State-of-the-art of FGD sludge fixation. Final report

Technical Report · Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 EST 1978

OSTI ID:5723812

Duvel, Jr, W A; Gallagher, W R; Knight, R G; Kolarz, C R; McLaren, R J

Thirty-one fully operational flue gas cleaning (FGC) electric utility lime/limestone and alkaline flyash wet scrubbing systems were evaluated to determine the practical significance of FGD sludge fixation. Five commercial sludge fixation installations are in operation. Other disposal practices are widespread and acceptable. Nine installations are landfilling wastes using various types of processing while seventeen are using ponding for dewatering and ultimate disposal. Of sixteen vendor companies evaluated, only two - IU Conversion Systems (IUCS) and Dravo Corporation - have demonstrated fully commercial capability. The other vendors have little or no FGD waste experience. Both IUCS and Dravo products exhibit lower permeability, greater strength, and overall improved physical, chemical, and engineering properties compared to untreated sludges. Dravo has one full-scale, 1650 Mw facility, IUCS has four installations totaling 1818 Mw. Estimated 30-year levelized incremental sludge fixation revenue requirements are $6.90 and $2.50 per dry ton of sludge solids for wet disposal (ponding) and dry disposal (landfilling), respectively. These costs are not highly site-dependent and can be applied generally. By-product recovery/utilization concepts were found to be technically feasible but not economically competitive at this time. The most promising concepts are utilization of fixed sludge as a construction material, production of by-product gypsum with utilization in agriculture and wallboard manufacturing, and mine reclamation.

• Research Organization: Baker (Michael), Jr., Inc., Beaver, PA (USA)
• OSTI ID: 5723812
• Report Number(s): EPRI-FP-671-Vol.3; ON: DE82901830
• Country of Publication: United States
• Language: English

Related Subjects

01 COAL, LIGNITE, AND PEAT
32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATION
FLUE GAS
DESULFURIZATION
LIME-LIMESTONE WET SCRUBBING PROCESSES
SLUDGES
WASTE DISPOSAL
WASTE PRODUCT UTILIZATION
BUILDING MATERIALS
COMMERCIALIZATION
COST
FERTILIZERS
GYPSUM
LAND RECLAMATION
SCRUBBERS
ALKALINE EARTH METAL COMPOUNDS
CALCIUM COMPOUNDS
CALCIUM SULFATES
CHEMICAL REACTIONS
EQUIPMENT
GASEOUS WASTES
MANAGEMENT
MATERIALS
MINERALS
OXYGEN COMPOUNDS
POLLUTION CONTROL EQUIPMENT
SCRUBBING
SULFATE MINTERALS
SULFATES
SULFUR COMPOUNDS
WASTE MANAGEMENT
WASTES
010800* - Coal
Lignite
& Peat- Waste Management
320305 - Energy Conservation
Consumption
& Utilization- Industrial & Agricultural Processes- Industrial Waste Management