Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy: An Evolving Toolbox for Revealing the Chemistry within Electrochemical Processes

Putnam, Seth T.; Santiago-Carboney, Armando; Qian, Peisen; Rodríguez-López, Joaquín

doi:10.1021/acs.analchem.4c06996

Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy: An Evolving Toolbox for Revealing the Chemistry within Electrochemical Processes

Journal Article · Mon Apr 07 00:00:00 EDT 2025 · Analytical Chemistry

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.4c06996· OSTI ID:2563189

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University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, IL (United States)

The parallel development of ultramicroelectrodes (UMEs) and groundbreaking scanning probe microscopy techniques in the late 1980s led to the development of the scanning electrochemical microscope. Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) was born from the idea of using a tiny electrode to measure the local electrochemical behavior at operating electrodes. From its foundations, the technique displayed an inherent versatility in measuring sample properties beyond topography. It allowed experimenters to measure and map chemical reactions occurring at diverse interfaces, from inspecting the reversibility of redox mediators at metal electrodes, to detecting the hallmarks of cellular respiration on living plant leaves. Related but distinct electrochemical scanning probe techniques, such as electrochemical atomic force microscopy (EC-AFM), scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM), and scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM) have developed in parallel. These techniques have demonstrated exquisite spatial resolution down to the nanoscale regime. However, it is the proposition of this review that SECM remains unmatched at revealing the chemical aspects of electrochemistry. Furthermore, it is our intention to review and demonstrate that the versatile architecture of SECM continues to evolve and address fundamental and emerging challenges in the fields of energy storage and conversion, chemical biology, materials science, and environmental chemistry, among others.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE

Grant/Contract Number:: SC0019409

OSTI ID:: 2563189

Journal Information:: Analytical Chemistry, Journal Name: Analytical Chemistry Journal Issue: 15 Vol. 97; ISSN 0003-2700

Publisher:: American Chemical Society (ACS)Copyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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Optimization of PbI ₂ /MAPbI ₃ Perovskite Composites by Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy Hsu, Hsien-Yi; Ji, Li; Du, Minshu The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 120, Issue 35 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.6b07850	journal	August 2016
Coulometric Titration of Active Sites at Mesostructured Cobalt Oxide Spinel by Surface Interrogation Mode of Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy Lorenz, Julian; Yu, Mingquan; Tüysüz, Harun The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 124, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.9b11114	journal	March 2020
Nanoimpact Electrochemistry to Quantify the Transformation and Electrocatalytic Activity of Ni(OH)₂ Nanoparticles: Toward the Size–Activity Relationship at High Throughput Vieira, Mathias Miranda; Lemineur, Jean-François; Médard, Jérôme The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, Vol. 13, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c01408	journal	June 2022
Electrochemical Surface Interrogation of a MoS ₂ Hydrogen-Evolving Catalyst: In Situ Determination of the Surface Hydride Coverage and the Hydrogen Evolution Kinetics Ahn, Hyun S.; Bard, Allen J. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, Vol. 7, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b01276	journal	June 2016
Diffuse Layer Effect on Electron-Transfer Kinetics Measured by Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy (SECM) Bae, Je Hyun; Yu, Yun; Mirkin, Michael V. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, Vol. 8, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b00161	journal	March 2017
Interrogating Charge Storage on Redox Active Colloids via Combined Raman Spectroscopy and Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy Gossage, Zachary T.; Schorr, Noah B.; Hernández-Burgos, Kenneth Langmuir, Vol. 33, Issue 37 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b01121	journal	June 2017
Investigation of Protective Properties of Organic Layers toward Reactive Oxygen Species Aceta, Yara; Hapiot, Philippe; Leroux, Yann R. Langmuir, Vol. 35, Issue 49 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b02991	journal	November 2019
Defect Engineering of WO₃ by Rapid Flame Reduction for Efficient Photoelectrochemical Conversion of Methane into Liquid Oxygenates Woo, Ho Kun; Gautam, Ankit Kumar; Barroso-Martínez, Jaxiry S. Nano Letters, Vol. 23, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c03131	journal	December 2023
Simultaneous Mapping of Electrocatalytic Activity and Selectivity via Hybrid Scanning Electrochemical Probe Microscopy Ryu, C. Hyun; Ren, Hang Nano Letters, Vol. 24, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c01280	journal	May 2024
High-Resolution Distance Dependence Interrogation of Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopic Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Enabled by Two-Dimensional Molybdenum Disulfide Substrates He, Xing; Tareq, Abu Montakim; Qi, Kai Nano Letters, Vol. 24, Issue 43 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c04200	journal	October 2024
Distinguishing Inner and Outer-Sphere Hot Electron Transfer in Au/p-GaN Photocathodes Kiani, Fatemeh; Bowman, Alan R.; Sabzehparvar, Milad Nano Letters, Vol. 24, Issue 50 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c04319	journal	November 2024
A Battery Researcher’s Guide to Successful Ultramicroelectrode Fabrication for Fast-Scan Kinetic Analysis Faisal, Md. Arif; Dick, Jeffrey E. ACS Applied Energy Materials, Vol. 7, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.4c01747	journal	November 2024
Rapid Screening of Photoanode Materials Using Scanning Photoelectrochemical Microscopy Technique and Formation of Z-Scheme Solar Water Splitting System by Coupling p- and n-type Heterojunction Photoelectrodes Shinde, Pravin S.; Peng, Xiaoniu; Wang, Jue ACS Applied Energy Materials, Vol. 1, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.8b00381	journal	April 2018
Nascent SEI-Surface Films on Single Crystalline Silicon Investigated by Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy dos Santos Sardinha, Eduardo; Sternad, Michael; R. Wilkening, H. Martin ACS Applied Energy Materials, Vol. 2, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.8b01967	journal	January 2019
Effective Mass Transport Properties in Lithium Battery Electrodes Hossain, Md. Sazzad; Stephens, Lisa I.; Hatami, Mojgan ACS Applied Energy Materials, Vol. 3, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.9b01695	journal	December 2019
Visualizing Overall Water Splitting on Single Microcrystals of Phosphorus-Doped BiVO₄ by Photo-SECM Askarova, Gaukhar; Hesari, Mahdi; Barman, Koushik ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 15, Issue 40 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.3c13099	journal	September 2023
Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy Reveals That Model Silicon Anodes Demonstrate Global Solid Electrolyte Interphase Passivation Degradation during Calendar Aging McBrayer, Josefine D.; Schorr, Noah B.; Lam, Mila Nhu ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 16, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.3c14361	journal	April 2024
Quantifying Interfacial Ion Transfer at Operating Potassium-Insertion Battery Electrodes within Highly Concentrated Aqueous Solutions Gossage, Zachary T.; Tatara, Ryoichi; Hosaka, Tomooki ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 16, Issue 26 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.4c03645	journal	June 2024
Impact of Surface Modification on the Lithium, Sodium, and Potassium Intercalation Efficiency and Capacity of Few-Layer Graphene Electrodes Nijamudheen, A.; Sarbapalli, Dipobrato; Hui, Jingshu ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 12, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b23105	journal	February 2020
In Situ Characterization of the Oxidation Behavior of Carbonate-Based Electrolytes for Lithium-Ion Batteries by Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy He, Rong; McDonough, Liam; Seitz, Liam ACS Electrochemistry, Vol. 1, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1021/acselectrochem.4c00106	journal	December 2024
Transport and Interfacial Injection of d-Band Hot Holes Control Plasmonic Chemistry Kiani, Fatemeh; Bowman, Alan R.; Sabzehparvar, Milad ACS Energy Letters, Vol. 8, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.3c01505	journal	September 2023
Trends in Electrocatalysis: The Microenvironment Moves to Center Stage Schreier, Marcel; Kenis, Paul; Che, Fanglin ACS Energy Letters, Vol. 8, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.3c01623	journal	August 2023
Insights of the Proton Transport Efficiency of a Membrane Electrode Assembly by Operando Monitoring of the Local Proton Concentration during Water Oxidation Antony, Rajini P.; Li, Lejing; Santana Santos, Carla ACS Materials Letters, Vol. 6, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsmaterialslett.4c01655	journal	November 2024
AI-Assisted Fusion of Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy Images Using Novel Soft Probe Lin, Yi-Hong; Tsai, Chih-Ning; Chen, Po-Feng ACS Measurement Science Au, Vol. 2, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.2c00032	journal	August 2022
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Quantifying Wavelength-Dependent Plasmonic Hot Carrier Energy Distributions at Metal/Semiconductor Interfaces Yu, Yun; Wijesekara, Kanishka D.; Xi, Xiaoxing ACS Nano, Vol. 13, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.9b00219	journal	February 2019
Real-Time Monitoring and 3D Mapping of Trace Vapors of Explosive Nitroaromatic Compounds at Room Temperature by Gas-Phase Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy Choi, Suhyuk; Ahn, Hyun S. ACS Sensors, Vol. 8, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.3c00037	journal	March 2023
Glucose and Lactate Miniaturized Biosensors for SECM-Based High-Spatial Resolution Analysis: A Comparative Study Soldà, Alice; Valenti, Giovanni; Marcaccio, Massimo ACS Sensors, Vol. 2, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.7b00324	journal	August 2017
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Detection of the electrohydrodimerization intermediate acrylonitrile radical anion by scanning electrochemical microscopy Zhou, Feimeng; Bard, Allen J. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 116, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00080a054	journal	January 1994
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Electrochemical Studies of Guanosine in DMF and Detection of Its Radical Cation in a Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy Nanogap Experiment Bi, Shuping; Liu, Biao; Fan, Fu-Ren F. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 127, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja042433y	journal	February 2005
Surface Patterning with Fluorescent Molecules Using Click Chemistry Directed by Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy Ku, Sung-Yu; Wong, Ken-Tsung; Bard, Allen J. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 130, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja078183d	journal	February 2008
Inner-Sphere Heterogeneous Electrode Reactions. Electrocatalysis and Photocatalysis: The Challenge Bard, Allen J. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 132, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja101578m	journal	June 2010
In Situ Identification of Intermediates of Benzyl Chloride Reduction at a Silver Electrode by SERS Coupled with DFT Calculations Wang, An; Huang, Yi-Fan; Sur, Ujjal Kumar Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 132, Issue 28 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja1024639	journal	July 2010
Simultaneous Noncontact Topography and Electrochemical Imaging by SECM/SICM Featuring Ion Current Feedback Regulation Takahashi, Yasufumi; Shevchuk, Andrew I.; Novak, Pavel Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 132, Issue 29 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja1029478	journal	June 2010
Bridging the Gap between Electrochemical and Organometallic Activation: Benzyl Chloride Reduction at Silver Cathodes Huang, Yi-Fan; Wu, De-Yin; Wang, An Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 132, Issue 48 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja106049c	journal	December 2010
Evidence for OH Radical Production during Electrocatalysis of Oxygen Reduction on Pt Surfaces: Consequences and Application Noël, Jean-Marc; Latus, Alina; Lagrost, Corinne Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 134, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja211663t	journal	January 2012
Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy Study of Ion Annihilation Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence of Rubrene and [Ru(bpy)₃]²⁺ Rodríguez-López, Joaquín; Shen, Mei; Nepomnyashchii, Alexander B. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 134, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja301016n	journal	May 2012
Detection of the Sn(III) Intermediate and the Mechanism of the Sn(IV)/Sn(II) Electroreduction Reaction in Bromide Media by Cyclic Voltammetry and Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy Chang, Jinho; Bard, Allen J. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 136, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja409958a	journal	December 2013
Surface Interrogation of CoP _i Water Oxidation Catalyst by Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy Ahn, Hyun S.; Bard, Allen J. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 137, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja511740h	journal	January 2015
Nanoelectrochemical Approach To Detecting Short-Lived Intermediates of Electrocatalytic Oxygen Reduction Zhou, Min; Yu, Yun; Hu, Keke Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 137, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja512482n	journal	May 2015
Electrochemical Recognition of Synthetic Heparin Mimetic at Liquid/Liquid Microinterfaces Rodgers, Patrick J.; Jing, Ping; Kim, Yushin Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 130, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja800568q	journal	May 2008
Interrogation of Surfaces for the Quantification of Adsorbed Species on Electrodes: Oxygen on Gold and Platinum in Neutral Media ^† Rodríguez-López, Joaquín; Alpuche-Avilés, Mario A.; Bard, Allen J. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 130, Issue 50 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja8050553	journal	December 2008
Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy: Surface Interrogation of Adsorbed Hydrogen and the Open Circuit Catalytic Decomposition of Formic Acid at Platinum Rodríguez-López, Joaquín; Bard, Allen J. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 132, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja9090319	journal	April 2010
In-Situ Imaging of Ionic Crystal Dissolution Using an Integrated Electrochemical/AFM Probe Macpherson, Julie V.; Unwin, Patrick R.; Hillier, Andrew C. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 118, Issue 27 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja960842r	journal	January 1996
Real-Time Detection of Hydroxyl Radical Generated at Operating Electrodes via Redox-Active Adduct Formation Using Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy Barroso-Martínez, Jaxiry S.; B. Romo, Adolfo I.; Pudar, Sanja Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 144, Issue 41 https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.2c06278	journal	October 2022
Photo-scanning Electrochemical Microscopy Observation of Overall Water Splitting at a Single Aluminum-Doped Strontium Titanium Oxide Microcrystal Askarova, Gaukhar; Xiao, Chengcan; Barman, Koushik Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 145, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.3c00663	journal	March 2023
Activationless Electron Transfer of Redox-DNA in Electrochemical Nanogaps Zheng, Zhiyong; Grall, Simon; Kim, Soo Hyeon Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 146, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.3c13532	journal	February 2024
Voltammetric Detection of Singlet Oxygen Enabled by Nanogap Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy Mishra, Abhiroop; Zorigt, Michelle; Kim, Dong Ok Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 146, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.4c00414	journal	March 2024
Electrochemical Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Zeng, Zhi-Cong; Huang, Sheng-Chao; Wu, De-Yin Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 137, Issue 37 https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5b08143	journal	September 2015
Electrochemical Imaging and Redox Interrogation of Surface Defects on Operating SrTiO ₃ Photoelectrodes Simpson, Burton H.; Rodríguez-López, Joaquín Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 137, Issue 47 https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5b10256	journal	November 2015
Surface Interrogation Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy of Ni _{1– x} Fe _x OOH (0 < x < 0.27) Oxygen Evolving Catalyst: Kinetics of the “fast” Iron Sites Ahn, Hyun S.; Bard, Allen J. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 138, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5b10977	journal	December 2015
Electrocatalytic Activity of Individual Pt Nanoparticles Studied by Nanoscale Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy Kim, Jiyeon; Renault, Christophe; Nioradze, Nikoloz Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 138, Issue 27 https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.6b03980	journal	June 2016
A Study of the Mechanism of the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction on Nickel by Surface Interrogation Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy Liang, Zhenxing; Ahn, Hyun S.; Bard, Allen J. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 139, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.7b00279	journal	March 2017
Direct Electrochemical Measurements of Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species in Nontransformed and Metastatic Human Breast Cells Li, Yun; Hu, Keke; Yu, Yun Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 139, Issue 37 https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.7b06476	journal	September 2017
Detection of CO ₂ ^•– in the Electrochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide in N , N -Dimethylformamide by Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy Kai, Tianhan; Zhou, Min; Duan, Zhiyao Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 139, Issue 51 https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.7b08702	journal	December 2017
In Situ Detection of the Adsorbed Fe(II) Intermediate and the Mechanism of Magnetite Electrodeposition by Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy Bhat, Mohsin A.; Nioradze, Nikoloz; Kim, Jiyeon Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 139, Issue 44 https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.7b08835	journal	October 2017
Single Synaptic Observation of Cholinergic Neurotransmission on Living Neurons: Concentration and Dynamics Shen, Mei; Qu, Zizheng; DesLaurier, Justin Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 140, Issue 25 https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.8b01989	journal	June 2018
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Creation of Reactive Micro Patterns on Silicon by Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy Valenti, Giovanni; Bardini, Luca; Bonazzi, Daria The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 114, Issue 50 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp1067928	journal	December 2010
Reaction of Various Reductants with Oxide Films on Pt Electrodes As Studied by the Surface Interrogation Mode of Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy (SI-SECM): Possible Validity of a Marcus Relationship Rodríguez-López, Joaquín; Minguzzi, Alessandro; Bard, Allen J. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 114, Issue 43 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp107259h	journal	October 2010
Screening of Electrocatalysts for Photoelectrochemical Water Oxidation on W-Doped BiVO ₄ Photocatalysts by Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy Ye, Heechang; Park, Hyun S.; Bard, Allen J. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 115, Issue 25 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp200852c	journal	June 2011
Local Oxidation of Polystyrene by Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy Ktari, Nadia; Combellas, Catherine; Kanoufi, Frédéric The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 115, Issue 36 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp205343r	journal	August 2011
Improvement of Hematite as Photocatalyst by Doping with Tantalum Zhang, Xinsheng; Li, Huicheng; Wang, Shijun The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 118, Issue 30 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp500395a	journal	April 2014
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Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy (SECM) as a Probe of Transfer Processes in Two-Phase Systems: Theory and Experimental Applications of SECM-Induced Transfer with Arbitrary Partition Coefficients, Diffusion Coefficients, and Interfacial Kinetics Barker, Anna L.; Macpherson, Julie V.; Slevin, Christopher J. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, Vol. 102, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp973370r	journal	February 1998
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Scanning Electrochemistry Microscopy (SECM) in the Study of Electron Transfer Kinetics at Liquid/Liquid Interfaces: Beyond the Constant Composition Approximation Barker, Anna L.; Unwin, Patrick R.; Amemiya, Shigeru The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, Vol. 103, Issue 34 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp991414l	journal	August 1999
Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy Studies of Glutathione-Modified Surfaces. An Erasable and Sensitive-to-Reactive Oxygen Species Surface Latus, Alina; Noël, Jean-Marc; Volanschi, Elena Langmuir, Vol. 27, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1021/la2020034	journal	August 2011
Locally Induced and Self-Induced “Electroclick” onto a Self-Assembled Monolayer: Writing and Reading with SECM under Unbiased Conditions Lhenry, Sébastien; Leroux, Yann R.; Orain, Christophe Langmuir, Vol. 30, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1021/la405005f	journal	April 2014
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Quantifying photothermal heating at plasmonic nanoparticles by scanning electrochemical microscopy Yu, Yun; Williams, Jeffrey D.; Willets, Katherine A. Faraday Discussions, Vol. 210 https://doi.org/10.1039/C8FD00057C	journal	January 2018
A high spatiotemporal study of somatic exocytosis with scanning electrochemical microscopy and nanoITIES electrodes Welle, Theresa M.; Alanis, Kristen; Colombo, Michelle L. Chemical Science, Vol. 9, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1039/C8SC01131A	journal	January 2018
Combined scanning electrochemical and fluorescence microscopies using a tetrazine as a single redox and luminescent (electrofluorochromic) probe Guerret-Legras, L.; Audibert, J. F.; Dubacheva, G. V. Chemical Science, Vol. 9, Issue 27 https://doi.org/10.1039/C8SC01814F	journal	January 2018
Coordinated mapping of Li⁺ flux and electron transfer reactivity during solid-electrolyte interphase formation at a graphene electrode Gossage, Zachary T.; Hui, Jingshu; Sarbapalli, Dipobrato The Analyst, Vol. 145, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1039/C9AN02637A	journal	January 2020
Probing the reversibility and kinetics of Li ⁺ during SEI formation and (de)intercalation on edge plane graphite using ion-sensitive scanning electrochemical microscopy Gossage, Zachary T.; Hui, Jingshu; Zeng, Yunxiong Chemical Science, Vol. 10, Issue 46 https://doi.org/10.1039/C9SC03569A	journal	January 2019
Nernstian Li⁺ intercalation into few-layer graphene and its use for the determination of K⁺ co-intercalation processes Hui, Jingshu; Nijamudheen, A.; Sarbapalli, Dipobrato Chemical Science, Vol. 12, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1039/D0SC03226C	journal	January 2021
Probing the local activity of CO₂ reduction on gold gas diffusion electrodes: effect of the catalyst loading and CO₂ pressure Monteiro, Mariana C. O.; Dieckhöfer, Stefan; Bobrowski, Tim Chemical Science, Vol. 12, Issue 47 https://doi.org/10.1039/D1SC05519D	journal	January 2021
Enhancing scanning electrochemical microscopy's potential to probe dynamic co-culture systems via hyperspectral assisted-imaging Goines, Sondrica; Deng, Mingchu; Glasscott, Matthew W. The Analyst, Vol. 147, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1039/D2AN00319H	journal	January 2022
Investigating the cytotoxic redox mechanism of PFOS within Hep G2 by hyperspectral-assisted scanning electrochemical microscopy Goines, Sondrica; Dick, Jeffrey E. The Analyst, Vol. 147, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1039/D2AN00904H	journal	January 2022
A troubleshooting guide for laser pulling platinum nanoelectrodes Lim, Koun; Goines, Sondrica; Deng, Mingchu The Analyst, Vol. 148, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1039/D3AN00268C	journal	January 2023
Considerations for dual barrel electrode fabrication and experimentation Krushinski, Lynn E.; Kauffmann, Philip J.; Wang, Amber K. The Analyst, Vol. 149, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1039/D3AN01969A	journal	January 2024
Electrochemical response of surface-attached redox DNA governed by low activation energy electron transfer kinetics Zheng, Zhiyong; Kim, Soo Hyeon; Chovin, Arnaud Chemical Science, Vol. 14, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1039/D3SC00320E	journal	January 2023
In situ detection of reactive oxygen species spontaneously generated on lead acid battery anodes: a pathway for degradation and self-discharge at open circuit Asserghine, Abdelilah; Baby, Aravind; Putnam, Seth T. Chemical Science, Vol. 14, Issue 43 https://doi.org/10.1039/D3SC04736A	journal	January 2023
Spectroelectrochemical determination of thiolate self-assembled monolayer adsorptive stability in aqueous and non-aqueous electrolytes Siddiqui, Abdur-Rahman; N'Diaye, Jeanne; Santiago-Carboney, Armando The Analyst, Vol. 149, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1039/D4AN00241E	journal	January 2024
An automated electrochemistry platform for studying pH-dependent molecular electrocatalysis Pence, Michael A.; Hazen, Gavin; Rodríguez-López, Joaquín Digital Discovery, Vol. 3, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1039/D4DD00186A	journal	January 2024
Enzyme-modified Pt nanoelectrodes for glutamate detection Xu, Peibo; Jetmore, Henry David; Chen, Ran Faraday Discussions, Vol. 257 https://doi.org/10.1039/D4FD00138A	journal	January 2025
Real-time investigation of reactive oxygen species and radicals evolved from operating Fe–N–C electrocatalysts during the ORR: potential dependence, impact on degradation, and structural comparisons Putnam, Seth T.; Rodríguez-López, Joaquín Chemical Science, Vol. 15, Issue 26 https://doi.org/10.1039/D4SC01553C	journal	January 2024
Nanoscale interactions of arginine-containing dipeptide repeats with nuclear pore complexes as measured by transient scanning electrochemical microscopy Huang, Siao-Han; Parandhaman, Moghitha; Jyothi Ravi, Manu Chemical Science, Vol. 15, Issue 38 https://doi.org/10.1039/D4SC05063K	journal	January 2024
Synergetic effect of mild hypothermia and antioxidant treatment on ROS–mediated neuron injury under oxygen–glucose deprivation investigated by scanning electrochemical microscopy Zhang, Junjie; Liu, Yulin; Zhao, Yuxiang Chemical Science, Vol. 15, Issue 48 https://doi.org/10.1039/D4SC05977H	journal	January 2024
In situ analysis of the oxygen evolution reaction on the CuO film in alkaline solution by surface interrogation scanning electrochemical microscopy: investigating active sites (Cu^III) and kinetics Han, Seokjun; Yoo, Jinoh; Choi, Won Tae Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 12, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1039/D4TA00628C	journal	January 2024
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Editors’ Choice—A Miniaturized Enzymatic Biosensor for Detection of Sensory-Evoked D-serine Release in the Brain Moussa, Siba; Van Horn, Marion R.; Shah, Aryan Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 168, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/abe348	journal	February 2021
New Method in Surface Treatment of Nanopipette for Interface between Two Immiscible Electrolyte Solutions (ITIES) Experiment Anupriya, Edappalil Satheesan; Shen, Mei Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 169, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac5619	journal	April 2022
Square Wave Anodic Stripping Voltammetry for Localized Detection of Mn²⁺ in Li-Ion Battery Environments Hatami, Mojgan; Polcari, David; Hossain, Md Sazzad Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 169, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac63f9	journal	April 2022
A Surface Modification Strategy Towards Reversible Na-ion Intercalation on Graphitic Carbon Using Fluorinated Few-Layer Graphene Sarbapalli, Dipobrato; Lin, Yu-Hsiu; Stafford, Sean Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 169, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac9c33	journal	October 2022
Extending the Lifetime of pH Microelectrode with Stabilized Palladium Hydride Li, Yuanjiao; Perry, Samuel C.; Mauzeroll, Janine Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 170, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/acedd1	journal	August 2023
Correlation Between Microscopic Current Fluctuations Observed at Ultra-Microelectrodes and Macroscopic Bulk Electrolysis Performance in Redox-Active Microemulsions Santiago-Carboney, Armando; Konstantinov, Filip; Pence, Michael A. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 171, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ad8bf7	journal	November 2024
Development of Mg²⁺Ion-Selective Microelectrodes for Potentiometric Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy Monitoring of Galvanic Corrosion Processes Izquierdo, Javier; Kiss, András; Santana, Juan José Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 160, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.001310jes	journal	January 2013
Local Evaluation of Processed Membrane Electrode Assemblies by Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy Schulte, Wiebke; Liu, Shuai; Plettenberg, Inka Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 164, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0061709jes	journal	January 2017
Enhancement of the Enzymatic Biosensor Response through Targeted Electrode Surface Roughness Perry, Samuel C.; Gateman, Samantha M.; Sifakis, Joseph Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 165, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0121812jes	journal	January 2018
Review—Advances in Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy (SECM) Zoski, Cynthia G. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 163, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0141604jes	journal	December 2015
A Nanopipette Platform for Delivering Nanoliter Volumes of Acetylcholine McAllister, A. B.; Menchaca, C. X.; Freeman, J. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 165, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0151812jes	journal	January 2018
Local pH Measurement with Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy Morris, Celeste A.; Chen, Chiao-Chen; Ito, Takashi Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 160, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.028308jes	journal	January 2013
A Chemical Approach to Optimizing Bioactive Glass Dental Composites Aponso, S.; Ummadi, J. G.; Davis, H. Journal of Dental Research, Vol. 98, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1177/0022034518809086	journal	November 2018
Uses of Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy (SECM) for the Characterization with Spatial and Chemical Resolution of Thin Surface Layers and Coating Systems Applied on Metals: A Review Santana, Juan J.; Izquierdo, Javier; Souto, Ricardo M. Coatings, Vol. 12, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12050637	journal	May 2022
Nano-Electrochemistry and Nano-Electrografting with an Original Combined AFM-SECM Ghorbal, Achraf; Grisotto, Federico; Charlier, Julienne Nanomaterials, Vol. 3, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3390/nano3020303	journal	May 2013

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