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The persistent shadow of the supermassive black hole of M87. II. Model comparisons and theoretical interpretations

Journal Article · · Astron.Astrophys.
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  1. MIT, LNS; Natl. Astron. Observ. of Japan; Harvard U. (main); Harvard-Smithsonian Ctr. Astrophys.
  2. Valencia U., Astro. Astrophys.
  3. Granada U., Theor. Phys. Astrophys.
  4. Bonn, Max Planck Inst., Radioastron.
  5. Malaya U.
  6. Texas U., San Antonio; Rice U.; Harvard U. (main); Harvard-Smithsonian Ctr. Astrophys.
  7. Academia Sinica, Taiwan
  8. Valencia U., Astro. Astrophys.; Bonn, Max Planck Inst., Radioastron.
  9. Chalmers U. Tech.; Bonn, Max Planck Inst., Radioastron.
  10. Arizona U., Astron. Dept. - Steward Observ.
  11. Yale Ctr. Astron. Astrophys.
  12. Concepcion U.
  13. MIT, LNS
  14. Illinois U., Urbana
  15. Fermilab; Chicago U., Astron. Astrophys. Ctr.
  16. Subaru Telescope
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  18. Harvard-Smithsonian Ctr. Astrophys.
  19. Caltech
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  21. IRAM, St. Martin d'Heres
  22. Perimeter Inst. Theor. Phys.; Waterloo U.; Waterloo U., IQC
  23. Nijmegen U., IMAPP
  24. Massachusetts U., Amherst
  25. Chicago U., KICP; Chicago U., Astron. Astrophys. Ctr.; Chicago U.; Chicago U., EFI
  26. Princeton U.
  27. Arizona U., Astron. Dept. - Steward Observ.; Clemson U.; LSST, Tucson; Arizona U.
  28. Cornell U., Radio. Space Res. Ctr.
  29. Gemini Observ., Hilo
  30. Shanghai, Astron. Observ.; Beijing Observ.
  31. KASI, DaeJeon
  32. KASI, DaeJeon; Yonsei U.; Granada U., Theor. Phys. Astrophys.
  33. Fairfield U.
  34. Illinois U., Urbana, Astron. Dept.; Harvard-Smithsonian Ctr. Astrophys.
  35. Chalmers U. Tech.
  36. Chicago U., Astron. Astrophys. Ctr.; Chicago U., KICP
  37. Mexico U.; Frankfurt U.
  38. Unlisted, CN; Shanghai Jiao Tong U.
  39. Texas U., San Antonio; Harvard U. (main); Harvard-Smithsonian Ctr. Astrophys.
  40. Princeton U., Astrophys. Sci. Dept.
  41. INFN, Naples; Naples U.
  42. U. Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Sch. Phys.; Pretoria U.; Rhodes U.
  43. Subaru Telescope; ASTRON, Dwingeloo
  44. Bonn, Max Planck Inst., Radioastron.; LESIA, Meudon
  45. Colorado U.
  46. Shanghai Jiao Tong U.
  47. NAOC, Beijing; Bonn, Max Planck Inst., Radioastron.
  48. Las Cumbres Observ.; UC, Santa Barbara
  49. NRAO, Charlottesville
  50. MIT; IBM Watson Res. Ctr.
  51. Wurzburg U.; Frankfurt U.; Bonn, Max Planck Inst., Radioastron.
  52. Harvard U. (main); Harvard-Smithsonian Ctr. Astrophys.; Harvard U.
  53. Illinois U., Urbana; Illinois U., Urbana, Astron. Dept.
  54. Sao Paulo U.; Sao Paulo, Inst. Astron. Geofis.; Cagliari U.; Cagliari Observ.; INFN, Cagliari
  55. IRMA, Strasbourg; U. Heidelberg, ITP; Southern Denmark U., CP3-Origins
  56. INAOE, Puebla; Conacyt, Mexico
  57. Shanghai, Astron. Observ.
  58. Nagoya U.; KASI, DaeJeon
  59. McGill U.
  60. Groningen U.
  61. Peking U.; Peking U., Beijing, KIAA
  62. Academia Sinica, Taiwan; Subaru Telescope
  63. KASI, DaeJeon; Tokyo, Grad. U. Adv. Stud.; Natl. Astron. Observ. of Japan; Tokyo U.
  64. INAOE, Puebla
  65. Natl. Astron. Observ. of Japan; Tokyo, Inst. Statistical Math.; Tokyo U., IPMU
  66. Leiden Observ.; NRAO, Charlottesville
  67. Unlisted, US, MA; Integrated Applied Physics, Waltham
  68. Nijmegen U., IMAPP; Bonn, Max Planck Inst., Radioastron.
  69. Boston U.
  70. Chicago U., Astron. Astrophys. Ctr.
  71. KASI, DaeJeon; Taejon, Elect. Telecomm. Res. Inst.
  72. Tokyo U., ICRR
  73. ASTRON, Dwingeloo
  74. UNIST, Ulsan; Bonn, Max Planck Inst., Radioastron.
  75. KAIST, Taejon
  76. Natl. Astron. Observ. of Japan; Kogakuin U.
  77. Frankfurt U.
  78. KASI, DaeJeon; Tokyo U.
  79. Niigata U.; Academia Sinica, Taiwan
  80. Taiwan, Natl. Normal U.; Taiwan, Natl. Taiwan U.; Academia Sinica, Taiwan
  81. Nanjing U. (main); Nanjing U., Dept. Astron.
  82. Bologna, Ist. Radioastronomia; Granada U., Theor. Phys. Astrophys.
  83. RadiaBeam Tech.
  84. Valparaiso U., Catolica
  85. Bologna Observ.
  86. Academia Sinica, Taiwan; Taiwan, Natl. Taiwan U.
  87. UNAM, Morelia, Inst. Radioastron. Astrophys.; Harvard U. (main); Harvard-Smithsonian Ctr. Astrophys.; Harvard U., Phys. Dept.
  88. Shanghai, Astron. Observ.; Beijing Observ.; Bonn, Max Planck Inst., Radioastron.
  89. Yunnan Observ.; NAOC, Beijing
  90. Bologna Observ.; Bonn, Max Planck Inst., Radioastron.
  91. U. Amsterdam, GRAPPA
  92. Shanghai Jiao Tong U.; Frankfurt U.
  93. McGill U.; Chicago U., Astron. Astrophys. Ctr.
  94. Frankfurt U.; KASI, DaeJeon
  95. Bonn, Max Planck Inst., Radioastron.; Nijmegen U., IMAPP
  96. Cagliari U.; Bologna, Ist. Radioastronomia
  97. U. Amsterdam, GRAPPA; Nijmegen U., IMAPP
  98. IRAM, Granada
  99. Natl. Astron. Observ. of Japan; Tokyo, Grad. U. Adv. Stud.
  100. Concepcion U.; Bonn, Max Planck Inst., Radioastron.
  101. Hachinohe Inst. Tech.; Academia Sinica, Taiwan
  102. Harvard-Smithsonian Ctr. Astrophys.; Harvard U. (main)
  103. RCAAM, Academy of Athens; Frankfurt U.
  104. Villanova U.
  105. Waterloo U.; Waterloo U., IQC; Perimeter Inst. Theor. Phys.
  106. Washington U., St. Louis
  107. U. Aveiro (main)
  108. Georgia Tech
  109. Kyung Hee U.; Academia Sinica, Taiwan
  110. Academia Sinica, Taiwan; Perimeter Inst. Theor. Phys.; Canadian Inst. Theor. Astrophys.; Toronto U., Astron. Dept.; Canadian Inst. Advanced Res.
  111. U. Amsterdam, GRAPPA; Frankfurt U.
  112. Trieste U.; INFN, Trieste; Bologna, Ist. Radioastronomia
  113. Taiwan, Natl. Normal U.; Academia Sinica, Taiwan
  114. Concepcion U.; Turku U.; Aalto U.
  115. Gemini Observ., Hilo; Subaru Telescope
  116. Frankfurt U.; Frankfurt U., FIAS; Trinity Coll., Dublin
  117. Canadian Inst. Theor. Astrophys.; Toronto U.; Toronto U., Astron. Dept.; Perimeter Inst. Theor. Phys.
  118. Tokyo Inst. Tech.; KASI, DaeJeon; Hiroshima U.
  119. Aalto U.; Bonn, Max Planck Inst., Radioastron.
  120. Peking U., Beijing, KIAA; Bonn, Max Planck Inst., Radioastron.
  121. KASI, DaeJeon; Taejon, Elect. Telecomm. Res. Inst.; Yonsei U.
  122. Central Lancashire U.
  123. Peking U., CHEP; Peking U.
  124. Fujitsu, Atsugi
  125. Lethbridge U.
  126. Arizona U., Astron. Dept. - Steward Observ.; Nijmegen U., IMAPP; Leiden Observ.; NWO, The Hague
  127. Tohoku U., IIAIR; Tohoku U., Astron. Inst.
  128. IRAM, Granada; Bonn, Max Planck Inst., Radioastron.
  129. Granada U., Theor. Phys. Astrophys.; Bonn, Max Planck Inst., Radioastron.
  130. Seoul Natl. U.
  131. Illinois U., Urbana, Astron. Dept.
  132. ASTRON, Dwingeloo; Leiden Observ.; New Mexico U.
  133. Brandeis U.
  134. Turku U.; Aalto U.
  135. Princeton, Inst. Advanced Study; Princeton U.
  136. Hua-Zhong U. Sci. Tech.
  137. Mullard Space Sci. Lab.; Frankfurt U.
  138. Fudan U.
  139. Hefei, CUST
  140. Michigan State U.
+ Show Author Affiliations
The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) observation of M87∗ in 2018 has revealed a ring with a diameter that is consistent with the 2017 observation. The brightest part of the ring is shifted to the southwest from the southeast. In this paper, we provide theoretical interpretations for the multi-epoch EHT observations for M87∗ by comparing a new general relativistic magnetohydrodynamics model image library with the EHT observations for M87∗ in both 2017 and 2018. The model images include aligned and tilted accretion with parameterized thermal and nonthermal synchrotron emission properties. The 2018 observation again shows that the spin vector of the M87∗ supermassive black hole is pointed away from Earth. A shift of the brightest part of the ring during the multi-epoch observations can naturally be explained by the turbulent nature of black hole accretion, which is supported by the fact that the more turbulent retrograde models can explain the multi-epoch observations better than the prograde models. The EHT data are inconsistent with the tilted models in our model image library. Assuming that the black hole spin axis and its large-scale jet direction are roughly aligned, we expect the brightest part of the ring to be most commonly observed 90 deg clockwise from the forward jet. This prediction can be statistically tested through future observations.
Research Organization:
ASTRON, Dwingeloo; Aalto U.; Academia Sinica, Taiwan; Arizona U.; Arizona U., Astron. Dept. - Steward Observ.; Beijing Observ.; Bologna Observ.; Bologna, Ist. Radioastronomia; Bonn, Max Planck Inst., Radioastron.; Boston U.; Brandeis U.; Cagliari Observ.; Cagliari U.; Caltech; Canadian Inst. Advanced Res.; Canadian Inst. Theor. Astrophys.; Central Lancashire U.; Chalmers U. Tech.; Chicago U.; Chicago U., Astron. Astrophys. Ctr.; Chicago U., EFI; Chicago U., KICP; Clemson U.; Colorado U.; Conacyt, Mexico; Concepcion U.; Cornell U., Radio. Space Res. Ctr.; Fairfield U.; Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (FNAL), Batavia, IL (United States); Frankfurt U.; Frankfurt U., FIAS; Fudan U.; Fujitsu, Atsugi; Gemini Observ., Hilo; Georgia Tech; Granada U., Theor. Phys. Astrophys.; Groningen U.; Hachinohe Inst. Tech.; Harvard U.; Harvard U. (main); Harvard U., Phys. Dept.; Harvard-Smithsonian Ctr. Astrophys.; Hawaii U.; Hefei, CUST; Hiroshima U.; Hua-Zhong U. Sci. Tech.; IBM Watson Res. Ctr.; INAOE, Puebla; INFN, Cagliari; INFN, Naples; INFN, Trieste; IRAM, Granada; IRAM, St. Martin d'Heres; IRMA, Strasbourg; Illinois U., Urbana; Illinois U., Urbana, Astron. Dept.; Integrated Applied Physics, Waltham; KAIST, Taejon; KASI, DaeJeon; Kogakuin U.; Kyung Hee U.; LESIA, Meudon; LSST, Tucson; Las Cumbres Observ.; Leiden Observ.; Lethbridge U.; MIT; MIT, LNS; Malaya U.; Massachusetts U., Amherst; McGill U.; Mexico U.; Michigan State U.; Mullard Space Sci. Lab.; NAOC, Beijing; NRAO, Charlottesville; NWO, The Hague; Nagoya U.; Nanjing U. (main); Nanjing U., Dept. Astron.; Naples U.; Natl. Astron. Observ. of Japan; New Mexico U.; Niigata U.; Nijmegen U., IMAPP; Peking U.; Peking U., Beijing, KIAA; Peking U., CHEP; Perimeter Inst. Theor. Phys.; Pretoria U.; Princeton U.; Princeton U., Astrophys. Sci. Dept.; Princeton, Inst. Advanced Study; RCAAM, Academy of Athens; RadiaBeam Tech.; Rhodes U.; Rice U.; Sao Paulo U.; Sao Paulo, Inst. Astron. Geofis.; Seoul Natl. U.; Shanghai Jiao Tong U.; Shanghai, Astron. Observ.; Southern Denmark U., CP3-Origins; Subaru Telescope; Taejon, Elect. Telecomm. Res. Inst.; Taiwan, Natl. Normal U.; Taiwan, Natl. Taiwan U.; Texas U., San Antonio; Tohoku U., Astron. Inst.; Tohoku U., IIAIR; Tokyo Inst. Tech.; Tokyo U.; Tokyo U., ICRR; Tokyo U., IPMU; Tokyo, Grad. U. Adv. Stud.; Tokyo, Inst. Statistical Math.; Toronto U.; Toronto U., Astron. Dept.; Trieste U.; Trinity Coll., Dublin; Turku U.; U. Amsterdam, GRAPPA; U. Aveiro (main); U. Heidelberg, ITP; U. Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Sch. Phys.; UC, Santa Barbara; UNAM, Morelia, Inst. Radioastron. Astrophys.; UNIST, Ulsan; Unlisted, CN; Unlisted, US, MA; Valencia U., Astro. Astrophys.; Valparaiso U., Catolica; Villanova U.; Washington U., St. Louis; Waterloo U.; Waterloo U., IQC; Wurzburg U.; Yale Ctr. Astron. Astrophys.; Yonsei U.; Yunnan Observ.
Sponsoring Organization:
US Department of Energy
Grant/Contract Number:
89243024CSC000002
OSTI ID:
2564451
Report Number(s):
FERMILAB-PUB-25-0315-PPD; oai:inspirehep.net:2918117
Journal Information:
Astron.Astrophys., Journal Name: Astron.Astrophys. Vol. 693
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English

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Related Subjects

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS
M87
accretion disks
active galaxies
black hole physics
gravitation