K.; Fraser, B. J.
  • Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 119, Issue 10
  • DOI: 10.1002/2014JA020384

Is the plasmapause a preferred source region of electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves in the magnetosphere?
journal, July 2001


Kinematics of CO 2 fluxes in the tropical Atlantic Ocean during the 1983 northern summer
journal, January 1989

  • Garçon, Véronique C.; Martinon, Laurent; Andrié, Chantal
  • Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 94, Issue C1
  • DOI: 10.1029/JC094iC01p00855

Storm time observations of electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves at geosynchronous orbit: GOES results: EMIC WAVES AND STORMS, GOES RESULTS
journal, May 2010

  • Fraser, B. J.; Grew, R. S.; Morley, S. K.
  • Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 115, Issue A5
  • DOI: 10.1029/2009JA014516

Model of electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves in the inner magnetosphere
journal, September 2014

  • Gamayunov, K. V.; Engebretson, M. J.; Zhang, M.
  • Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 119, Issue 9
  • DOI: 10.1002/2014JA020032

EMIC wave activity during geomagnetic storm and nonstorm periods: CRRES results: EMIC DURING CRRES STORMS
journal, December 2010

  • Halford, A. J.; Fraser, B. J.; Morley, S. K.
  • Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 115, Issue A12
  • DOI: 10.1029/2010JA015716

On the preferred source location for the convective amplification of ion cyclotron waves
journal, January 1993

  • Horne, Richard B.; Thorne, Richard M.
  • Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 98, Issue A6
  • DOI: 10.1029/92JA02972

Two-dimensional hybrid code simulation of electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves of multi-ion plasmas in a dipole magnetic field: 2-D SIMULATION OF EMIC WAVES IN DIPOLE FIELD
journal, September 2010

  • Hu, Y.; Denton, R. E.; Johnson, J. R.
  • Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 115, Issue A9
  • DOI: 10.1029/2009JA015158

Modeling ring current proton precipitation by electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves during the May 14-16, 1997, storm
journal, January 2001

  • Jordanova, V. K.; Farrugia, C. J.; Thorne, R. M.
  • Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 106, Issue A1
  • DOI: 10.1029/2000JA002008

Relativistic electron precipitation by EMIC waves from self-consistent global simulations: EMIC WAVES AND RELATIVISTIC ELECTRONS
journal, March 2008

  • Jordanova, V. K.; Albert, J.; Miyoshi, Y.
  • Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 113, Issue A3
  • DOI: 10.1029/2008JA013239

Ion cyclotron emissions observed by the satellite Akebono in the vicinity of the magnetic equator
journal, March 1992

  • Kasahara, Yoshiya; Sawada, Akira; Yamamoto, Masayuki
  • Radio Science, Vol. 27, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.1029/91RS01872

Global characteristics of electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves: Occurrence rate and its storm dependence: GLOBAL CHARACTERISTICS OF EMIC WAVES
journal, July 2013

  • Keika, Kunihiro; Takahashi, Kazue; Ukhorskiy, Aleksandir Y.
  • Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 118, Issue 7
  • DOI: 10.1002/jgra.50385

Erratum
journal, February 2006


The Radiation Belt Storm Probes (RBSP) and Space Weather
journal, December 2012


The Electric and Magnetic Field Instrument Suite and Integrated Science (EMFISIS) on RBSP
journal, June 2013


Effects of energetic heavy ions on electromagnetic ion cyclotron wave generation in the plasmapause region
journal, January 1984

  • Kozyra, J. U.; Cravens, T. E.; Nagy, A. F.
  • Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 89, Issue A4
  • DOI: 10.1029/JA089iA04p02217

The ionospheric signatures of flux transfer events and solar wind dynamic pressure changes
journal, January 1990

  • Lockwood, M.; Cowley, S. W. H.; Sandholt, P. E.
  • Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 95, Issue A10
  • DOI: 10.1029/JA095iA10p17113

Propagation of electromagnetic ion cyclotron wave energy in the magnetosphere
journal, January 2005


Parasitic pitch angle diffusion of radiation belt particles by ion cyclotron waves
journal, October 1972

  • Lyons, Lawrence R.; Thorne, Richard Mansergh
  • Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 77, Issue 28
  • DOI: 10.1029/JA077i028p05608

Electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves suggesting minor ion existence in the inner magnetosphere observed by the Akebono satellite
journal, June 2014

  • Matsuda, S.; Kasahara, Y.; Goto, Y.
  • Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 119, Issue 6
  • DOI: 10.1002/2013JA019370

An experimental test of the electromagnetic ion cyclotron instability within the earth’s magnetosphere
journal, January 1980

  • Mauk, B. H.; McPherron, R. L.
  • Physics of Fluids, Vol. 23, Issue 10
  • DOI: 10.1063/1.862873

Science Objectives and Rationale for the Radiation Belt Storm Probes Mission
journal, September 2012


The role of Shabansky orbits in compression-related electromagnetic ion cyclotron wave growth: SHABANSKY ORBITS AND EMIC WAVE GROWTH
journal, January 2012

  • McCollough, J. P.; Elkington, S. R.; Baker, D. N.
  • Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 117, Issue A1
  • DOI: 10.1029/2011JA016948

Global morphology and spectral properties of EMIC waves derived from CRRES observations
journal, July 2014

  • Meredith, Nigel P.; Horne, Richard B.; Kersten, Tobias
  • Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 119, Issue 7
  • DOI: 10.1002/2014JA020064

Global distribution of EMIC waves derived from THEMIS observations: GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION OF EMIC WAVES
journal, May 2012

  • Min, Kyungguk; Lee, Jeongwoo; Keika, Kunihiro
  • Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 117, Issue A5
  • DOI: 10.1029/2012JA017515

A new model of the location of the plasmapause: CRRES results
journal, January 2002


Multipoint observations of Pc1-2 waves in the afternoon sector: MULTIPOINT OBSERVATIONS OF PC1-2
journal, September 2009

  • Morley, Steven K.; Ables, Sean T.; Sciffer, Murray D.
  • Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 114, Issue A9
  • DOI: 10.1029/2009JA014162

Global characteristics of Pc1 magnetic pulsations during solar cycle 23 deduced from CHAMP data
journal, January 2013


Cluster observations of EMIC triggered emissions in association with Pc1 waves near Earth's plasmapause: OBSERVATIONS OF EMIC TRIGGERED EMISSIONS
journal, May 2010

  • Pickett, J. S.; Grison, B.; Omura, Y.
  • Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 37, Issue 9
  • DOI: 10.1029/2010GL042648

Heavy ion density enhancements in the outer plasmasphere
journal, January 1987

  • Roberts, W. T.; Horwitz, J. L.; Comfort, R. H.
  • Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 92, Issue A12
  • DOI: 10.1029/JA092iA12p13499

Simultaneous appearance of isolated auroral arcs and Pc 1 geomagnetic pulsations at subauroral latitudes: ISOLATED AURORAS AND PC 1 PULSATIONS
journal, May 2008

  • Sakaguchi, K.; Shiokawa, K.; Miyoshi, Y.
  • Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 113, Issue A5
  • DOI: 10.1029/2007JA012888

Akebono observations of EMIC waves in the slot region of the radiation belts: EMIC WAVES IN THE SLOT
journal, November 2013

  • Sakaguchi, K.; Kasahara, Y.; Shoji, M.
  • Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 40, Issue 21
  • DOI: 10.1002/2013GL058258

Some processes in the magnetosphere
journal, July 1971


Relativistic electron pitch-angle scattering by electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves during geomagnetic storms
journal, January 2003


Radiation belt dynamics: The importance of wave-particle interactions: FRONTIER
journal, November 2010

  • Thorne, Richard Mansergh
  • Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 37, Issue 22
  • DOI: 10.1029/2010GL044990

Relativistic electron precipitation during magnetic storm main phase
journal, July 1971


Modulation of electromagnetic ion cyclotron instability due to interaction with ring current O + during magnetic storms
journal, January 1997

  • Thorne, Richard M.; Horne, Richard B.
  • Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 102, Issue A7
  • DOI: 10.1029/96JA04019

Two types of magnetospheric ELF chorus and their substorm dependences
journal, November 1977

  • Tsurutani, Bruce T.; Smith, Edward J.
  • Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 82, Issue 32
  • DOI: 10.1029/JA082i032p05112

Modeling the dynamics of the inner magnetosphere during strong geomagnetic storms
journal, January 2005


THEMIS observations of electromagnetic ion cyclotron wave occurrence: Dependence on AE, SYMH, and solar wind dynamic pressure: THEMIS EMIC WAVE DISTRIBUTION
journal, October 2012

  • Usanova, M. E.; Mann, I. R.; Bortnik, J.
  • Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 117, Issue A10
  • DOI: 10.1029/2012JA018049

Statistical analysis of EMIC waves in plasmaspheric plumes from Cluster observations: EMIC WAVES IN PLASMASPHERIC PLUMES
journal, August 2013

  • Usanova, M. E.; Darrouzet, F.; Mann, I. R.
  • Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 118, Issue 8
  • DOI: 10.1002/jgra.50464

Wave-particle interactions near Ω He + observed on GEOS 1 and 2 1. Propagation of ion cyclotron waves in He + -rich plasma
journal, January 1981

  • Young, D. T.; Perraut, S.; Roux, A.
  • Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 86, Issue A8
  • DOI: 10.1029/JA086iA08p06755

In situ observations of EMIC waves in O + band by the Van Allen Probe A
journal, March 2015

  • Yu, Xiongdong; Yuan, Zhigang; Wang, Dedong
  • Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 42, Issue 5
  • DOI: 10.1002/2015GL063250

A statistical study of EMIC wave-associated He + energization in the outer magnetosphere: Cluster/CODIF observations : HE
journal, November 2011

  • Zhang, J. -C.; Kistler, L. M.; Mouikis, C. G.
  • Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 116, Issue A11
  • DOI: 10.1029/2011JA016690

Excitation of EMIC waves detected by the Van Allen Probes on 28 April 2013: EMIC WAVE EXCITATION
journal, June 2014

  • Zhang, J. -C.; Saikin, A. A.; Kistler, L. M.
  • Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 41, Issue 12
  • DOI: 10.1002/2014GL060621

A case study of EMIC wave-associated He + energization in the outer magnetosphere: Cluster and Double Star 1 observations : He
journal, June 2010

  • Zhang, J. -C.; Kistler, L. M.; Mouikis, C. G.
  • Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 115, Issue A6
  • DOI: 10.1029/2009JA014784

Works referencing / citing this record:

Nonlinear fundamental and harmonic cyclotron resonant scattering of radiation belt ultrarelativistic electrons by oblique monochromatic EMIC waves
journal, February 2017

  • Wang, Geng; Su, Zhenpeng; Zheng, Huinan
  • Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 122, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.1002/2016ja023451

Contemporaneous EMIC and whistler mode waves: Observations and consequences for MeV electron loss: SIMULTANEOUS EMIC AND WHISTLER OBSERVATIONS
journal, August 2017

  • Zhang, X. -J.; Mourenas, D.; Artemyev, A. V.
  • Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 44, Issue 16
  • DOI: 10.1002/2017gl073886

A New N + Band of Electromagnetic Ion Cyclotron Waves in Multi‐Ion Cold Plasmas
journal, October 2018


Large‐Scale Ducting of Pc1 Pulsations Observed by Swarm Satellites and Multiple Ground Networks
journal, December 2018

  • Kim, Hyangpyo; Hwang, Junga; Park, Jaeheung
  • Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 45, Issue 23
  • DOI: 10.1029/2018gl080693

Recent Advancements and Remaining Challenges Associated With Inner Magnetosphere Cross‐Energy/Population Interactions (IMCEPI)
journal, February 2019

  • Yu, Yiqun; Liemohn, Mike W.; Jordanova, Vania K.
  • Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 124, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.1029/2018ja026282

Storm Time EMIC Waves Observed by Swarm and Van Allen Probe Satellites
journal, January 2019

  • Wang, Hui; He, Yangfan; Lühr, Hermann
  • Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 124, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1029/2018ja026299

EMIC Wave‐Driven Bounce Resonance Scattering of Energetic Electrons in the Inner Magnetosphere
journal, April 2019

  • Blum, L. W.; Artemyev, A.; Agapitov, O.
  • Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics
  • DOI: 10.1029/2018ja026427

Wavenumber Analysis of EMIC Waves
journal, June 2019

  • Chen, Lunjin; Zhu, Hui; Zhang, Xiaojia
  • Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 46, Issue 11
  • DOI: 10.1029/2019gl082686

Magnetospheric Multiscale Observation of Quasiperiodic EMIC Waves Associated With Enhanced Solar Wind Pressure
journal, July 2019

  • Liu, Si; Xia, Zhiyang; Chen, Lunjin
  • Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 46, Issue 13
  • DOI: 10.1029/2019gl083421

Effect of Hot He + Ions on the Electron Pitch Angle Scattering Driven by H + , He + , and O + Band EMIC Waves
journal, June 2019

  • Yu, J.; Li, L. Y.; Cui, J.
  • Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 46, Issue 12
  • DOI: 10.1029/2019gl083456

Properties of Localized Precipitation of Energetic Protons Equatorward of the Isotropic Boundary
journal, October 2019

  • Semenova, N. V.; Yahnin, A. G.; Yahnina, T. A.
  • Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 46, Issue 20
  • DOI: 10.1029/2019gl085373

Variability of the Proton Radiation Belt
journal, July 2019

  • Selesnick, R. S.; Albert, J. M.
  • Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 124, Issue 7
  • DOI: 10.1029/2019ja026754

Analyzing EMIC Waves in the Inner Magnetosphere Using Long‐Term Van Allen Probes Observations
journal, September 2019

  • Chen, Huayue; Gao, Xinliang; Lu, Quanming
  • Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 124, Issue 9
  • DOI: 10.1029/2019ja026965

Propagation of EMIC Waves Inside the Plasmasphere: A Two‐Event Study
journal, November 2019

  • Wang, G.; Zhang, T. L.; Gao, Z. L.
  • Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 124, Issue 11
  • DOI: 10.1029/2019ja027055

Scattering of Ultra-relativistic Electrons in the Van Allen Radiation Belts Accounting for Hot Plasma Effects
journal, December 2017


Laboratory space physics: Investigating the physics of space plasmas in the laboratory
journal, May 2018


On the Contribution of EMIC Waves to the Reconfiguration of the Relativistic Electron Butterfly Pitch Angle Distribution Shape on 2014 September 12—A Case Study
journal, February 2019

  • Medeiros, Claudia; Souza, V. M.; Vieira, L. E. A.
  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 872, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/aaf970