Anisotropic Expansion of the Plant Cell Wall

Baskin, Tobias I.

doi:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.20.082503.103053

Anisotropic Expansion of the Plant Cell Wall

Journal Article · Mon Oct 31 23:00:00 EST 2005 · Annual review of cell and developmental biology

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.20.082503.103053· OSTI ID:2483285

Baskin, Tobias I. ^[1]

University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA (United States); UMass Amherst

Plants shape their organs with a precision demanded by optimal function; organ shaping requires control over cell wall expansion anisotropy. Focusing on multicellular organs, I survey the occurrence of expansion anisotropy and discuss its causes and proposed controls. Expansion anisotropy of a unit area of cell wall is characterized by the direction and degree of anisotropy. The direction of maximal expansion rate is usually regulated by the direction of net alignment among cellulose microfibrils, which overcomes the prevailing stress anisotropy. In some stems, the directionality of expansion of epidermal cells is controlled by that of the inner tissue. The degree of anisotropy can vary widely as a function of position and of treatment. Furthermore, the degree of anisotropy is probably controlled by factors in addition to the direction of microfibril alignment. I hypothesize that rates of expansion in maximal and minimal directions are regulated by distinct molecular mechanisms that regulate interactions between matrix and microfibrils.

Research Organization:: University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES). Chemical Sciences, Geosciences & Biosciences Division (CSGB)

DOE Contract Number:: FG02-03ER15421

OSTI ID:: 2483285

Journal Information:: Annual review of cell and developmental biology, Journal Name: Annual review of cell and developmental biology Journal Issue: 1 Vol. 21; ISSN 1081-0706

Publisher:: Annual Reviews

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (98)

Changes in the Arrangement of Microtubules and Microfibrils in Differentiating Conifer Tracheids During the Expansion of Cells Abe, H. Annals of Botany, Vol. 75, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1006/anbo.1995.1025	journal	March 1995
The Net Orientation of Wall Microfibrils in the Outer Periclinal Epidermal Walls of Seedling Leaves of Wheat Paolillo, D. Annals of Botany, Vol. 76, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1006/anbo.1995.1136	journal	December 1995
Generation of Form and Associated Mass Deposition during Leaf Development in Grasses: a Kinematic Approach for Non-steady Growth Maurice, I. Annals of Botany, Vol. 80, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1006/anbo.1997.0514	journal	November 1997
Microfibril orientation in differentiating and maturing fibre and parenchyma cell walls in culms of bamboo ( (Carr.) Riv. & Riv.) Crow, E.; Murphy, R. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, Vol. 134, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1006/bojl.2000.0376	journal	October 2000
Growth behavior of single epidermal cells during flower formation: Sequential scanning electron micrographs provide kinematic patterns for Anagallis Hern�ndez, LuisF.; Havelange, Andr�e; Bernier, Georges Planta, Vol. 185, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00194054	journal	September 1991
Internodal elongation and orientation of cellulose microfibrils and microtubules in deepwater rice Sauter, Margret; Seagull, RobertW.; Kende, Hans Planta, Vol. 190, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00196964	journal	June 1993
A theory for inflorescence development and flower formation based on morphological and biophysical analysis in Echeveria Green, Paul B. Planta, Vol. 175, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00392424	journal	August 1988
Changes in microfibril arrangement on the inner surface of the epidermal cell walls in the epicotyl of Vigna angularis ohwi et ohashi during cell growth Takeda, Kazuo; Shibaoka, Hiroh Planta, Vol. 151, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00393296	journal	April 1981
Effects of gibberellin and colchicine on microfibril arrangement in epidermal cell walls of Vigna angularis Ohwi et Ohashi epicotyls Takeda, Kazuo; Shibaoka, Hiroh Planta, Vol. 151, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00393297	journal	April 1981
Morphogenesis of plant cell walls at the supramolecular level: Internal geometry and versatility of helicoidal expression Roland, J. C.; Reis, D.; Vian, B. Protoplasma, Vol. 140, Issue 2-3 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01273716	journal	June 1987
On the alignment of cellulose microfibrils by cortical microtubules: A review and a model Baskin, Tobias I. Protoplasma, Vol. 215, Issue 1-4 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01280311	journal	March 2001
Colchicine-induced expansion ofVaucheria cell apex. Alteration from isotropic to transversally anisotropic growth Kataoka, Hironao The Botanical Magazine Tokyo, Vol. 95, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02488543	journal	September 1982
Specific arrangements of cortical microtubules are correlated with the architecture ofmeristems in shoot apices of angiosperms and gymnosperms Sakaguchi, Shuichi; Hogetsu, Taizo; Hara, Noboru The Botanical Magazine Tokyo, Vol. 103, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02489622	journal	June 1990
Tensile Tissue Stress Affects the Orientation of Cortical Microtubules in the Epidermis of Sunflower Hypocotyl Hejnowicz, Zygmunt; Rusin, Aleksandra; Rusin, Tomasz Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, Vol. 19, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s003440000005	journal	March 2000
Acetabularia: A Unicellular Model for Understanding Subcellular Localization and Morphogenesis during Development Dumais, Jacques; Serikawa, Kyle; Mandoli, Dina F. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, Vol. 19, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1007/s003440000035	journal	September 2000
Buckling of inner cell wall layers after manipulations to reduce tensile stress: observations and interpretations for stress transmission Hejnowicz, Zygmunt; Borowska-Wykręt, Dorota Planta, Vol. 220, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-004-1353-z	journal	September 2004
Location of cellulose and callose in pollen tubes and grains of Nicotiana tabacum Ferguson, C.; Teeri, T. T.; Siika-aho, M. Planta, Vol. 206, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1007/s004250050421	journal	August 1998
Shifts in plant cell axiality: Histogenetic influences on cellulose orientation in the succulent, Graptopetalum Green, Paul B. Developmental Biology, Vol. 103, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-1606(84)90003-4	journal	May 1984
Kinematics of plant growth Silk, Wendy Kuhn; Erickson, Ralph O. Journal of Theoretical Biology, Vol. 76, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-5193(79)90014-6	journal	February 1979
Differential growth resulting in the specification of different types of cellular architecture in root meristems Hejnowicz, Z. Environmental and Experimental Botany, Vol. 29, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/0098-8472(89)90041-5	journal	January 1989
A Model of Cell Wall Expansion Based on Thermodynamics of Polymer Networks Veytsman, Boris A.; Cosgrove, Daniel J. Biophysical Journal, Vol. 75, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3495(98)77668-4	journal	November 1998
Growth tensor of plant organs Hejnowicz, Z.; Romberger, John A. Journal of Theoretical Biology, Vol. 110, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5193(84)80017-X	journal	September 1984
Growth rate patterns which maintain a helical tissue tube Silk, Wendy Kuhn Journal of Theoretical Biology, Vol. 138, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5193(89)80197-3	journal	June 1989
Tip growth: Patterns of growth rate and stress in the Chara rhizoid Hejnowicz, Zygmunt; Heinemann, Burkhard; Sievers, Andreas Zeitschrift für Pflanzenphysiologie, Vol. 81, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-328X(77)80176-1	journal	March 1977
Ultrastructure of the Wall in Growing Cells and its Relation to the Direction of the Growth Roelofsen, P. A. Advances in Botanical Research, Vol. 2, p. 69-149 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2296(08)60250-5	book	January 1966
Force and compliance: rethinking morphogenesis in walled cells Harold, Franklin M. Fungal Genetics and Biology, Vol. 37, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1087-1845(02)00528-5	journal	December 2002
Organ shape and size: a lesson from studies of leaf morphogenesis Tsukaya, Hirokazu Current Opinion in Plant Biology, Vol. 6, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1369526602000055	journal	February 2003
A computational method for inferring growth parameters and shape changes during development based on clonal analysis Rolland-Lagan, Anne-Gaëlle; Coen, Enrico; Impey, Stephen J. Journal of Theoretical Biology, Vol. 232, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2004.04.045	journal	January 2005
Progress in understanding the role of microtubules in plant cells Wasteneys, Geoffrey O. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, Vol. 7, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2004.09.008	journal	December 2004
Mitotic Disrupter Herbicides Vaughn, Kevin C.; Lehnen, Larry P. Weed Science, Vol. 39, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043174500073215	journal	September 1991
Herbicides that inhibit cellulose biosynthesis Sabba, Robert P.; Vaughn, Kevin C. Weed Science, Vol. 47, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1017/S004317450009144X	journal	December 1999
The mechanism and regulation of cellulose synthesis in primary walls: lessons from cellulose-deficient Arabidopsis mutants Robert, Stéphanie; Mouille, Grégory; Höfte, Herman Cellulose, Vol. 11, Issue 3/4 https://doi.org/10.1023/B:CELL.0000046415.45774.80	journal	September 2004
Acid‐induced elongation of Reynoutria stems requires tissue stresses Hejnowicz, Z.; Sievers, A. Physiologia Plantarum, Vol. 98, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-3054.1996.980216.x	journal	October 1996
Growth dynamics underlying petal shape and asymmetry Rolland-Lagan, Anne-Gaëlle; Bangham, J. Andrew; Coen, Enrico Nature, Vol. 422, Issue 6928 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01443	journal	March 2003
Polarization confocal microscopy and Congo Red fluorescence: a simple and rapid method to determine the mean cellulose fibril orientation in plants Verbelen, J. -P.; Kerstens, S. Journal of Microscopy, Vol. 198, Issue 2, p. 101-107 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2818.2000.00691.x	journal	December 2001
Analysis of surface growth in shoot apices Dumais, Jacques; Kwiatkowska, Dorota The Plant Journal, Vol. 31, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-313X.2001.01350.x	journal	July 2002
Cellulose microfibril alignment recovers from DCB-induced disruption despite microtubule disorganization Himmelspach, Regina; Williamson, Richard E.; Wasteneys, Geoffrey O. The Plant Journal, Vol. 36, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-313X.2003.01906.x	journal	November 2003
Quantitative analysis of the local rates of growth of dicot leaves at a high temporal and spatial resolution, using image sequence analysis Schmundt, Dominik; Stitt, Mark; Jahne, Bernd The Plant Journal, Vol. 16, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-313x.1998.00314.x	journal	November 1998
Axis elongation can occur with net longitudinal orientation of wall microfibrils Paolillo, Dominick J. New Phytologist, Vol. 145, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2000.00601.x	journal	March 2000
Tissue stresses and resistance to water flow conspire to uncouple the water potential of the epidermis from that of the xylem in elongating plant stems Passioura, John B.; Boyer, John S. Functional Plant Biology, Vol. 30, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1071/FP02202	journal	January 2003
Regulation of directional expansion by the cortical microtubule array in roots of Lemna minor Inada, Sayaka; Sonobe, Seiji; Shimmen, Teruo Functional Plant Biology, Vol. 29, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1071/PP01149	journal	January 2002
The genetics of geometry Coen, Enrico; Rolland-Lagan, Anne-Gaëlle; Matthews, Mark Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 101, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0306308101	journal	February 2004
Pathways of Cellular Morphogenesis Green, Paul B. The Journal of Cell Biology, Vol. 27, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.27.2.343	journal	November 1965
The Topography of tip Growth in a Plant cell Castle, Edward S. The Journal of General Physiology, Vol. 41, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1085/jgp.41.5.913	journal	May 1958
The Analysis of the Relative Growth Gradients and Changing Form of Growing Organisms: Illustrated by the Tobacco Leaf Richards, Oscar W.; Kavanagh, Arthur J. The American Naturalist, Vol. 77, Issue 772 https://doi.org/10.1086/281140	journal	September 1943
Steady Form from Changing Cells Silk, Wendy Kuhn International Journal of Plant Sciences, Vol. 153, Issue 3, Part 2 https://doi.org/10.1086/297063	journal	September 1992
Structural and Immunocytochemical Characterization of the Walls of Dichlobenil‐Habituated BY‐2 Tobacco Cells Sabba, Robert P.; Durso, Neil A.; Vaughn, Kevin C. International Journal of Plant Sciences, Vol. 160, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1086/314135	journal	March 1999
Secondary Cell Wall Deposition Causes Radial Growth of Fibre Cells in the Maturation Zone of Elongating Tall Fescue Leaf Blades Macadam, J. W. Annals of Botany, Vol. 89, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcf010	journal	January 2002
Cell Growth and the Structure and Mechanical Properties of the Wall in Internodal Cells ofNitella opaca Probine, M. C.; Preston, R. D. Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol. 12, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/12.2.261	journal	January 1961
Cell Growth and the Structure and Mechanical Properties of the Wall in Internodal Cells of Nitella opaca : II. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF THE WALLS Probine, M. C.; Preston, R. D. Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol. 13, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/13.1.111	journal	January 1962
Relative Elemental Rates and Anisotropy of Growth in Area: a Computer Programme Erickson, Ralph O. Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol. 17, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/17.2.390	journal	January 1966
The Response of Mechanically Anisotropic Cylindrical Cells to Multiaxial Stress Sellen, D. B. Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol. 34, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/34.6.681	journal	January 1983
Cellular Growth in Roots of a Gibberellin-Deficient Mutant of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentumMill.) and its Wild-type Barlow, P. W.; Brain, P.; Parker, J. S. Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol. 42, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/42.3.339	journal	January 1991
The physical chemistry of the primary cell wall: implications for the control of expansion rate Passioura, J. B. Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol. 45, Issue Special_Issue https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/45.Special_Issue.1675	journal	November 1994
Tissue 8 Hejnowicz, Zygmunt; Sievers, Andreas Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol. 46, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/46.8.1035	journal	January 1995
Tissue 8 Hejnowicz, Zygmunt; Sievers, Andreas Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol. 46, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/46.8.1045	journal	January 1995
Tissue 4 Hejnowicz, Zygmunt; Sievers, Andreas Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol. 47, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/47.4.519	journal	January 1996
Growth and morphogenesis at the vegetative shoot apex of Anagallis arvensis L. Kwiatkowska, D. Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol. 54, Issue 387 https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erg166	journal	April 2003
Changes in Microtubules in Onion Leaf Sheath Cells during Bulb Development Mita, Takashi; Shibaoka, Hiroh Plant and Cell Physiology, Vol. 24, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.pcp.a076503	journal	January 1983
Cellulose Biosynthesis in Plants: from Genes to Rosettes Doblin, Monika S.; Kurek, Isaac; Jacob-Wilk, Deborah Plant and Cell Physiology, Vol. 43, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcf164	journal	December 2002
Chemical Control of Plant Cell Wall Structure and of Cell Shape Probine, M. C. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences, Vol. 161, Issue 985, p. 526-537 https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1965.0019	journal	February 1965
Mathematical modelling of the cellular mechanics of plants Bruce, David M. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, Vol. 358, Issue 1437 https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2003.1337	journal	July 2003
Cell Walls at the Plant Surface Behave Mechanically Like Fiber-Reinforced Composite Materials Kerstens, Sven; Decraemer, Willem F.; Verbelen, Jean-Pierre Plant Physiology, Vol. 127, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.010423	journal	October 2001
Cell Wall Structure in Cells Adapted to Growth on the Cellulose-Synthesis Inhibitor 2,6-Dichlorobenzonitrile: A Comparison between Two Dicotyledonous Plants and a Graminaceous Monocot Shedletzky, Esther; Shmuel, Miri; Trainin, Tali Plant Physiology, Vol. 100, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.100.1.120	journal	September 1992
A New Algorithm for Computational Image Analysis of Deformable Motion at High Spatial and Temporal Resolution Applied to Root Growth. Roughly Uniform Elongation in the Meristem and Also, after an Abrupt Acceleration, in the Elongation Zone van der Weele, Corine M.; Jiang, Hai S.; Palaniappan, Krishnan K. Plant Physiology, Vol. 132, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.103.021345	journal	July 2003
Interaction between Wall Deposition and Cell Elongation in Dark-Grown Hypocotyl Cells in Arabidopsis Refrégier, Guislaine; Pelletier, Sandra; Jaillard, Danielle Plant Physiology, Vol. 135, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.104.038711	journal	June 2004
Disorganization of Cortical Microtubules Stimulates Tangential Expansion and Reduces the Uniformity of Cellulose Microfibril Alignment among Cells in the Root of Arabidopsis Baskin, Tobias I.; Beemster, Gerrit T. S.; Judy-March, Jan E. Plant Physiology, Vol. 135, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.104.040493	journal	August 2004
The Mechanics of Surface Expansion Anisotropy in Medicago truncatula Root Hairs Dumais, Jacques; Long, Sharon R.; Shaw, Sidney L. Plant Physiology, Vol. 136, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.104.043752	journal	September 2004
Regulation of Growth Anisotropy in Well-Watered and Water-Stressed Maize Roots (I. Spatial Distribution of Longitudinal, Radial, and Tangential Expansion Rates) Liang, B. M.; Sharp, R. E.; Baskin, T. I. Plant Physiology, Vol. 115, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.115.1.101	journal	September 1997
Regulation of Growth Anisotropy in Well-Watered and Water-Stressed Maize Roots. II. Role of Cortical Microtubules and Cellulose Microfibrils Baskin, Tobias I.; Meekes, Herman T. H. M.; Liang, Benjamin M. Plant Physiology, Vol. 119, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.119.2.681	journal	February 1999
The Mechanic State of “Inner Tissue” in the Growing Zone of Sunflower Hypocotyls and the Regulation of Its Growth Rate Following Excision Peters, Winfried S.; Tomos, A. Deri Plant Physiology, Vol. 123, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.123.2.605	journal	June 2000
Transverse Viscoelastic Extension in Nitella Métraux, Jean-Pierre; Taiz, Lincoln Plant Physiology, Vol. 63, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.63.4.657	journal	April 1979
Cell Expansion Patterns and Directionality of Wall Mechanical Properties in Nitella. Richmond, Paul A.; Métraux, Jean-Pierre; Taiz, Lincoln Plant Physiology, Vol. 65, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.65.2.211	journal	February 1980
Water Potentials Induced by Growth in Soybean Hypocotyls Cavalieri, Anthony J.; Boyer, John S. Plant Physiology, Vol. 69, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.69.2.492	journal	February 1982
Growth Patterns Inferred from Anatomical Records Silk, Wendy Kuhn; Lord, Elizabeth M.; Eckard, Kathleen J. Plant Physiology, Vol. 90, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.90.2.708	journal	June 1989
Mutation or Drug-Dependent Microtubule Disruption Causes Radial Swelling without Altering Parallel Cellulose Microfibril Deposition in Arabidopsis Root Cells Sugimoto, Keiko; Himmelspach, Regina; Williamson, Richard E. The Plant Cell, Vol. 15, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.011593	journal	May 2003
An Arabidopsis Mutant Resistant to Thaxtomin A, a Cellulose Synthesis Inhibitor from Streptomyces Species[W] Scheible, Wolf-Rüdiger; Fry, Barbara; Kochevenko, Andrej The Plant Cell, Vol. 15, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.013342	journal	August 2003
COBRA, an Arabidopsis Extracellular Glycosyl-Phosphatidyl Inositol-Anchored Protein, Specifically Controls Highly Anisotropic Expansion through Its Involvement in Cellulose Microfibril Orientation Roudier, François; Fernandez, Anita G.; Fujita, Miki The Plant Cell, Vol. 17, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.105.031732	journal	April 2005
Cell wall extension results in the coordinate separation of parallel microfibrils: evidence from scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy: Creep and cell wall ultrastructure Marga, Francoise; Grandbois, Michel; Cosgrove, Daniel J. The Plant Journal, Vol. 43, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-313X.2005.02447.x	journal	June 2005
The Control of cell Shape and rate of cell Expansion by Ethylene: Effects on Microfibril Orientation and cell wall Extensibility in Etiolated peas Ridge, Irene Acta Botanica Neerlandica, Vol. 22, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1438-8677.1973.tb00824.x	journal	April 1973
Reorientation of Microfibrils and Microtubules at the Outer Epidermal Wall of Maize Coleoptiles During Auxin-Mediated Growth Bergfeld, R.; Speth, V.; Schopfer, P. Botanica Acta, Vol. 101, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1438-8677.1988.tb00012.x	journal	February 1988
Mechanism for Plant Cellular Morphogenesis Green, P. B. Science, Vol. 138, Issue 3548 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.138.3548.1404	journal	December 1962
To shape a cell: an inquiry into the causes of morphogenesis of microorganisms Harold, F. M. Microbiological Reviews, Vol. 54, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1128/mr.54.4.381-431.1990	journal	December 1990
Wall fibrils and microtubules in normal and gibberellic-acid-induced growth of lettuce hypocotyl cells Sawhney, V. K.; Srivastava, L. M. Canadian Journal of Botany, Vol. 53, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1139/b75-100	journal	May 1975
The arrangement of microtubules in leaves of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants Hogetsu, Taizo Canadian Journal of Botany, Vol. 67, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1139/b89-430	journal	December 1989
Enzymes and Other Agents that Enhance cell wall Extensibility Cosgrove, Daniel J. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology, Vol. 50, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.arplant.50.1.391	journal	June 1999
Organogenesis-A Biophysical View Green, P. B. Annual Review of Plant Physiology, Vol. 31, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pp.31.060180.000411	journal	June 1980
Quantitative Descriptions of Development Silk, W. K. Annual Review of Plant Physiology, Vol. 35, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pp.35.060184.002403	journal	June 1984
Plant Cell Expansion: Regulation of Cell Wall Mechanical Properties Taiz, L. Annual Review of Plant Physiology, Vol. 35, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pp.35.060184.003101	journal	June 1984
Two independent and polarized processes of cell elongation regulate leaf blade expansion in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh Tsuge, T.; Tsukaya, H.; Uchimiya, H. Development, Vol. 122, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.122.5.1589	journal	May 1996
Mutant alleles of Arabidopsis RADIALLY SWOLLEN 4 and 7 reduce growth anisotropy without altering the transverse orientation of cortical microtubules or cellulose microfibrils Wiedemeier, Allison M. D.; Judy-March, Jan E.; Hocart, Charles H. Development, Vol. 129, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.129.20.4821	journal	October 2002
Cell Wall Texture Along The Growth Gradient OF The Mung Bean Hypocotyl: Ordered Assembly and Dissipative Processes Roland, Jean-Claude; Reis, Daniele; Mosiniak, Michele Journal of Cell Science, Vol. 56, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1242/jcs.56.1.303	journal	August 1982
Nonessentiality of Concurrent Cell Divisions for Degree of Polarization of Leaf Growth. II. Evidence from Untreated Plants and From Chemically Induced Changes of the Degree of Polarization Haber, Alan H.; Foard, Donald E. American Journal of Botany, Vol. 50, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.2307/2439781	journal	October 1963
Preferential states of longitudinal tension in the outer tissues of Taraxacum Officinale (Asteraceae) peduncles Niklas, Karl J.; Paolillo, Dominick J. American Journal of Botany, Vol. 85, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.2307/2446340	journal	August 1998
Structural integration at the shoot apical meristem: models, measurements, and experiments Kwiatkowska, D. American Journal of Botany, Vol. 91, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.91.9.1277	journal	September 2004
The growth of root cells as the function of time and their position in the root Hejnowicz, Z.; Brodzki, P. Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae, Vol. 29, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1960.032	journal	January 2015
Variations of growth in shoot apical domes of spruce seedlings: A study using the growth tensor Nakielski, Jerzy Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae, Vol. 56, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1987.055	journal	January 2014
Growth and development of shoot apex in barley. III. Study of growth rate variation by means of the growth tensor Hejnowicz, Zygmunt; Nakielski, Jerzy; Włoch, Wiesław Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae, Vol. 57, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1988.004	journal	January 2014

Similar Records

Cellulose and the control of growth anisotropy

Technical Report · Wed Feb 26 23:00:00 EST 2025 · OSTI ID:2524008

Cellulose and the Control of Growth Anisotropy

Technical Report · Wed Mar 31 23:00:00 EST 2004 · OSTI ID:822600

COBRA, an Arabidopsis Extracellular Glycosyl-Phosphatidyl Inositol-Anchored Protein, Specifically Controls Highly Anisotropic Expansion through Its Involvement in Cellulose Microfibril Orientation

Journal Article · Fri Apr 22 00:00:00 EDT 2005 · The Plant Cell (Online) · OSTI ID:2483280

Related Subjects

cellulose microfibrils
cortical microtubules
elongation
morphogenesis
radial expansion

Anisotropic Expansion of the Plant Cell Wall

Citation Formats

References (98)

Similar Records

Related Subjects