Molecular insights into the structure-property relationships of 3D printed polyamide reverse-osmosis membrane for desalination

He, Jinlong; Yang, Jason; McCutcheon, Jeffrey R.; Li, Ying

doi:10.1016/j.memsci.2022.120731

Molecular insights into the structure-property relationships of 3D printed polyamide reverse-osmosis membrane for desalination

Journal Article · Sat Jun 18 00:00:00 EDT 2022 · Journal of Membrane Science

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2022.120731· OSTI ID:1981710

He, Jinlong ^[1]; Yang, Jason ^[2]; McCutcheon, Jeffrey R. ^[1]; ^[1]

University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT (United States)
California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA (United States)

3D-printing is an emerging method for manufacturing polyamide (PA) reserve osmosis (RO) membranes for water treatment and desalination, which can precisely control membrane structural properties, such as thickness, roughness, and resolution. However, the synthesis-structure (i.e., degree of cross-linking (DC), m-phenylenediamine/trimesoyl chloride (MPD/TMC) ratio, and membrane thickness) to property (permeability and water-salt selectivity) relationships for these membranes has not been well understood. At the same time, a microscopic understanding of the physical mechanism of water and salt transport is needed to guide the design of high-performance 3D-printed membranes and improve the printing efficiency. Furthermore, the atomic-scale transport features and energetics of water and salt ions are studied at high pressure for the 3D-printed PA RO membranes with the different DCs and MPD/TMC ratios through non-equilibrium molecular dynamics (NEMD) simulations. Factoring in membrane structure properties, rejection ratio of salt ions and pressure-dependent water flux, 3D-printed PA membranes having an MPD/TMC ratio of 3.0:2.0 and a DC between 80%~90% attains ideal performance: high water flux, high rejection of salt ions, and excellent structural integrity. Mechanistically, water permeability for highly cross-linked PA RO membranes depends on the temporary on-and-off channels that allow water molecules to jump from one cavity to another at high pressure. In addition, higher pressures cause rapid compaction of PA membranes’ free volume and membrane thickness. Membrane failure at high pressure is determined by the DC and MPD/TMC ratios-dependent compressive yield strength. In short, these findings provide physical insights for optimizing existing PA membranes and designing next-generation desalination membranes at the molecular level.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: US Department of Energy (USDOE), Washington, DC (United States). Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Energy Efficiency Office. Advanced Materials & Manufacturing Technologies Office (AMMTO)

OSTI ID:: 1981710

Journal Information:: Journal of Membrane Science, Journal Name: Journal of Membrane Science Journal Issue: C Vol. 658; ISSN 0376-7388

Publisher:: ElsevierCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (82)

Molecular Layer-by-Layer Assembled Thin-Film Composite Membranes for Water Desalination Gu, Joung-Eun; Lee, Seunghye; Stafford, Christopher M. Advanced Materials, Vol. 25, Issue 34 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201302030	journal	July 2013
Phosphonium Modification Leads to Ultrapermeable Antibacterial Polyamide Composite Membranes with Unreduced Thickness Peng, Huawen; Zhang, Wen‐Hai; Hung, Wei‐Song Advanced Materials, Vol. 32, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202001383	journal	April 2020
Preparation of reverse osmosis composite membrane with high flux by interfacial polymerization of MPD and TMC Qiu, Shi; Wu, Liguang; Zhang, Lin Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 112, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1002/app.29639	journal	May 2009
Comparison of Crosslinking Algorithms in Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Thermosetting Polymers Jang, Changwoon; Sirk, Timothy W.; Andzelm, Jan W. Macromolecular Theory and Simulations, Vol. 24, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1002/mats.201400094	journal	January 2015
Interfacial polycondensation. I. Wittbecker, Emerson L.; Morgan, Paul W. Journal of Polymer Science, Vol. 40, Issue 137 https://doi.org/10.1002/pol.1959.1204013701	journal	November 1959
Interfacial polycondensation. II. Fundamentals of polymer formation at liquid interfaces Morgan, Paul W.; Kwolek, Stephanie L. Journal of Polymer Science, Vol. 40, Issue 137 https://doi.org/10.1002/pol.1959.1204013702	journal	November 1959
Fast Parallel Algorithms for Short-Range Molecular Dynamics Plimpton, Steve Journal of Computational Physics, Vol. 117, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1006/jcph.1995.1039	journal	March 1995
Polymatic: a generalized simulated polymerization algorithm for amorphous polymers Abbott, Lauren J.; Hart, Kyle E.; Colina, Coray M. Theoretical Chemistry Accounts, Vol. 132, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00214-013-1334-z	journal	January 2013
VMD: Visual molecular dynamics Humphrey, William; Dalke, Andrew; Schulten, Klaus Journal of Molecular Graphics, Vol. 14, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/0263-7855(96)00018-5	journal	February 1996
The solution-diffusion model: a review Wijmans, J. G.; Baker, R. W. Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 107, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/0376-7388(95)00102-I	journal	November 1995
A new thin-film composite seawater reverse osmosis membrane Cadotte, J. E.; Petersen, R. J.; Larson, R. E. Desalination, Vol. 32 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0011-9164(00)86003-8	journal	January 1980
Mechanistic interpretation of solute permeation through a fully aromatic polyamide reverse osmosis membrane Urama, R. Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 123, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0376-7388(96)00230-X	journal	January 1997
Atomistic simulation of water and salt transport in the reverse osmosis membrane FT-30 Kotelyanskii, M. Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 139, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0376-7388(97)00220-2	journal	February 1998
Molecular dynamics simulation study of the mechanisms of water diffusion in a hydrated, amorphous polyamide Kotelyanskii, M. J.; Wagner, N. J.; Paulaitis, M. E. Computational and Theoretical Polymer Science, Vol. 9, Issue 3-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1089-3156(99)00020-3	journal	December 1999
Advances in seawater desalination technologies Khawaji, Akili D.; Kutubkhanah, Ibrahim K.; Wie, Jong-Mihn Desalination, Vol. 221, Issue 1-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2007.01.067	journal	March 2008
On the structure and rejection of ions by a polyamide membrane in pressure-driven molecular dynamics simulations Ding, Minxia; Szymczyk, Anthony; Ghoufi, Aziz Desalination, Vol. 368 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2015.01.003	journal	July 2015
Progress in transport theory and characterization method of Reverse Osmosis (RO) membrane in past fifty years Ismail, Ahmad Fauzi; Matsuura, Takeshi Desalination, Vol. 434 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2017.09.028	journal	May 2018
Design principles and challenges of bench-scale high-pressure reverse osmosis up to 150 bar Davenport, Douglas M.; Wang, Li; Shalusky, Evyatar Desalination, Vol. 517 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2021.115237	journal	December 2021
Variation of free volume and thickness by high pressure applied on thin film composite reverse osmosis membrane Chu, Kyoung Hoon; Mang, Ji Sung; Lim, Jihun Desalination, Vol. 520 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2021.115365	journal	December 2021
Quantitively unveiling the activity-structure relationship of polyamide membrane: A molecular dynamics simulation study Zhang, Wei; Chu, Rongrong; Shi, Wenxiong Desalination, Vol. 528 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2022.115640	journal	April 2022
Removal of organic contaminants by RO and NF membranes Yoon, Y.; Lueptow, R. Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 261, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2005.03.038	journal	September 2005
Physico-chemical characterization of NF/RO membrane active layers by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry☆ Mi, B.; Coronell, O.; Marinas, B. Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 282, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2006.05.015	journal	October 2006
Interfacial polymerization of thin film nanocomposites: A new concept for reverse osmosis membranes Jeong, Byeong-Heon; Hoek, Eric M. V.; Yan, Yushan Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 294, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2007.02.025	journal	May 2007
Impacts of reaction and curing conditions on polyamide composite reverse osmosis membrane properties Ghosh, Asim K.; Jeong, Byeong-Heon; Huang, Xiaofei Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 311, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2007.11.038	journal	March 2008
Molecular simulation of polyamide synthesis by interfacial polymerization Nadler, R.; Srebnik, S. Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 315, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2008.02.023	journal	May 2008
Impacts of support membrane structure and chemistry on polyamide–polysulfone interfacial composite membranes Ghosh, Asim K.; Hoek, Eric M. V. Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 336, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2009.03.024	journal	July 2009
A review of reverse osmosis membrane materials for desalination—Development to date and future potential Lee, Kah Peng; Arnot, Tom C.; Mattia, Davide Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 370, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2010.12.036	journal	March 2011
Water vapor sorption and free volume in the aromatic polyamide layer of reverse osmosis membranes Lee, Judy; Doherty, Cara M.; Hill, Anita J. Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 425-426 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2012.08.054	journal	January 2013
Structure and dynamics of water confined in a polyamide reverse-osmosis membrane: A molecular-simulation study Ding, Minxia; Szymczyk, Anthony; Goujon, Florent Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 458 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2014.01.054	journal	May 2014
Understanding water and ion transport behaviour and permeability through poly(amide) thin film composite membrane Gao, Weimin; She, Fenghua; Zhang, Juan Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 487 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2015.03.052	journal	August 2015
3D visualization of the internal nanostructure of polyamide thin films in RO membranes Pacheco, Federico; Sougrat, Rachid; Reinhard, Martin Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 501 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2015.10.061	journal	March 2016
Hydration of a polyamide reverse-osmosis membrane Ding, Minxia; Szymczyk, Anthony; Ghoufi, Aziz Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 501 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2015.12.036	journal	March 2016
Dynamics of water and solute transport in polymeric reverse osmosis membranes via molecular dynamics simulations Shen, Meng; Keten, Sinan; Lueptow, Richard M. Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 506 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2016.01.051	journal	May 2016
Multiscale molecular simulations of the formation and structure of polyamide membranes created by interfacial polymerization Muscatello, J.; Müller, E. A.; Mostofi, A. A. Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 527 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2016.11.024	journal	April 2017
Molecular simulations of polyamide membrane materials used in desalination and water reuse applications: Recent developments and future prospects Ridgway, Harry F.; Orbell, John; Gray, Stephen Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 524 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2016.11.061	journal	February 2017
Thin film composite membrane compaction in high-pressure reverse osmosis Davenport, Douglas M.; Ritt, Cody L.; Verbeke, Rhea Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 610 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118268	journal	September 2020
Efficient separation of small organic contaminants in water using functionalized nanoporous graphene membranes: Insights from molecular dynamics simulations Yang, Jason; Shen, Zhiqiang; He, Jinlong Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 630 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119331	journal	July 2021
A critical review and commentary on recent progress of additive manufacturing and its impact on membrane technology Qian, Xin; Ostwal, Mayur; Asatekin, Ayse Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 645 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2021.120041	journal	March 2022
Molecular insights into charged nanofiltration membranes: Structure, water transport, and water diffusion Liu, Suwei; Ganti-Agrawal, Saahir; Keten, Sinan Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 644 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2021.120057	journal	February 2022
Molecular methods for assessing the morphology, topology, and performance of polyamide membranes Vickers, Riley; Weigand, Timothy M.; Miller, Cass T. Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 644 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2021.120110	journal	February 2022
A comprehensive review of electrospray technique for membrane development: Current status, challenges, and opportunities Huang, Shiyang; Mansouri, Jaleh; Le-Clech, Pierre Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 646 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2021.120248	journal	March 2022
Hydration, porosity and water dynamics in the polyamide layer of reverse osmosis membranes: A molecular dynamics study Kolev, Vesselin; Freger, Viatcheslav Polymer, Vol. 55, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2013.12.045	journal	March 2014
Polyamide desalination membranes: Formation, structure, and properties Freger, Viatcheslav; Ramon, Guy Z. Progress in Polymer Science, Vol. 122 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2021.101451	journal	November 2021
The state of desalination and brine production: A global outlook Jones, Edward; Qadir, Manzoor; van Vliet, Michelle T. H. Science of The Total Environment, Vol. 657 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.076	journal	March 2019
Materials Informatics with PoreBlazer v4.0 and the CSD MOF Database Sarkisov, Lev; Bueno-Perez, Rocio; Sutharson, Mythili Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 32, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.0c03575	journal	November 2020
Intrinsic Membrane Permeability to Small Molecules Hannesschlaeger, Christof; Horner, Andreas; Pohl, Peter Chemical Reviews, Vol. 119, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00560	journal	January 2019
Molecular Insights into the Composition–Structure–Property Relationships of Polyamide Thin Films for Reverse Osmosis Desalination Zhang, Hui; Wu, Mao See; Zhou, Kun Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 53, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b02214	journal	May 2019
The Critical Need for Increased Selectivity, Not Increased Water Permeability, for Desalination Membranes Werber, Jay R.; Deshmukh, Akshay; Elimelech, Menachem Environmental Science & Technology Letters, Vol. 3, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.6b00050	journal	March 2016
High-Pressure Reverse Osmosis for Energy-Efficient Hypersaline Brine Desalination: Current Status, Design Considerations, and Research Needs Davenport, Douglas M.; Deshmukh, Akshay; Werber, Jay R. Environmental Science & Technology Letters, Vol. 5, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.8b00274	journal	June 2018
Molecular Dynamics Investigation of Ion Sorption and Permeation in Desalination Membranes Kolev, Vesselin; Freger, Viatcheslav The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, Vol. 119, Issue 44 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b06566	journal	October 2015
Aromatic Polyamide Reverse-Osmosis Membrane: An Atomistic Molecular Dynamics Simulation Wei, Tao; Zhang, Lin; Zhao, Haiyang The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, Vol. 120, Issue 39 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b06560	journal	September 2016
Effect of Cross-Linking on the Structure and Growth of Polymer Films Prepared by Interfacial Polymerization Berezkin, Anatoly V.; Kudryavtsev, Yaroslav V. Langmuir, Vol. 31, Issue 44 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b03031	journal	October 2015
Self-Assembled Monolayers of an Azobenzene Derivative on Silica and Their Interactions with Lysozyme Wei, Tao; Sajib, Md. Symon Jahan; Samieegohar, Mohammadreza Langmuir, Vol. 31, Issue 50 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b03603	journal	December 2015
Unraveling the Morphology–Function Relationships of Polyamide Membranes Using Quantitative Electron Tomography Song, Xiaohui; Smith, John W.; Kim, Juyeong ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 11, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b20826	journal	January 2019
Atomistic Simulation Study of Polyarylate/Zeolitic-Imidazolate Framework Mixed-Matrix Membranes for Water Desalination Wei, Wan; Liu, Jie; Jiang, Jianwen ACS Applied Nano Materials, Vol. 3, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.0c02004	journal	September 2020
Molecular Structure of Aromatic Reverse Osmosis Polyamide Barrier Layers Fu, Qinyi; Verma, Nisha; Ma, Hongyang ACS Macro Letters, Vol. 8, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsmacrolett.9b00077	journal	March 2019
Positron Annihilation Spectroscopic Evidence to Demonstrate the Flux-Enhancement Mechanism in Morphology-Controlled Thin-Film-Composite (TFC) Membrane Kim, Sung Ho; Kwak, Seung-Yeop; Suzuki, Takenori Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 39, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1021/es049453k	journal	March 2005
Depth Heterogeneity of Fully Aromatic Polyamide Active Layers in Reverse Osmosis and Nanofiltration Membranes Coronell, Orlando; Mariñas, Benito J.; Cahill, David G. Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 45, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1021/es200007h	journal	May 2011
Thin-Film Composite Polyamide Membranes Functionalized with Biocidal Graphene Oxide Nanosheets Perreault, François; Tousley, Marissa E.; Elimelech, Menachem Environmental Science & Technology Letters, Vol. 1, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1021/ez4001356	journal	November 2013
An ab Initio CFF93 All-Atom Force Field for Polycarbonates Sun, Huai; Mumby, Stephen J.; Maple, Jon R. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 116, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00086a030	journal	April 1994
Molecular Dynamics Study of a Polymeric Reverse Osmosis Membrane Harder, Edward; Walters, D. Eric; Bodnar, Yaroslav D. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, Vol. 113, Issue 30 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp902715f	journal	July 2009
COMPASS: An ab Initio Force-Field Optimized for Condensed-Phase ApplicationsOverview with Details on Alkane and Benzene Compounds Sun, H. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, Vol. 102, Issue 38 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp980939v	journal	September 1998
Nanoscale Heterogeneity of Polyamide Membranes Formed by Interfacial Polymerization Freger, Viatcheslav Langmuir, Vol. 19, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1021/la020920q	journal	May 2003
Thermodynamically Consistent Force Fields for the Assembly of Inorganic, Organic, and Biological Nanostructures: The INTERFACE Force Field Heinz, Hendrik; Lin, Tzu-Jen; Kishore Mishra, Ratan Langmuir, Vol. 29, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1021/la3038846	journal	January 2013
Ab initio calculations and force field development for computer simulation of polysilanes Sun, H. Macromolecules, Vol. 28, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00107a006	journal	May 1995
Materials for next-generation desalination and water purification membranes Werber, Jay R.; Osuji, Chinedum O.; Elimelech, Menachem Nature Reviews Materials, Vol. 1, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1038/natrevmats.2016.18	journal	April 2016
Machine learning coarse grained models for water Chan, Henry; Cherukara, Mathew J.; Narayanan, Badri Nature Communications, Vol. 10, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-08222-6	journal	January 2019
Molecularly-porous ultrathin membranes for highly selective organic solvent nanofiltration Huang, Tiefan; Moosa, Basem A.; Hoang, Phuong Nature Communications, Vol. 11, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-19404-6	journal	November 2020
Charting the quantitative relationship between two-dimensional morphology parameters of polyamide membranes and synthesis conditions An, Hyosung; Smith, John W.; Chen, Wenxiang Molecular Systems Design & Engineering, Vol. 5, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1039/C9ME00132H	journal	January 2020
Rethinking the term “pi-stacking” Martinez, Chelsea R.; Iverson, Brent L. Chemical Science, Vol. 3, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1039/c2sc20045g	journal	January 2012
A unified formulation of the constant temperature molecular dynamics methods Nosé, Shuichi The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 81, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.447334	journal	July 1984
Electron tomography reveals details of the internal microstructure of desalination membranes Culp, Tyler E.; Shen, Yue-xiao; Geitner, Michael Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 115, Issue 35 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1804708115	journal	August 2018
Packing at the protein-water interface. Gerstein, M.; Chothia, C. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 93, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.93.19.10167	journal	September 1996
Canonical dynamics: Equilibrium phase-space distributions Hoover, William G. Physical Review A, Vol. 31, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.31.1695	journal	March 1985
Four billion people facing severe water scarcity Mekonnen, Mesfin M.; Hoekstra, Arjen Y. Science Advances, Vol. 2, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1500323	journal	February 2016
Mechanism and performance relevance of nanomorphogenesis in polyamide films revealed by quantitative 3D imaging and machine learning An, Hyosung; Smith, John W.; Ji, Bingqiang Science Advances, Vol. 8, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abk1888	journal	February 2022
The Future of Seawater Desalination: Energy, Technology, and the Environment Elimelech, M.; Phillip, W. A. Science, Vol. 333, Issue 6043 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1200488	journal	August 2011
Sub-10 nm polyamide nanofilms with ultrafast solvent transport for molecular separation Karan, S.; Jiang, Z.; Livingston, A. G. Science, Vol. 348, Issue 6241 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa5058	journal	June 2015
Maximizing the right stuff: The trade-off between membrane permeability and selectivity Park, Ho Bum; Kamcev, Jovan; Robeson, Lloyd M. Science, Vol. 356, Issue 6343 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aab0530	journal	June 2017
3D printed polyamide membranes for desalination Chowdhury, Maqsud R.; Steffes, James; Huey, Bryan D. Science, Vol. 361, Issue 6403 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aar2122	journal	August 2018
Nanoscale control of internal inhomogeneity enhances water transport in desalination membranes Culp, Tyler E.; Khara, Biswajit; Brickey, Kaitlyn P. Science, Vol. 371, Issue 6524 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abb8518	journal	January 2021
Generating Triangulated Macromolecular Surfaces by Euclidean Distance Transform Xu, Dong; Zhang, Yang PLoS ONE, Vol. 4, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0008140	journal	December 2009

Similar Records

Effect of different manufacturing methods on polyamide reverse-osmosis membranes for desalination: Insights from molecular dynamics simulations

Journal Article · Sun Nov 13 19:00:00 EST 2022 · Desalination · OSTI ID:2424739

Molecular mechanisms of thickness-dependent water desalination in polyamide reverse-osmosis membranes

Journal Article · Mon Feb 20 19:00:00 EST 2023 · Journal of Membrane Science · OSTI ID:2323898

Related Subjects

3D-printed PA RO membrane
42 ENGINEERING
Compressive yield strength
Cross-linking degree
Engineering
Non-equilibrium molecular dynamics
Polymer Science
Pore size distribution
Water desalination

Molecular insights into the structure-property relationships of 3D printed polyamide reverse-osmosis membrane for desalination

Citation Formats

References (82)

Similar Records

Related Subjects