TOVALOP/CRISTAL. where we are and where we are going. [Tanker Owners Voluntary Agreement Concerning Liability for Oil Pollution]
Conference
·
· API Div. Transp. 1977 Tanker Conference Proceedings; (United States)
OSTI ID:6819666
- Int. Tanker Owners Pollut. Fed. Ltd.
On 10/6/69, a plan was initiated to ensure that a tanker owner would clean up after his ship spilled oil or provide compensation to governments doing the cleanup. The Tanker Owners Voluntary Agreement Concerning Liability for Oil Pollution (TOVALOP) has been very successful, representing 98% of the Free World tanker fleet plus > 4 million dwt of Eastern block countries' tankers. The International Convention of Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage, 1969 (CLC) displaces TOVALOP for the 32 countries which have ratified it; however, a substantial part of the world (including the U.S.) continues to require coverage by TOVALOP. To assure full protection in all cases for persons suffering pollution damage, the Contract Regarding an Interim Supplement to Tanker Liability for Oil Pollution (CRISTAL) was initiated 1/14/71 to supplement TOVALOP (and CLC). In the succeeding six years, some 100 incidents could have been applicable, but in most cases, compensation was adequate from other sources. Over-all, the record indicates the relatively limited nature of actual pollution damage from oil spills.
- OSTI ID:
- 6819666
- Report Number(s):
- CONF-7706212-
- Conference Information:
- Journal Name: API Div. Transp. 1977 Tanker Conference Proceedings; (United States)
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
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Related Subjects
02 PETROLEUM
021000* -- Petroleum-- Legislation & Regulations
29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY
290300 -- Energy Planning & Policy-- Environment
Health
& Safety
294002 -- Energy Planning & Policy-- Petroleum
520600 -- Environment
Aquatic-- Regulations -- (-1989)
54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
AGREEMENTS
CLEANING
CONTROL
COST RECOVERY
INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS
LIABILITIES
OIL SPILLS
POLLUTION
POLLUTION CONTROL
SHIPS
TANKER SHIPS
VICTIMS COMPENSATION
WATER POLLUTION
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
021000* -- Petroleum-- Legislation & Regulations
29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY
290300 -- Energy Planning & Policy-- Environment
Health
& Safety
294002 -- Energy Planning & Policy-- Petroleum
520600 -- Environment
Aquatic-- Regulations -- (-1989)
54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
AGREEMENTS
CLEANING
CONTROL
COST RECOVERY
INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS
LIABILITIES
OIL SPILLS
POLLUTION
POLLUTION CONTROL
SHIPS
TANKER SHIPS
VICTIMS COMPENSATION
WATER POLLUTION
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL