Molecular mechanisms of thickness-dependent water desalination in polyamide reverse-osmosis membranes

He, Jinlong; Arbaugh, Tom; Nguyen, Danh; Xian, Weikang; Hoek, Eric M. V.; McCutcheon, Jeffrey R.; Li, Ying

doi:10.1016/j.memsci.2023.121498

Molecular mechanisms of thickness-dependent water desalination in polyamide reverse-osmosis membranes

Journal Article · Tue Feb 21 00:00:00 EST 2023 · Journal of Membrane Science

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2023.121498· OSTI ID:2323898

He, Jinlong ^[1]; Arbaugh, Tom ^[2]; Nguyen, Danh ^[1]; Xian, Weikang ^[1]; ^[3]; McCutcheon, Jeffrey R. ^[4]; ^[1]

Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI (United States)
Wesleyan Univ., Middletown, CT (United States)
Univ. of California, Los Angeles, CA (United States); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)
Univ. of Connecticut, Storrs, CT (United States)

Here, using non-equilibrium molecular simulations, we systematically elaborate the relationships among synthesis (membrane's thickness and morphology), atomic-scale transport mechanism, and separation performance (permeability and selectivity) for 3D-printed polyamide (PA) membranes. Results indicated that water diffusion, swelling ratio, water flux, and water permeance proportionally decrease with increasing membrane thickness (4.0–32.5 nm). PA membranes with different thicknesses can achieve almost 100% salt rejection over the simulation time. Importantly, water permeability exponentially decreases with increasing thickness, and 15 nm is identified as the critical membrane thickness for efficient water transport. The discontinuous water-available space spreads all over PA membranes with thicknesses greater than 5 nm, allowing water molecules to jump by way of the temporary open-and-close pores. However, the connected water-useable space exists in PA membranes with thicknesses below 5 nm, offering the continuous channels to dominate water transport. More significantly, pore distribution is more homogeneous as the thickness increases. The applied high pressures can lead to membrane compaction during reverse osmosis and the thicker membranes show a lower compression ratio. In short, these investigations provide molecular insights for effectively designing and manufacturing PA membranes for water desalination and treatment at the molecular level.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States); National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: National Science Foundation (NSF); USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Energy Efficiency Office. Advanced Materials & Manufacturing Technologies Office (AMMTO)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-05CH11231

OSTI ID:: 2323898

Journal Information:: Journal of Membrane Science, Journal Name: Journal of Membrane Science Vol. 674; ISSN 0376-7388

Publisher:: ElsevierCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (77)

Molecular Layer-by-Layer Assembled Thin-Film Composite Membranes for Water Desalination Gu, Joung-Eun; Lee, Seunghye; Stafford, Christopher M. Advanced Materials, Vol. 25, Issue 34 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201302030	journal	July 2013
Preparation of reverse osmosis composite membrane with high flux by interfacial polymerization of MPD and TMC Qiu, Shi; Wu, Liguang; Zhang, Lin Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 112, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1002/app.29639	journal	May 2009
Thickness-dependent swelling of molecular layer-by-layer polyamide nanomembranes Chan, Edwin P.; Lee, Stephen C. Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics, Vol. 55, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1002/polb.24285	journal	January 2017
Fast Parallel Algorithms for Short-Range Molecular Dynamics Plimpton, Steve Journal of Computational Physics, Vol. 117, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1006/jcph.1995.1039	journal	March 1995
Polymatic: a generalized simulated polymerization algorithm for amorphous polymers Abbott, Lauren J.; Hart, Kyle E.; Colina, Coray M. Theoretical Chemistry Accounts, Vol. 132, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00214-013-1334-z	journal	January 2013
VMD: Visual molecular dynamics Humphrey, William; Dalke, Andrew; Schulten, Klaus Journal of Molecular Graphics, Vol. 14, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/0263-7855(96)00018-5	journal	February 1996
The solution-diffusion model: a review Wijmans, J. G.; Baker, R. W. Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 107, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/0376-7388(95)00102-I	journal	November 1995
The FT-30 seawater reverse osmosis membrane--element test results Larson, R. E.; Cadotte, J. E.; Petersen, R. J. Desalination, Vol. 38 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0011-9164(00)86092-0	journal	November 1981
Mechanistic interpretation of solute permeation through a fully aromatic polyamide reverse osmosis membrane Urama, R. Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 123, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0376-7388(96)00230-X	journal	January 1997
Atomistic simulation of water and salt transport in the reverse osmosis membrane FT-30 Kotelyanskii, M. Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 139, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0376-7388(97)00220-2	journal	February 1998
Molecular dynamics simulation study of the mechanisms of water diffusion in a hydrated, amorphous polyamide Kotelyanskii, M. J.; Wagner, N. J.; Paulaitis, M. E. Computational and Theoretical Polymer Science, Vol. 9, Issue 3-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1089-3156(99)00020-3	journal	December 1999
The ionized graphene oxide membranes for water-ethanol separation Fang, Chao; Wu, Haiyi; Lee, Seul-Yi Carbon, Vol. 136 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2018.04.077	journal	September 2018
Reverse osmosis membrane compaction and embossing at ultra-high pressure operation Wu, Jishan; Jung, Bongyeon; Anvari, Arezou Desalination, Vol. 537 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2022.115875	journal	September 2022
Effect of different manufacturing methods on polyamide reverse-osmosis membranes for desalination: Insights from molecular dynamics simulations He, Jinlong; McCutcheon, Jeffrey R.; Li, Ying Desalination, Vol. 547 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2022.116204	journal	February 2023
Removal of organic contaminants by RO and NF membranes Yoon, Y.; Lueptow, R. Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 261, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2005.03.038	journal	September 2005
Physico-chemical characterization of NF/RO membrane active layers by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry☆ Mi, B.; Coronell, O.; Marinas, B. Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 282, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2006.05.015	journal	October 2006
Effects of background cations on the fouling of polyethersulfone membranes by natural organic matter: Experimental and molecular modeling study Ahn, Won-Young; Kalinichev, Andrey G.; Clark, Mark M. Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 309, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2007.10.023	journal	February 2008
A review of reverse osmosis membrane materials for desalination—Development to date and future potential Lee, Kah Peng; Arnot, Tom C.; Mattia, Davide Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 370, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2010.12.036	journal	March 2011
Computer simulations of water flux and salt permeability of the reverse osmosis FT-30 aromatic polyamide membrane Luo, Yun; Harder, Edward; Faibish, Ron S. Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 384, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2011.08.057	journal	November 2011
Water vapor sorption and free volume in the aromatic polyamide layer of reverse osmosis membranes Lee, Judy; Doherty, Cara M.; Hill, Anita J. Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 425-426 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2012.08.054	journal	January 2013
Structure and dynamics of water confined in a polyamide reverse-osmosis membrane: A molecular-simulation study Ding, Minxia; Szymczyk, Anthony; Goujon, Florent Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 458 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2014.01.054	journal	May 2014
The porous structure of the fully-aromatic polyamide film in reverse osmosis membranes Yan, Hao; Miao, Xiaopei; Xu, Jian Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 475 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2014.10.052	journal	February 2015
Understanding water and ion transport behaviour and permeability through poly(amide) thin film composite membrane Gao, Weimin; She, Fenghua; Zhang, Juan Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 487 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2015.03.052	journal	August 2015
Dynamics of water and solute transport in polymeric reverse osmosis membranes via molecular dynamics simulations Shen, Meng; Keten, Sinan; Lueptow, Richard M. Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 506 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2016.01.051	journal	May 2016
Rejection mechanisms for contaminants in polyamide reverse osmosis membranes Shen, Meng; Keten, Sinan; Lueptow, Richard M. Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 509 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2016.02.043	journal	July 2016
Multiscale molecular simulations of the formation and structure of polyamide membranes created by interfacial polymerization Muscatello, J.; Müller, E. A.; Mostofi, A. A. Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 527 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2016.11.024	journal	April 2017
Thickness-dependent permeance of molecular layer-by-layer polyamide membranes Mulhearn, William D.; Oleshko, Vladimir P.; Stafford, Christopher M. Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 618 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118637	journal	January 2021
Polyamide nanofilms with linearly-tunable thickness for high performance nanofiltration Zhu, Cheng-Ye; Liu, Chang; Yang, Jing Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 627 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119142	journal	June 2021
Efficient separation of small organic contaminants in water using functionalized nanoporous graphene membranes: Insights from molecular dynamics simulations Yang, Jason; Shen, Zhiqiang; He, Jinlong Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 630 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119331	journal	July 2021
Molecular insights into charged nanofiltration membranes: Structure, water transport, and water diffusion Liu, Suwei; Ganti-Agrawal, Saahir; Keten, Sinan Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 644 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2021.120057	journal	February 2022
Molecular insights into the structure-property relationships of 3D printed polyamide reverse-osmosis membrane for desalination He, Jinlong; Yang, Jason; McCutcheon, Jeffrey R. Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 658 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2022.120731	journal	September 2022
Hydration, porosity and water dynamics in the polyamide layer of reverse osmosis membranes: A molecular dynamics study Kolev, Vesselin; Freger, Viatcheslav Polymer, Vol. 55, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2013.12.045	journal	March 2014
4D printing of polymers: Techniques, materials, and prospects Fu, Peng; Li, Haimei; Gong, Jin Progress in Polymer Science, Vol. 126 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2022.101506	journal	March 2022
The state of desalination and brine production: A global outlook Jones, Edward; Qadir, Manzoor; van Vliet, Michelle T. H. Science of The Total Environment, Vol. 657 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.076	journal	March 2019
Reverse osmosis desalination: Water sources, technology, and today's challenges Greenlee, Lauren F.; Lawler, Desmond F.; Freeman, Benny D. Water Research, Vol. 43, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2009.03.010	journal	May 2009
Materials Informatics with PoreBlazer v4.0 and the CSD MOF Database Sarkisov, Lev; Bueno-Perez, Rocio; Sutharson, Mythili Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 32, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.0c03575	journal	November 2020
Salt and Water Transport in Reverse Osmosis Membranes: Beyond the Solution-Diffusion Model Wang, Li; Cao, Tianchi; Dykstra, Jouke E. Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 55, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c05649	journal	December 2021
Molecular Insights into the Composition–Structure–Property Relationships of Polyamide Thin Films for Reverse Osmosis Desalination Zhang, Hui; Wu, Mao See; Zhou, Kun Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 53, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b02214	journal	May 2019
High-Pressure Reverse Osmosis for Energy-Efficient Hypersaline Brine Desalination: Current Status, Design Considerations, and Research Needs Davenport, Douglas M.; Deshmukh, Akshay; Werber, Jay R. Environmental Science & Technology Letters, Vol. 5, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.8b00274	journal	June 2018
Unveiling the Molecular Mechanisms of Thickness-Dependent Water Dynamics in an Ultrathin Free-Standing Polyamide Membrane Zhang, Wei; Qin, Yiwen; Shi, Wenxiong The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, Vol. 124, Issue 52 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c07263	journal	December 2020
Molecular Dynamics Investigation of Ion Sorption and Permeation in Desalination Membranes Kolev, Vesselin; Freger, Viatcheslav The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, Vol. 119, Issue 44 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b06566	journal	October 2015
Ultrathin Molecular-Layer-by-Layer Polyamide Membranes: Insights from Atomistic Molecular Simulations Liyana-Arachchi, Thilanga P.; Sturnfield, James F.; Colina, Coray M. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, Vol. 120, Issue 35 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b02801	journal	August 2016
Aromatic Polyamide Reverse-Osmosis Membrane: An Atomistic Molecular Dynamics Simulation Wei, Tao; Zhang, Lin; Zhao, Haiyang The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, Vol. 120, Issue 39 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b06560	journal	September 2016
Water Flow inside Polamide Reverse Osmosis Membranes: A Non-Equilibrium Molecular Dynamics Study Song, Yang; Xu, Fang; Wei, Mingjie The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, Vol. 121, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b11536	journal	February 2017
Atomistic Simulations of Biofouling and Molecular Transfer of a Cross-linked Aromatic Polyamide Membrane for Desalination Jahan Sajib, Md Symon; Wei, Ying; Mishra, Ankit Langmuir, Vol. 36, Issue 26 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c01308	journal	May 2020
Ultrathin Film Composite Membranes Fabricated by Novel In Situ Free Interfacial Polymerization for Desalination Jiang, Chi; Zhang, Liping; Li, Peng ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 12, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c05166	journal	May 2020
Molecular Dynamics Study of Carbon Nanotubes/Polyamide Reverse Osmosis Membranes: Polymerization, Structure, and Hydration Araki, Takumi; Cruz-Silva, Rodolfo; Tejima, Syogo ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 7, Issue 44 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5b06248	journal	October 2015
Effects of Polyamide Chemistry on Solution Permeance in Molecular Layer-By-Layer Desalination Membranes Mulhearn, William D.; Stafford, Christopher M. ACS Applied Polymer Materials, Vol. 4, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsapm.1c01529	journal	April 2022
Hydrophobic Effects and Modeling of Biophysical Aqueous Solution Interfaces Pratt, Lawrence R.; Pohorille, Andrew Chemical Reviews, Vol. 102, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1021/cr000692+	journal	July 2002
Positron Annihilation Spectroscopic Evidence to Demonstrate the Flux-Enhancement Mechanism in Morphology-Controlled Thin-Film-Composite (TFC) Membrane Kim, Sung Ho; Kwak, Seung-Yeop; Suzuki, Takenori Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 39, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1021/es049453k	journal	March 2005
Depth Heterogeneity of Fully Aromatic Polyamide Active Layers in Reverse Osmosis and Nanofiltration Membranes Coronell, Orlando; Mariñas, Benito J.; Cahill, David G. Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 45, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1021/es200007h	journal	May 2011
An ab Initio CFF93 All-Atom Force Field for Polycarbonates Sun, Huai; Mumby, Stephen J.; Maple, Jon R. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 116, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00086a030	journal	April 1994
Properties of Free Surface of Water−Methanol Mixtures. Analysis of the Truly Interfacial Molecular Layer in Computer Simulation Pártay, Lívia B.; Jedlovszky, Pál; Vincze, Árpád The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, Vol. 112, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp711547e	journal	May 2008
Molecular Dynamics Study of a Polymeric Reverse Osmosis Membrane Harder, Edward; Walters, D. Eric; Bodnar, Yaroslav D. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, Vol. 113, Issue 30 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp902715f	journal	July 2009
COMPASS: An ab Initio Force-Field Optimized for Condensed-Phase ApplicationsOverview with Details on Alkane and Benzene Compounds Sun, H. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, Vol. 102, Issue 38 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp980939v	journal	September 1998
Thermodynamically Consistent Force Fields for the Assembly of Inorganic, Organic, and Biological Nanostructures: The INTERFACE Force Field Heinz, Hendrik; Lin, Tzu-Jen; Kishore Mishra, Ratan Langmuir, Vol. 29, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1021/la3038846	journal	January 2013
Hydrated Polyamide Membrane and Its Interaction with Alginate: A Molecular Dynamics Study Xiang, Yuan; Liu, Yaolin; Mi, Baoxia Langmuir, Vol. 29, Issue 37 https://doi.org/10.1021/la401442r	journal	September 2013
Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Polyamide Membrane, Calcium Alginate Gel, and Their Interactions in Aqueous Solution Xiang, Yuan; Liu, Yaolin; Mi, Baoxia Langmuir, Vol. 30, Issue 30 https://doi.org/10.1021/la501811d	journal	July 2014
Simulation of Thin Film Membranes Formed by Interfacial Polymerization Oizerovich-Honig, Rachel; Raim, Vladimir; Srebnik, Simcha Langmuir, Vol. 26, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1021/la9024684	journal	October 2009
Ab initio calculations and force field development for computer simulation of polysilanes Sun, H. Macromolecules, Vol. 28, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00107a006	journal	May 1995
Ultrafast permeation of water through protein-based membranes Peng, Xinsheng; Jin, Jian; Nakamura, Yoshimichi Nature Nanotechnology, Vol. 4, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2009.90	journal	April 2009
Machine learning coarse grained models for water Chan, Henry; Cherukara, Mathew J.; Narayanan, Badri Nature Communications, Vol. 10, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-08222-6	journal	January 2019
Polyamide-based membranes with structural homogeneity for ultrafast molecular sieving Shen, Liang; Cheng, Ruihuan; Yi, Ming Nature Communications, Vol. 13, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-28183-1	journal	January 2022
Multimodal confined water dynamics in reverse osmosis polyamide membranes Foglia, Fabrizia; Frick, Bernhard; Nania, Manuela Nature Communications, Vol. 13, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-30555-6	journal	May 2022
Emerging opportunities for nanotechnology to enhance water security Alvarez, Pedro J. J.; Chan, Candace K.; Elimelech, Menachem Nature Nanotechnology, Vol. 13, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41565-018-0203-2	journal	August 2018
Molecular dynamics simulations of the interactions of potential foulant molecules and a reverse osmosis membrane Hughes, Zak E.; Gale, Julian D. J. Mater. Chem., Vol. 22, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1039/C1JM13230J	journal	January 2012
Molecular dynamic simulations of pressure-driven water transport through polyamide nanofiltration membranes at different membrane densities Wang, Luying; Dumont, Randall S.; Dickson, James M. RSC Advances, Vol. 6, Issue 68 https://doi.org/10.1039/C6RA12115B	journal	January 2016
Molecular dynamics simulation studies of the structure and antifouling performance of a gradient polyamide membrane Li, Ke; Li, Shanlong; Liu, Lifen Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, Vol. 21, Issue 36 https://doi.org/10.1039/C9CP03798E	journal	January 2019
A computational investigation of the properties of a reverse osmosis membrane Hughes, Zak E.; Gale, Julian D. Journal of Materials Chemistry, Vol. 20, Issue 36 https://doi.org/10.1039/c0jm01545h	journal	January 2010
Statistical characterisation of single‐stranded DNA motion near glass surface beyond diffusion coefficient Uehara, Satoshi; Hanasaki, Itsuo; Arai, Yoshiyuki Micro & Nano Letters, Vol. 9, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1049/mnl.2013.0668	journal	April 2014
A unified formulation of the constant temperature molecular dynamics methods Nosé, Shuichi The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 81, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.447334	journal	July 1984
Canonical dynamics: Equilibrium phase-space distributions Hoover, William G. Physical Review A, Vol. 31, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.31.1695	journal	March 1985
Design and function of biomimetic multilayer water purification membranes Ling, Shengjie; Qin, Zhao; Huang, Wenwen Science Advances, Vol. 3, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1601939	journal	April 2017
Machine learning enables interpretable discovery of innovative polymers for gas separation membranes Yang, Jason; Tao, Lei; He, Jinlong Science Advances, Vol. 8, Issue 29 https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abn9545	journal	July 2022
The Future of Seawater Desalination: Energy, Technology, and the Environment Elimelech, M.; Phillip, W. A. Science, Vol. 333, Issue 6043 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1200488	journal	August 2011
Sub-10 nm polyamide nanofilms with ultrafast solvent transport for molecular separation Karan, S.; Jiang, Z.; Livingston, A. G. Science, Vol. 348, Issue 6241 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa5058	journal	June 2015
3D printed polyamide membranes for desalination Chowdhury, Maqsud R.; Steffes, James; Huey, Bryan D. Science, Vol. 361, Issue 6403 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aar2122	journal	August 2018

Similar Records

Molecular insights into the structure-property relationships of 3D printed polyamide reverse-osmosis membrane for desalination

Journal Article · Fri Jun 17 20:00:00 EDT 2022 · Journal of Membrane Science · OSTI ID:1981710

Effect of different manufacturing methods on polyamide reverse-osmosis membranes for desalination: Insights from molecular dynamics simulations

Journal Article · Sun Nov 13 19:00:00 EST 2022 · Desalination · OSTI ID:2424739

Tunable water desalination across Graphene Oxide Framework membranes

Journal Article · Tue Dec 31 23:00:00 EST 2013 · Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. PCCP (Print) · OSTI ID:1127385

Related Subjects

42 ENGINEERING
non-equilibrium molecular dynamics
polyamide membrane
pore size distribution
thickness-dependence
water desalination

Molecular mechanisms of thickness-dependent water desalination in polyamide reverse-osmosis membranes

Citation Formats

References (77)

Similar Records

Related Subjects