Marine Toxicity, Biodegradability, and Rolling-Sliding Tribological Performance of Ionic Liquid-Enhanced Environmentally-Acceptable Lubricants for Tidal Turbomachinery

Journal Article · Wed Jul 30 00:00:00 EDT 2025 · ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.5c03399· OSTI ID:2583812

Wang, Wenbo ^[1]; Ku, Peijia ^[1]; Stevenson, Louise M. ^[1]; Kumara, Chanaka ^[1]; Meyer, III, Harry M. ^[1]; Luo, Huimin ^[1]; Mathews, Teresa J. ^[1]; Qu, Jun ^[1]

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1. Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)

Environmentally acceptable lubricants (EALs) are increasingly being recognized in many fields including waterpower, hydraulics, water transport, agricultural machinery, offshore wind turbines, etc. Specifically, high-performance EALs are demanded for tidal turbomachinery to ensure high efficiency and reliability and avoid the significant risk of direct contamination of the marine ecosystem upon leaks. Here we report a new development of ionic liquid (IL)-enhanced EALs for tidal energy. One short-chain phosphonium phosphate and one short-chain ammonium phosphate ILs were used as the candidate additives and the IL-containing EALs demonstrated significantly improved lubricating performance, much lower toxicity, and increased biodegradability compared with commercial baselines. Specifically, in a rolling-sliding test simulating the operation of a model tidal turbine gearbox bearing, an EAL containing the ILs at a 0.5 wt % concentration demonstrated 40% lower friction, 45% less wear loss, substantially reduced rolling contact fatigue-induced surface damage, and one order of magnitude lower vibration noise compared with a commercial gear oil. In an EPA standard toxicity test, 90 and 70% survival of marine biota was observed when exposed to an EAL containing 5 wt % of the short-chain phosphonium phosphate and ammonium phosphate ILs, respectively, while the selected commercial gear oil and bioderived additive killed all marine biota. In a standard biodegradability test, 2 wt % addition of the phosphonium phosphate IL not only retained the EAL’s ready biodegradability but further boosted the oil decomposition from a range of 60–80% to a higher level of 80–95%. Conversely, adding the commercial bioderived additive downgraded the EAL from readily to inherently biodegradable. Furthermore, this work offers scientific insights for development of ILs as potential EAL additives for marine energy and broader applications.

• Research Organization: Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)
• Sponsoring Organization: USDOE
• Grant/Contract Number: AC05-00OR22725
• OSTI ID: 2583812
• Journal Information: ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, Journal Name: ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering Journal Issue: 31 Vol. 13; ISSN 2168-0485
• Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
• Country of Publication: United States
• Language: English

Related Subjects

additives
biodegradability
environmentally acceptable lubricants (EALs)
ionic liquids
lipids
marine toxicity
salts
toxicity
wear