Structural Similarities and Overlapping Activities among Dihydroflavonol 4-Reductase, Flavanone 4-Reductase, and Anthocyanidin Reductase Offer Metabolic Flexibility in the Flavonoid Pathway

Lewis, Jacob A.; Zhang, Bixia; Harza, Rishi; Palmer, Nathan; Sarath, Gautam; Sattler, Scott E.; Twigg, Paul; Vermerris, Wilfred; Kang, ChulHee

doi:10.3390/ijms241813901

Structural Similarities and Overlapping Activities among Dihydroflavonol 4-Reductase, Flavanone 4-Reductase, and Anthocyanidin Reductase Offer Metabolic Flexibility in the Flavonoid Pathway

Journal Article · Sat Sep 09 00:00:00 EDT 2023 · International Journal of Molecular Sciences (Online)

DOI:https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241813901· OSTI ID:2471002

^[1]; ^[1]; ^[1]; Palmer, Nathan ^[2]; Sarath, Gautam ^[2]; ^[2]; Twigg, Paul ^[3]; ^[4]; ^[1]

Washington State Univ., Pullman, WA (United States)
US Dept. of Agriculture (USDA), Lincoln, NE (United States). Agricultural Research Service (ARS)
University of Nebraska, Kearney, NE (United States)
Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, FL (United States)

Flavonoids are potent antioxidants that play a role in defense against pathogens, UV-radiation, and the detoxification of reactive oxygen species. Dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) and flavanone 4-reductase (FNR) reduce dihydroflavonols and flavanones, respectively, using NAD(P)H to produce flavan-(3)-4-(di)ols in flavonoid biosynthesis. Anthocyanidin reductase (ANR) reduces anthocyanidins to flavan-3-ols. In addition to their sequences, the 3D structures of recombinant DFR, FNR and ANR from sorghum and switchgrass showed a high level of similarity. The catalytic mechanism, substrate-specificity and key residues of three reductases were deduced from crystal structures, site-directed mutagenesis, molecular docking, kinetics, and thermodynamic ana-lyses. Although DFR displayed its highest activity against dihydroflavonols, it also showed activity against flavanones and anthocyanidins. It was inhibited by the flavonol quercetin and high concentrations of dihydroflavonols/flavonones. SbFNR1 and SbFNR2 did not show any activity against dihydroflavonols. However, SbFNR1 displayed activity against flavanones and ANR activity against two anthocyanidins, cyanidin and pelargonidin. Therefore, SbFNR1 and SbFNR2 could be specific ANR isozymes without delphinidin activity. Sorghum has high concentrations of 3-deoxyanthocyanidins in vivo, supporting the observed high activity of SbDFR against flavonols. Mining of expression data indicated substantial induction of these three reductase genes in both switchgrass and sorghum in response to biotic stress. Key signature sequences for proper DFR/ANR classification are proposed and could form the basis for future metabolic engineering of flavonoid metabolism.

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Research Organization:: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). Advanced Light Source (ALS)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES). Scientific User Facilities (SUF)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-05CH11231

OSTI ID:: 2471002

Journal Information:: International Journal of Molecular Sciences (Online), Journal Name: International Journal of Molecular Sciences (Online) Journal Issue: 18 Vol. 24; ISSN 1422-0067

Publisher:: MDPICopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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