Operational optimization for multi-functional charging station with electric and hydrogen-powered vehicles

Chen, Yang; Gbadegoye, Jeremiah; Wang, Xudong; Omitaomu, Olufemi A.; Li, Xueping

doi:10.1016/j.segan.2025.101998

Operational optimization for multi-functional charging station with electric and hydrogen-powered vehicles

Journal Article · Fri Oct 10 00:00:00 EDT 2025 · Sustainable Energy, Grids and Networks

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.segan.2025.101998· OSTI ID:3002719

^[1]; ^[2]; Wang, Xudong ^[2]; ^[1]; ^[2]

Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)
Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (United States)

The rapid adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (HFCVs), combined with global efforts to reduce carbon emissions, has accelerated the development of EV charging and hydrogen refueling stations. In response to this demand, this paper introduces the concept of Multi-Functional Charging Station (MFCS) that integrates power generation, EV charging, battery swapping, and hydrogen refueling. A comprehensive operational model is developed for the MFCS that couples electricity and hydrogen conversion and storage technologies to enhance infrastructure utilization and improve overall system efficiency. The model also considers multiple revenue streams, including participation in energy and ancillary markets. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed model and evaluate its performance, a series of numerical experiments are conducted with different charger numbers, different electricity purchase limits, and different charger allocations. Numerical results demonstrate that shared charger configurations can lead to 8.11 % improvement in operational profit by improving resource utilization and reducing the number of depleted batteries at the end of operations compared to allocated charger setups. By varying the number of chargers, sensitivity analysis identifies diminishing marginal returns beyond about 45 chargers, suggesting it as an optimal sizing point under current settings. The integration of electricity and hydrogen conversion is also explored under scenarios with limited external electricity purchases. In conclusion, these findings indicate that optimizing charger allocation and energy management can significantly enhance station productivity and profitability, ultimately supporting the broader adoption of electrified and hydrogen-based transportation solutions.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy (ARPA-E); USDOE Office of Science (SC)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC05-00OR22725; AR0001780

OSTI ID:: 3002719

Journal Information:: Sustainable Energy, Grids and Networks, Journal Name: Sustainable Energy, Grids and Networks Vol. 44; ISSN 2352-4677

Publisher:: ElsevierCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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