Wide-field microwave magnetic field imaging with nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond

Basso, Luca; Kehayias, Pauli; Henshaw, Jacob; Joshi, Gajadhar; Lilly, Michael P.; Jordan, Matthew B.; Mounce, Andrew M.

doi:10.1063/5.0253730

Wide-field microwave magnetic field imaging with nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond

Journal Article · Mon Mar 24 00:00:00 EDT 2025 · Journal of Applied Physics

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0253730· OSTI ID:2584296

^[1]; ^[2]; ^[1]; ^[1]; ^[1]; ^[2]; ^[1]

Sandia National Lab. (SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States). Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies
Sandia National Lab. (SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States)

Non-invasive imaging of microwave (MW) magnetic fields with microscale lateral resolution is pivotal for various applications, such as MW technologies and integrated circuit failure analysis. Diamond nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center magnetometry has emerged as an ideal tool, offering micrometer-scale resolution, millimeter-scale field of view, high sensitivity, and non-invasive imaging compatible with diverse samples. However, up until now, it has been predominantly used for imaging of static or low-frequency magnetic fields or, concerning MW field imaging, to directly characterize the same microwave device used to drive the NV spin transitions. In this work, we leverage an NV center ensemble in diamond for wide-field imaging of MW magnetic fields generated by a test device employing a differential measurement protocol. The microscope is equipped with a MW loop to induce Rabi oscillations between NV spin states, and the MW field from the device-under-test is measured through local deviations in the Rabi frequency. This differential protocol yields magnetic field maps of a 2.57 GHz MW field with a sensitivity of ∼9 μT Hz^−1/2 for a total measurement duration of T=357 s, covering a 340 × 340 μm² field of view with a micrometer-scale spatial resolution and a device-under-test input power dynamic range of 30 dB. This work demonstrates a novel NV magnetometry protocol, based on differential Rabi frequency measurement, that extends NV wide-field imaging capabilities to imaging of weak MW magnetic fields that would be difficult to measure directly through standard NV Rabi magnetometry.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: Sandia National Laboratories (SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA)

Grant/Contract Number:: NA0003525

OSTI ID:: 2584296

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 2585690

Journal Information:: Journal of Applied Physics, Journal Name: Journal of Applied Physics Journal Issue: 12 Vol. 137; ISSN 0021-8979; ISSN 1089-7550

Publisher:: American Institute of Physics (AIP)Copyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (34)

Strong coupling of a single photon to a superconducting qubit using circuit quantum electrodynamics Wallraff, A.; Schuster, D. I.; Blais, A. Nature, Vol. 431, Issue 7005 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02851	journal	September 2004
Demonstration of two-qubit algorithms with a superconducting quantum processor DiCarlo, L.; Chow, J. M.; Gambetta, J. M. Nature, Vol. 460, Issue 7252 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08121	journal	June 2009
Spin liquids in frustrated magnets Balents, Leon Nature, Vol. 464, Issue 7286 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08917	journal	March 2010
Atomic physics and quantum optics using superconducting circuits You, J. Q.; Nori, Franco Nature, Vol. 474, Issue 7353 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10122	journal	June 2011
High-resolution vector microwave magnetometry based on solid-state spins in diamond Wang, Pengfei; Yuan, Zhenheng; Huang, Pu Nature Communications, Vol. 6, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms7631	journal	March 2015
Nanometre-scale probing of spin waves using single electron spins van der Sar, Toeno; Casola, Francesco; Walsworth, Ronald Nature Communications, Vol. 6, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms8886	journal	August 2015
High-sensitivity diamond magnetometer with nanoscale resolution Taylor, J. M.; Cappellaro, P.; Childress, L. Nature Physics, Vol. 4, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1038/nphys1075	journal	September 2008
Imaging viscous flow of the Dirac fluid in graphene Ku, Mark J. H.; Zhou, Tony X.; Li, Qing Nature, Vol. 583, Issue 7817 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2507-2	journal	July 2020
Millimetre-scale magnetocardiography of living rats with thoracotomy Arai, Keigo; Kuwahata, Akihiro; Nishitani, Daisuke Communications Physics, Vol. 5, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s42005-022-00978-0	journal	August 2022
Magneto-optical imaging of thin magnetic films using spins in diamond Simpson, David A.; Tetienne, Jean-Philippe; McCoey, Julia M. Scientific Reports, Vol. 6, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/srep22797	journal	March 2016
High-frequency near-field microscopy Rosner, Björn T.; van der Weide, Daniel W. Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 73, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1482150	journal	July 2002
Imaging of microwave fields using ultracold atoms Böhi, Pascal; Riedel, Max F.; Hänsch, Theodor W. Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 97, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3470591	journal	August 2010
A physically unclonable function using NV diamond magnetometry and micromagnet arrays Kehayias, Pauli; Bussmann, Ezra; Lu, Tzu-Ming Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 127, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0005335	journal	May 2020
Mapping AC susceptibility with quantum diamond microscope Dasika, Shishir; Parashar, Madhur; Saha, Kasturi Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 94, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0138301	journal	May 2023
Magnetometry with nitrogen-vacancy defects in diamond Rondin, L.; Tetienne, J-P; Hingant, T. Reports on Progress in Physics, Vol. 77, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1088/0034-4885/77/5/056503	journal	May 2014
Electric current paths in a Si:P delta-doped device imaged by nitrogen-vacancy diamond magnetic microscopy Basso, Luca; Kehayias, Pauli; Henshaw, Jacob Nanotechnology, Vol. 34, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/ac95a0	journal	October 2022
Nanoscale microwave imaging with a single electron spin in diamond Appel, Patrick; Ganzhorn, Marc; Neu, Elke New Journal of Physics, Vol. 17, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/17/11/112001	journal	November 2015
Modelling Rabi oscillations for widefield radiofrequency imaging in nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond Magaletti, Simone; Mayer, Ludovic; Roch, Jean-François New Journal of Physics, Vol. 26, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/ad20b0	journal	February 2024
High-fidelity spatial and polarization addressing of Ca+43 qubits using near-field microwave control Aude Craik, D. P. L.; Linke, N. M.; Sepiol, M. A. Physical Review A, Vol. 95, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.95.022337	journal	February 2017
Microwave Device Characterization Using a Widefield Diamond Microscope Horsley, Andrew; Appel, Patrick; Wolters, Janik Physical Review Applied, Vol. 10, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevApplied.10.044039	journal	October 2018
Diamond Magnetic Microscopy of Malarial Hemozoin Nanocrystals Fescenko, Ilja; Laraoui, Abdelghani; Smits, Janis Physical Review Applied, Vol. 11, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevApplied.11.034029	journal	March 2019
N - V –Diamond Magnetic Microscopy Using a Double Quantum 4-Ramsey Protocol Hart, Connor A.; Schloss, Jennifer M.; Turner, Matthew J. Physical Review Applied, Vol. 15, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevApplied.15.044020	journal	April 2021
Wide-Field Dynamic Magnetic Microscopy Using Double-Double Quantum Driving of a Diamond Defect Ensemble Kazi, Zeeshawn; Shelby, Isaac M.; Watanabe, Hideyuki Physical Review Applied, Vol. 15, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevApplied.15.054032	journal	May 2021
Measurement and Simulation of the Magnetic Fields from a 555 Timer Integrated Circuit Using a Quantum Diamond Microscope and Finite-Element Analysis Kehayias, P.; Levine, E. V.; Basso, L. Physical Review Applied, Vol. 17, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevApplied.17.014021	journal	January 2022
High-Resolution Short-Circuit Fault Localization in a Multilayer Integrated Circuit Using a Quantum Diamond Microscope Kehayias, P.; Walraven, J.; Rodarte, A. L. Physical Review Applied, Vol. 20, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevApplied.20.014036	journal	July 2023
Quantum diamond microscope for narrowband magnetic imaging with high spatial and spectral resolution Yin, Zechuan; Tang, Jiashen; Hart, Connor A. Physical Review Applied, Vol. 22, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevApplied.22.054050	journal	November 2024
Theory of the ground-state spin of the NV − center in diamond Doherty, M. W.; Dolde, F.; Fedder, H. Physical Review B, Vol. 85, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.85.205203	journal	May 2012
Manipulating quantum entanglement with atoms and photons in a cavity Raimond, J. M.; Brune, M.; Haroche, S. Reviews of Modern Physics, Vol. 73, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.73.565	journal	August 2001
Comparison of Contactless Measurement and Testing Techniques to a New All-Silicon Optical Test and Characterization Method Sayil, S.; Kerns, D. V.; Kerns, S. E. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, Vol. 54, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2005.854253	journal	October 2005
Quantum diamond microscope for dynamic imaging of magnetic fields Tang, Jiashen; Yin, Zechuan; Hart, Connor A. AVS Quantum Science, Vol. 5, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1116/5.0176317	journal	November 2023
Nitrogen-Vacancy Centers in Diamond: Nanoscale Sensors for Physics and Biology Schirhagl, Romana; Chang, Kevin; Loretz, Michael Annual Review of Physical Chemistry, Vol. 65, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-physchem-040513-103659	journal	April 2014
Principles and techniques of the quantum diamond microscope Levine, Edlyn V.; Turner, Matthew J.; Kehayias, Pauli Nanophotonics, Vol. 8, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2019-0209	journal	September 2019
Nanoscale magnetometry with NV centers in diamond Hong, Sungkun; Grinolds, Michael S.; Pham, Linh M. MRS Bulletin, Vol. 38, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1557/mrs.2013.23	journal	February 2013
Nanoscale sensing and imaging in biology using the nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond Hall, L. T.; Simpson, D. A.; Hollenberg, L. C. L. MRS Bulletin, Vol. 38, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1557/mrs.2013.24	journal	February 2013

Similar Records

Imaging crystal stress in diamond using ensembles of nitrogen-vacancy centers

Journal Article · Sun Nov 10 23:00:00 EST 2019 · Physical Review. B · OSTI ID:1594039

Related Subjects

crystallographic defects
diamond
failure analysis
microwave devices
quantum information
quantum optics

Wide-field microwave magnetic field imaging with nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond

Citation Formats

References (34)

Similar Records

Related Subjects