Contact Freezing of Water Droplets by Crystalline Organic Acids

Schiffman, Zachary R.; McMillan, Kyle A.; Johnson, Dharma M.; Gough, Raina V.; Davis, Ryan D.; Brooks, Sarah D.; Tolbert, Margaret A.

doi:10.1021/acs.jpca.5c03258

Contact Freezing of Water Droplets by Crystalline Organic Acids

Journal Article · Mon Aug 04 00:00:00 EDT 2025 · Journal of Physical Chemistry. A, Molecules, Spectroscopy, Kinetics, Environment, and General Theory

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpca.5c03258· OSTI ID:3019979

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Univ. of Colorado, Boulder, CO (United States); Univ. of California, Irvine, CA (United States)
Univ. of Colorado, Boulder, CO (United States)
Sandia National Laboratories (SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States); Univ. of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (United States)
Texas A & M Univ., College Station, TX (United States)

The ability of water to freeze into ice crystals in mixed-phase clouds affects physical properties, including particle size, precipitation rates, and radiative properties. The presence of an insoluble particle at the surface of water droplets can promote ice nucleation at temperatures higher than that of pure water, even in the absence of a collision. However, contact freezing remains an underexplored mode of ice nucleation. Here, we present a study of atmospherically relevant organic acids and their role as effective ice-nucleating particles (INP) in contact mode using a Raman-microscope-equipped environmental chamber. We determined contact freezing temperatures induced by solid crystals of docosanol, adipic acid, cis-pinonic acid, fumaric acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, palmitic acid, phthalic acid, sebacic acid, stearic acid, terephthalic acid, and vanillic acid. All solids except fumaric acid promoted contact freezing of water droplets at significantly higher temperatures than pure water in the chamber (−15.0 to −18.5 °C vs −21.3 °C). Physical and chemical properties were identified which correlate with greater effectiveness of INPs in the contact mode, including crystal lattice mismatch with ice, carbon number, and insolubility in water. In conclusion, we suggest that the presence of these organic solids in atmospheric aerosols may promote atmospheric ice nucleation at warm temperatures.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: Sandia National Laboratories (SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: National Science Foundation (NSF); USDOE Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) Program; USDOE National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA)

Grant/Contract Number:: NA0003525

Other Award/Contract Number:: 233045
2346198
DMR-2011967

OSTI ID:: 3019979

Report Number(s):: SAND--2026-17659J; 1777681

Journal Information:: Journal of Physical Chemistry. A, Molecules, Spectroscopy, Kinetics, Environment, and General Theory, Journal Name: Journal of Physical Chemistry. A, Molecules, Spectroscopy, Kinetics, Environment, and General Theory Journal Issue: 32 Vol. 129; ISSN 1089-5639; ISSN 1520-5215

Publisher:: American Chemical SocietyCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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Freezing of water droplets colliding with kaolinite particles Svensson, E. A.; Delval, C.; von Hessberg, P. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 9, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-4295-2009	journal	January 2009
Aromatic acids in an Arctic ice core from Svalbard: a proxy record of biomass burning Grieman, Mackenzie M.; Aydin, Murat; Isaksson, Elisabeth Climate of the Past, Vol. 14, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-637-2018	journal	January 2018

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