A comparative study of two-way and offline coupled WRF v3.4 and CMAQ v5.0.2 over the contiguous US: performance evaluation and impacts of chemistry–meteorology feedbacks on air quality

Wang, Kai; Zhang, Yang; Yu, Shaocai; Wong, David C.; Pleim, Jonathan; Mathur, Rohit; Kelly, James T.; Bell, Michelle

doi:10.5194/gmd-14-7189-2021

A comparative study of two-way and offline coupled WRF v3.4 and CMAQ v5.0.2 over the contiguous US: performance evaluation and impacts of chemistry–meteorology feedbacks on air quality

Journal Article · Thu Nov 25 23:00:00 EST 2021 · Geoscientific Model Development (Online)

DOI:https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-7189-2021· OSTI ID:2471121

Wang, Kai ^[1]; Zhang, Yang ^[1]; ^[2]; Wong, David C. ^[3]; Pleim, Jonathan ^[3]; ^[3]; ^[3]; Bell, Michelle ^[4]

Northeastern University, Boston, MA (United States)
Zhejiang University (China)
U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC (United States)
Yale University, New Haven, CT (United States)

The two-way coupled Weather Research and Forecasting and Community Multiscale Air Quality (WRF-CMAQ) model has been developed to more realistically represent the atmosphere by accounting for complex chemistry–meteorology feedbacks. In this study, we present a comparative analysis of two-way (with consideration of both aerosol direct and indirect effects) and offline coupled WRF v3.4 and CMAQ v5.0.2 over the contiguous US. Long-term (5 years from 2008 to 2012) simulations using WRF-CMAQ with both offline and two-way coupling modes are carried out with anthropogenic emissions based on multiple years of the U.S. National Emission Inventory and chemical initial and boundary conditions derived from an advanced Earth system model (i.e., a modified version of the Community Earth System Model/Community Atmospheric Model). The comprehensive model evaluations show that both two-way WRF-CMAQ and WRF-only simulations perform well for major meteorological variables such as temperature at 2 m, relative humidity at 2 m, wind speed at 10 m, precipitation (except for against the National Climatic Data Center data), and shortwave and longwave radiation. Both two-way and offline CMAQ also show good performance for ozone (O3) and fine particulate matter (PM_2.5). Due to the consideration of aerosol direct and indirect effects, two-way WRF-CMAQ shows improved performance over offline coupled WRF and CMAQ in terms of spatiotemporal distributions and statistics, especially for radiation, cloud forcing, O₃, sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, elemental carbon, tropospheric O₃ residual, and column nitrogen dioxide (NO₂). For example, the mean biases have been reduced by more than 10 W m^–2 for shortwave radiation and cloud radiative forcing and by more than 2 ppb for max 8 h O₃. However, relatively large biases still exist for cloud predictions, some PM_2.5 species, and PM₁₀ that warrant follow-up studies to better understand those issues. The impacts of chemistry–meteorological feedbacks are found to play important roles in affecting regional air quality in the US by reducing domain-average concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO), O₃, nitrogen oxide (NO_x), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and PM_2.5 by 3.1 % (up to 27.8 %), 4.2 % (up to 16.2 %), 6.6 % (up to 50.9 %), 5.8 % (up to 46.6 %), and 8.6 % (up to 49.1 %), respectively, mainly due to reduced radiation, temperature, and wind speed. The overall performance of the two-way coupled WRF-CMAQ model achieved in this work is generally good or satisfactory and the improved performance for two-way coupled WRF-CMAQ should be considered along with other factors in developing future model applications to inform policy making.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-05CH11231

OSTI ID:: 2471121

Journal Information:: Geoscientific Model Development (Online), Journal Name: Geoscientific Model Development (Online) Journal Issue: 11 Vol. 14; ISSN 1991-9603

Publisher:: Copernicus Publications, EGUCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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Heterogeneous chemistry: a mechanism missing in current models to explain secondary inorganic aerosol formation during the January 2013 haze episode in North China Zheng, B.; Zhang, Q.; Zhang, Y. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 15, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-2031-2015	journal	January 2015
Can a coupled meteorology–chemistry model reproduce the historical trend in aerosol direct radiative effects over the Northern Hemisphere? Xing, J.; Mathur, R.; Pleim, J. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 15, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-9997-2015	journal	January 2015
Model development of dust emission and heterogeneous chemistry within the Community Multiscale Air Quality modeling system and its application over East Asia Dong, Xinyi; Fu, Joshua S.; Huang, Kan Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 16, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-8157-2016	journal	January 2016
Advanced error diagnostics of the CMAQ and Chimere modelling systems within the AQMEII3 model evaluation framework Solazzo, Efisio; Hogrefe, Christian; Colette, Augustin Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 17, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-10435-2017	journal	January 2017
Extending the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system to hemispheric scales: overview of process considerations and initial applications Mathur, Rohit; Xing, Jia; Gilliam, Robert Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 17, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-12449-2017	journal	January 2017
On the implications of aerosol liquid water and phase separation for organic aerosol mass Pye, Havala O. T.; Murphy, Benjamin N.; Xu, Lu Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 17, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-343-2017	journal	January 2017
Impacts of aerosol direct effects on tropospheric ozone through changes in atmospheric dynamics and photolysis rates Xing, Jia; Wang, Jiandong; Mathur, Rohit Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 17, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-9869-2017	journal	January 2017
Understanding nitrate formation in a world with less sulfate Vasilakos, Petros; Russell, Armistead; Weber, Rodney Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 18, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-12765-2018	journal	January 2018
Relative effects of open biomass burning and open crop straw burning on haze formation over central and eastern China: modeling study driven by constrained emissions Mehmood, Khalid; Wu, Yujie; Wang, Liqiang Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 20, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-2419-2020	journal	February 2020
The acidity of atmospheric particles and clouds Pye, Havala O. T.; Nenes, Athanasios; Alexander, Becky Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 20, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-4809-2020	journal	January 2020
Online-coupled meteorology and chemistry models: history, current status, and outlook Zhang, Y. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 8, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-2895-2008	journal	January 2008
Measurements of Pollution In The Troposphere (MOPITT) validation through 2006 Emmons, L. K.; Edwards, D. P.; Deeter, M. N. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 9, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-1795-2009	journal	January 2009
Global emissions of non-methane hydrocarbons deduced from SCIAMACHY formaldehyde columns through 2003–2006 Stavrakou, T.; Müller, J. -F.; De Smedt, I. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 9, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-3663-2009	journal	January 2009
Structural uncertainty in air mass factor calculation for NO ₂ and HCHO satellite retrievals Lorente, Alba; Folkert Boersma, K.; Yu, Huan Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, Vol. 10, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-759-2017	journal	January 2017
Description and evaluation of the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system version 5.1 Appel, K. Wyat; Napelenok, Sergey L.; Foley, Kristen M. Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 10, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-1703-2017	journal	January 2017
Multi-year downscaling application of two-way coupled WRF v3.4 and CMAQ v5.0.2 over east Asia for regional climate and air quality modeling: model evaluation and aerosol direct effects Hong, Chaopeng; Zhang, Qiang; Zhang, Yang Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 10, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-2447-2017	journal	January 2017
WRF-CMAQ two-way coupled system with aerosol feedback: software development and preliminary results Wong, D. C.; Pleim, J.; Mathur, R. Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 5, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-5-299-2012	journal	January 2012
Evaluation of dust and trace metal estimates from the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model version 5.0 Appel, K. W.; Pouliot, G. A.; Simon, H. Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 6, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-6-883-2013	journal	January 2013
Assessing the CAM5 physics suite in the WRF-Chem model: implementation, resolution sensitivity, and a first evaluation for a regional case study Ma, P. -L.; Rasch, P. J.; Fast, J. D. Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 7, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-755-2014	journal	January 2014
Application of WRF/Chem over North America under the AQMEII Phase 2 – Part 2: Evaluation of 2010 application and responses of air quality and meteorology–chemistry interactions to changes in emissions and meteorology from 2006 to 2010 Yahya, K.; Wang, K.; Zhang, Y. Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 8, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-2095-2015	journal	July 2015
Decadal evaluation of regional climate, air quality, and their interactions over the continental US and their interactions using WRF/Chem version 3.6.1 Yahya, Khairunnisa; Wang, Kai; Campbell, Patrick Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 9, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-671-2016	journal	January 2016

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