Analytical chemistry of the citrate process for flue gas desulfurization
The citrate process for flue gas desulfurization (FGD) is a product of continuing research by the US Bureau of Mines to meet the goal of minimizing the objectionable effects of minerals industry operations upon the environment. The reduction of SO/sub 2/ in solution by H/sub 2/S to produce elemental sulfur by the citrate process is extremely complex and results in solutions that contain at least nine different sulfur species. Process solution analysis is essential to a clear understanding of process chemistry and its safe, efficient operation. The various chemical species, the approximate ranges of their concentrations in citrate process solutions, and the analytical methods evolved to determine them are hydrogen sulfide (approx. 0M to 0.06M) by specific ion electrode, polysulfides (unknown) by ultraviolet (uv) spectrophotometry, elemental sulfur (approx. 0M to approx. 0.001M dissolved, approx. 0M to approx. 0.1M suspended) by uv spectrophotometry, thiosulfate (approx. 0M to approx. 0.25M) by iodometry or high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), polythionates (approx. 0M to approx. 0.01M) by thin layer chromatography (TLC), dithionite (searched for but not detected in process solutions) by polarography or TLC, bisulfite (approx. 0M to 0.2M) by iodometry, sulfate (approx. 0M to 1M) by a Bureau-developed gravimetric procedure, citric acid (approx. 0M to 0.5M) by titration or visible colorimetry, glycolic acid (approx. 0M to 1M) by HPLC, sodium (approx. 1.5M) by flame photometry, and chloride by argentometric titration.
- Research Organization:
- Bureau of Mines, Salt Lake City, UT (USA). Salt Lake City Research Center
- OSTI ID:
- 5328605
- Report Number(s):
- BM-IC-8819
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
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Related Subjects
20 FOSSIL-FUELED POWER PLANTS
37 INORGANIC
ORGANIC
PHYSICAL AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
CITRATE PROCESS
CHEMISTRY
SULFUR COMPOUNDS
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
CHROMATOGRAPHY
DESULFURIZATION
FLUE GAS
FOSSIL-FUEL POWER PLANTS
HYDROGEN SULFIDES
IODOMETRY
ION SELECTIVE ELECTRODE ANALYSIS
ORGANIC SULFUR COMPOUNDS
SULFATES
SULFIDES
THIONATES
THIOSULFATES
TITRATION
ULTRAVIOLET SPECTRA
CHALCOGENIDES
CHEMICAL REACTIONS
GASEOUS WASTES
HYDROGEN COMPOUNDS
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
OXYGEN COMPOUNDS
POWER PLANTS
SEPARATION PROCESSES
SPECTRA
THERMAL POWER PLANTS
WASTES
010800* - Coal
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200202 - Fossil-Fueled Power Plants- Waste Management- Noxious Gas & Particulate Emissions
400102 - Chemical & Spectral Procedures