DEVELOPMENT OF THE MODEL OF GALACTIC INTERSTELLAR EMISSION FOR STANDARD POINT-SOURCE ANALYSIS OF FERMI LARGE AREA TELESCOPE DATA

Acero, F.; Ballet, J.; Ackermann, M.; Buehler, R.; Ajello, M.; Albert, A.; Baldini, L.; Bloom, E. D.; Bottacini, E.; Caliandro, G. A.; Cameron, R. A.; Barbiellini, G.; Bastieri, D.; Bellazzini, R.; Bissaldi, E.; Bonino, R.; Brandt, T. J.; Buson, S.; Bregeon, J.; others, and

doi:10.3847/0067-0049/223/2/26

Title: DEVELOPMENT OF THE MODEL OF GALACTIC INTERSTELLAR EMISSION FOR STANDARD POINT-SOURCE ANALYSIS OF FERMI LARGE AREA TELESCOPE DATA

Journal Article · Fri Apr 01 00:00:00 EDT 2016 · Astrophysical Journal, Supplement Series

DOI:https://doi.org/10.3847/0067-0049/223/2/26· OSTI ID:22661081

Acero, F.; Ballet, J. ^[1]; Ackermann, M.; Buehler, R. ^[2]; Ajello, M. ^[3]; Albert, A.; Baldini, L.; Bloom, E. D.; Bottacini, E.; Caliandro, G. A.; Cameron, R. A. ^[4]; Barbiellini, G. ^[5]; Bastieri, D. ^[6]; Bellazzini, R. ^[7]; Bissaldi, E. ^[8]; Bonino, R. ^[9]; Brandt, T. J.; Buson, S. ^[10]; Bregeon, J. ^[11]; others, and

Laboratoire AIM, CEA-IRFU/CNRS/Université Paris Diderot, Service d’Astrophysique, CEA Saclay, F-91191 Gif sur Yvette (France)
Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen (Germany)
Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Kinard Lab of Physics, Clemson, SC 29634-0978 (United States)
W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 (United States)
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste (Italy)
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, I-35131 Padova (Italy)
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa (Italy)
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari (Italy)
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino (Italy)
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771 (United States)
Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier, CNRS/IN2P3, Montpellier (France)

Most of the celestial γ rays detected by the Large Area Telescope (LAT) on board the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope originate from the interstellar medium when energetic cosmic rays interact with interstellar nucleons and photons. Conventional point-source and extended-source studies rely on the modeling of this diffuse emission for accurate characterization. Here, we describe the development of the Galactic Interstellar Emission Model (GIEM), which is the standard adopted by the LAT Collaboration and is publicly available. This model is based on a linear combination of maps for interstellar gas column density in Galactocentric annuli and for the inverse-Compton emission produced in the Galaxy. In the GIEM, we also include large-scale structures like Loop I and the Fermi bubbles. The measured gas emissivity spectra confirm that the cosmic-ray proton density decreases with Galactocentric distance beyond 5 kpc from the Galactic Center. The measurements also suggest a softening of the proton spectrum with Galactocentric distance. We observe that the Fermi bubbles have boundaries with a shape similar to a catenary at latitudes below 20° and we observe an enhanced emission toward their base extending in the north and south Galactic directions and located within ∼4° of the Galactic Center.

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OSTI ID:: 22661081

Journal Information:: Astrophysical Journal, Supplement Series, Vol. 223, Issue 2; Other Information: Country of input: International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA); ISSN 0067-0049

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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Fermi Large Area Telescope Fourth Source Catalog Abdollahi, S.; Acero, F.; Ackermann, M. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 247, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/ab6bcb	journal	March 2020
The γ -ray spectrum of the core of Centaurus A as observed with H.E.S.S. and Fermi -LAT Abdalla, H.; Abramowski, A.; Aharonian, F. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 619 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201832640	journal	November 2018
Einstein@Home discovers a radio-quiet gamma-ray millisecond pulsar Clark, Colin J.; Pletsch, Holger J.; Wu, Jason Science Advances, Vol. 4, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aao7228	journal	February 2018
Fermi Large Area Telescope Fourth Source Catalog Abdollahi, S. IOP https://doi.org/10.13016/m2hfkt-y90r	collection	January 2020
Minute-Timescale > 100 MeV $\gamma$-Ray Variability During the Giant Outburst of Quasar 3C 279 Observed by FERMI-LAT in 2015 June Ackermann, Markus; Anantua, R.; Asano, K. Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg https://doi.org/10.3204/pubdb-2016-06149	text	January 2016
Multiwavelength observations of a VHE gamma-ray flare from PKS 1510-089 in 2015 Collaboration, Magic; Ahnen, M. L.; Ansoldi, S. Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg https://doi.org/10.3204/pubdb-2016-06249	text	January 2016
Search for gamma-ray emission from Galactic novae with the Fermi-LAT Franckowiak, Anna; Jean, P.; Wood, M. Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg https://doi.org/10.3204/pubdb-2017-13647	text	January 2017
H.E.S.S. observations of RX J1713.7−3946 with improved angular and spectral resolution: Evidence for gamma-ray emission extending beyond the X-ray emitting shell Abdalla, H.; Abramowski, A.; Aharonian, F. Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg https://doi.org/10.3204/pubdb-2019-00138	text	January 2018
BAT AGN Spectroscopic Survey. XVI. General Physical Characteristics of BAT Blazars Paliya, Vaidehi Sharan Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg https://doi.org/10.3204/pubdb-2019-03549	text	January 2019
Testing emission models on the extreme blazar 2WHSP J073326.7+515354 detected at very high energies with the MAGIC telescopes Acciari, V. A.; Ansoldi, S.; Antonelli, L. A. Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg https://doi.org/10.3204/pubdb-2019-04815	text	January 2019
Fermi -LAT Stacking Analysis Technique: An Application to Extreme Blazars and Prospects for their CTA Detection Paliya, Vaidehi S.; Domínguez, A.; Ajello, M. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 882, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab398a	journal	August 2019
Multiwavelength observations of a VHE gamma-ray flare from PKS 1510−089 in 2015 Ahnen, M. L.; Ansoldi, S.; Antonelli, L. A. Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg https://doi.org/10.3204/pubdb-2018-00435	text	January 2017
Detection and Timing of Gamma-Ray Pulsations from the 707 Hz Pulsar J0952−0607 Nieder, L.; Clark, C. J.; Bassa, C. G. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 883, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab357e	journal	September 2019
A very-high-energy component deep in the γ-ray burst afterglow H., Abdalla,; al, et; W., Mitchell, A. M. Springer https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-185550	text	January 2019
Fermi-LAT Observations of Gamma-Ray Emission Towards the Outer Halo of M31 Karwin, Chris; Murgia, Simona; Campbell, Sheldon Proceedings of 36th International Cosmic Ray Conference — PoS(ICRC2019) https://doi.org/10.22323/1.358.0570	conference	July 2019
On the radial distribution of Galactic cosmic rays Recchia, S.; Blasi, P.; Morlino, G. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1604.07682	text	January 2016
CALET Upper Limits on X-ray and Gamma-ray Counterparts of GW 151226 Adriani, O.; Akaike, Y.; Asano, K. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1607.00233	text	January 2016
Multiwavelength monitoring and X-ray brightening of Be X-ray binary PSR J2032+4127/MT91 213 on its approach to periastron Ho, Wynn C. G.; Ng, C. -Y.; Lyne, Andrew G. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1609.06328	text	January 2016
H.E.S.S. observations of RX J1713.7-3946 with improved angular and spectral resolution; evidence for gamma-ray emission extending beyond the X-ray emitting shell Collaboration, H. E. S. S.; Abdalla, H.; Abdalla, H. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1609.08671	text	January 2016
Systematic Study of Gamma-ray bright Blazars with Optical Polarization and Gamma-ray Variability Itoh, Ryosuke; Nalewajko, Krzysztof; Fukazawa, Yasushi arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1610.04313	text	January 2016
Multiwavelength observations of a VHE gamma-ray flare from PKS 1510-089 in 2015 Collaboration, Magic; Ahnen, M. L.; Ansoldi, S. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1610.09416	text	January 2016
The Einstein@Home Gamma-ray Pulsar Survey. I. Search Methods, Sensitivity and Discovery of New Young Gamma-ray Pulsars Clark, C. J.; Wu, J.; Pletsch, H. J. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1611.01015	text	January 2016
Galactic Bulge Preferred Over Dark Matter for the Galactic Center Gamma-Ray Excess Macias, Oscar; Gordon, Chris; Crocker, Roland M. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1611.06644	text	January 2016
Multiband variability studies and novel broadband SED modeling of Mrk 501 in 2009 Ahnen, M. L.; Ansoldi, S.; Antonelli, L. A. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1612.09472	text	January 2016
Light curve and SED modeling of the gamma-ray binary 1FGL J1018.6$-$5856: constraints on the orbital geometry and relativistic flow An, Hongjun; Romani, Roger W. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1703.04214	text	January 2017
High-energy gamma-ray activity from V404 Cygni detected by AGILE during the 2015 June outburst Piano, G.; Munar-Adrover, P.; Verrecchia, F. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1703.10085	text	January 2017
A multi-messenger study of the total galactic high-energy neutrino emission Pagliaroli, G.; Villante, F. L. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1710.01040	text	January 2017
General Physical Properties of CGRaBS Blazars Paliya, Vaidehi S.; Marcotulli, L.; Ajello, M. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1711.01292	text	January 2017
The Einstein@Home Gamma-Ray Pulsar Survey II. Source Selection, Spectral Analysis and Multi-wavelength Follow-up Wu, J.; Clark, C. J.; Pletsch, H. J. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1712.05395	text	January 2017
Imprints of Cosmic Rays in Multifrequency Observations of the Interstellar Emission Orlando, E. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1712.07127	text	January 2017
FBQS J1644+2619: multiwavelength properties and its place in the class of gamma-ray emitting Narrow Line Seyfert 1s Larsson, J.; D'Ammando, F.; Falocco, S. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1801.08750	text	January 2018
SED constraints on the highest-$z$ blazar jet: QSO J0906+6930 An, Hongjun; Romani, Roger W. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1803.01510	text	January 2018
Einstein@Home discovers a radio-quiet gamma-ray millisecond pulsar Clark, C. J.; Pletsch, H. J.; Wu, J. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1803.06855	text	January 2018
Observing and modeling the gamma-ray emission from pulsar/pulsar wind nebula complex PSR J0205+6449/3C 58 Li, Jian; Torres, Diego F.; Lin, Ting Ting arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1803.10863	text	January 2018
A Luminous and Highly-variable Gamma-ray Flare Following the 2017 Periastron of PSR B1259-63/LS 2883 Johnson, T. J.; Wood, K. S.; Kerr, M. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1805.03537	text	January 2018
Gamma-ray flaring activity of NGC 1275 in 2016-2017 measured by MAGIC Collaboration, Magic; Ansoldi, S.; Antonelli, L. A. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1806.01559	text	January 2018
The first catalog of Fermi-LAT sources below 100 MeV Principe, Giacomo; Malyshev, Dmitry; Ballet, Jean arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1806.10865	text	January 2018
Disentangling multiple high-energy emission components in the Vela X pulsar wind nebula with the Fermi Large Area Telescope Tibaldo, L.; Zanin, R.; Faggioli, G. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1806.11499	text	January 2018
On the progressive hardening of the cosmic-ray proton spectrum in the inner Galaxy Pothast, Mart; Gaggero, Daniele; Storm, Emma arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1807.04554	text	January 2018
Evidence for Cosmic-Ray Escape in the Small Magellanic Cloud using Fermi Gamma-rays Lopez, Laura A.; Auchettl, Katie; Linden, Tim arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1807.06595	text	January 2018
Exploring the bulk of the BL Lac object population. II. Gamma-ray properties D'Ammando, F.; Giroletti, M.; Rainò, S. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1809.01173	text	January 2018
The extended flare in CTA 102 in 2016 and 2017 within a hadronic model through cloud ablation by the relativistic jet Zacharias, Michael; Böttcher, Markus; Jankowsky, Felix arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1811.12299	text	January 2018
A Global Analysis of Dark Matter Signals from 27 Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxies using 11 Years of Fermi-LAT Observations Hoof, Sebastian; Geringer-Sameth, Alex; Trotta, Roberto arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1812.06986	text	January 2018
XMM-Newton and Chandra observations of the unidentified Fermi-LAT source 3FGL J1016.5-6034: A Young Pulsar with a Nebula? Hare, Jeremy; Volkov, Igor; Kargaltsev, Oleg arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1903.07651	text	January 2019
Hard and bright gamma-ray emission at the base of the Fermi bubbles Herold, Laura; Malyshev, Dmitry arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1904.01454	text	January 2019
Is the SNR HESS J1731-347 colliding with molecular clouds? Cui, Yudong; Yang, Ruizhi; He, Xinbo arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1904.01761	text	January 2019
Ejection of Double knots from the radio core of PKS 1510--089 during the strong gamma-ray flares in 2015 Park, Jongho; Lee, Sang-Sung; Kim, Jae-Young arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1904.11118	text	January 2019
Probing the pulsar population of Terzan 5 via spectral modeling Ndiyavala, Hambeleleni; Venter, Christo; Johnson, Tyrel J. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1905.10229	text	January 2019
The GMRT High Resolution Southern Sky Survey for pulsars and transients -II. New discoveries, timing and polarization properties Bhattacharyya, B.; Roy, J.; Stappers, B. W. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1906.09574	text	January 2019
{\it Fermi}-LAT Stacking Analysis Technique: An Application to Extreme Blazars and Prospects for their CTA Detection Paliya, Vaidehi S.; Dominguez, Alberto; Ajello, Marco arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1908.02496	text	January 2019
Identifying TeV Source Candidates among Fermi-LAT Unclassified Blazars Chiaro, G.; Meyer, M.; Di Mauro, M. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1909.10834	text	January 2019
Investigating the multiwavelength behaviour of the flat spectrum radio quasar CTA 102 during 2013-2017 D'Ammando, F.; Raiteri, C. M.; Villata, M. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1910.03609	text	January 2019
A very-high-energy component deep in the Gamma-ray Burst afterglow Arakawa, H. Abdalla R. Adam F. Aharonian F. Ait Benkhali E. O. Anguener M.; Arcaro, C.; Armand, C. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1911.08961	text	January 2019

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