Impact of Regional and Seasonal Characteristics on Battery Electric Vehicle Operational Costs in the U.S.

Kim, Kyung-Ho; Kim, Namdoo; Vijayagopal, Ram; Stutenberg, Kevin; Hwang, Sung-Ho

doi:10.3390/su17083282

Impact of Regional and Seasonal Characteristics on Battery Electric Vehicle Operational Costs in the U.S.

Journal Article · Tue Apr 08 00:00:00 EDT 2025 · Sustainability (Basel)

DOI:https://doi.org/10.3390/su17083282· OSTI ID:2551900

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This study investigates the operational cost competitiveness of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) in the United States, considering regional climates, energy prices, and driving patterns. By comparing BEVs with plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), and the alternative use of BEVs and conventional vehicles (Convs), the analysis incorporates thermal dynamometer tests, real-world vehicle miles traveled (VMT), and state-specific energy prices. Using detailed simulations, the study evaluates energy consumption across varying temperatures and driving distances. The findings reveal that, while BEVs remain cost-effective for short trips in moderate climates, PHEVs are more economical for long-range trips and cold environments, due to the excessive cost of using external direct current fast chargers (DCFCs) and reduced BEV efficiency at low temperatures. HEVs are identified as the most cost-efficient option in regions like New England, characterized by high residential electricity prices. These insights are critical for shaping vehicle electrification strategies, particularly under diverse regional and seasonal conditions, and for advancing policies on alternative energy and fuels.

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Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Nuclear Energy (NE)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-06CH11357

OSTI ID:: 2551900

Journal Information:: Sustainability (Basel), Journal Name: Sustainability (Basel) Journal Issue: 8 Vol. 17; ISSN SUSTDE; ISSN 2071-1050

Publisher:: MDPI AGCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: Switzerland

Language:: English

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