Development of the Model of Galactic Interstellar Emission for Standard Point-Source Analysis of Fermi Large Area Telescope Data

Acero, F.

doi:10.3847/0067-0049/223/2/26

Title: Development of the Model of Galactic Interstellar Emission for Standard Point-Source Analysis of Fermi Large Area Telescope Data

Journal Article · Fri Apr 22 00:00:00 EDT 2016 · The Astrophysical Journal. Supplement Series (Online)

DOI:https://doi.org/10.3847/0067-0049/223/2/26· OSTI ID:1355675

Acero, F. ^[1]

Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA-Saclay), Gif-sur-Yvette (France); et al.

Most of the celestial γ rays detected by the Large Area Telescope (LAT) aboard the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope originate from the interstellar medium when energetic cosmic rays interact with interstellar nucleons and photons. Conventional point and extended source studies rely on the modeling of this diffuse emission for accurate characterization. We describe here the development of the Galactic Interstellar Emission Model (GIEM) that is the standard adopted by the LAT Collaboration and is publicly available. The model is based on a linear combination of maps for interstellar gas column density in Galactocentric annuli and for the inverse Compton emission produced in the Galaxy. We also include in the GIEM large-scale structures like Loop I and the Fermi bubbles. The measured gas emissivity spectra con rm that the cosmic-ray proton density decreases with Galactocentric distance beyond 5 kpc from the Galactic Center. The measurements also suggest a softening of the proton spectrum with Galactocentric distance. We observe that the Fermi bubbles have boundaries with a shape similar to a catenary at latitudes below 20° and we observe an enhanced emission toward their base extending in the North and South Galactic direction and located within ~4° of the Galactic Center.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Cite

Export

Save

Research Organization:: SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE

Contributing Organization:: Fermi LAT Collaboration

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-76SF00515

OSTI ID:: 1355675

Journal Information:: The Astrophysical Journal. Supplement Series (Online), Vol. 223, Issue 2; ISSN 1538-4365

Publisher:: American Astronomical Society/IOPCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Citation Metrics:

Cited by: 251 works

Citation information provided by
Web of Science

References (108)

Detection of a gamma-ray source in the Galactic Center consistent with extended emission from dark matter annihilation and concentrated astrophysical emission Abazajian, Kevork N.; Kaplinghat, Manoj Physical Review D, Vol. 86, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.86.083511	journal	October 2012
Fermi large area telescope observations of the cosmic-ray induced $γ$ -ray emission of the Earth’s atmosphere Abdo, A. A.; Ackermann, M.; Ajello, M. Physical Review D, Vol. 80, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.80.122004	journal	December 2009
FERMI OBSERVATIONS OF CASSIOPEIA AND CEPHEUS: DIFFUSE GAMMA-RAY EMISSION IN THE OUTER GALAXY Abdo, A. A.; Ackermann, M.; Ajello, M. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 710, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/710/1/133	journal	January 2010
Spectrum of the Isotropic Diffuse Gamma-Ray Emission Derived from First-Year Fermi Large Area Telescope Data Abdo, A. A.; Ackermann, M.; Ajello, M. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 104, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.101101	journal	March 2010
FERMI LARGE AREA TELESCOPE OBSERVATIONS OF TWO GAMMA-RAY EMISSION COMPONENTS FROM THE QUIESCENT SUN Abdo, A. A.; Ackermann, M.; Ajello, M. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 734, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/734/2/116	journal	June 2011
FERMI OBSERVATIONS OF γ-RAY EMISSION FROM THE MOON Abdo, A. A.; Ackermann, M.; Ajello, M. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 758, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/758/2/140	journal	October 2012
THE SECOND FERMI LARGE AREA TELESCOPE CATALOG OF GAMMA-RAY PULSARS Abdo, A. A.; Ajello, M.; Allafort, A. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 208, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/0067-0049/208/2/17	journal	September 2013
Planck early results. XXI. Properties of the interstellar medium in the Galactic plane Abergel, A.; Ade, P. A. R.; Aghanim, N. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 536 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201116455	journal	December 2011
Planck intermediate results: XVII. Emission of dust in the diffuse interstellar medium from the far-infrared to microwave frequencies⋆ Abergel, A.; Ade, P. A. R.; Aghanim, N. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 566 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201323270	journal	June 2014
FERMI LARGE AREA TELESCOPE THIRD SOURCE CATALOG Acero, F.; Ackermann, M.; Ajello, M. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 218, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/0067-0049/218/2/23	journal	June 2015
A Cocoon of Freshly Accelerated Cosmic Rays Detected by Fermi in the Cygnus Superbubble Ackermann, M.; Ajello, M.; Allafort, A. Science, Vol. 334, Issue 6059 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1210311	journal	November 2011
CONSTRAINTS ON THE COSMIC-RAY DENSITY GRADIENT BEYOND THE SOLAR CIRCLE FROM FERMI γ-RAY OBSERVATIONS OF THE THIRD GALACTIC QUADRANT Ackermann, M.; Ajello, M.; Baldini, L. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 726, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/726/2/81	journal	December 2010
The cosmic-ray and gas content of the Cygnus region as measured in γ -rays by the Fermi Large Area Telescope Ackermann, M.; Ajello, M.; Allafort, A. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 538 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201117539	journal	February 2012
THE FERMI LARGE AREA TELESCOPE ON ORBIT: EVENT CLASSIFICATION, INSTRUMENT RESPONSE FUNCTIONS, AND CALIBRATION Ackermann, M.; Ajello, M.; Albert, A. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 203, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/0067-0049/203/1/4	journal	October 2012
FERMI LARGE AREA TELESCOPE STUDY OF COSMIC RAYS AND THE INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM IN NEARBY MOLECULAR CLOUDS Ackermann, M.; Ajello, M.; Allafort, A. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 755, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/755/1/22	journal	July 2012
FERMI -LAT OBSERVATIONS OF THE DIFFUSE γ-RAY EMISSION: IMPLICATIONS FOR COSMIC RAYS AND THE INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM Ackermann, M.; Ajello, M.; Atwood, W. B. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 750, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/750/1/3	journal	April 2012
THE FIRST FERMI -LAT CATALOG OF SOURCES ABOVE 10 GeV Ackermann, M.; Ajello, M.; Allafort, A. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 209, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/0067-0049/209/2/34	journal	November 2013
THE SPECTRUM OF ISOTROPIC DIFFUSE GAMMA-RAY EMISSION BETWEEN 100 MeV AND 820 GeV Ackermann, M.; Ajello, M.; Albert, A. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 799, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/799/1/86	journal	January 2015
THE SPECTRUM AND MORPHOLOGY OF THE FERMI BUBBLES Ackermann, M.; Albert, A.; Atwood, W. B. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 793, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/793/1/64	journal	September 2014
Planck 2013 results. XIII. Galactic CO emission Ade, P. A. R.; Aghanim, N.; Alves, M. I. R. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 571 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201321553	journal	October 2014
Planck early results. XIX. All-sky temperature and dust optical depth from Planck and IRAS. Constraints on the “dark gas” in our Galaxy Ade, P. A. R.; Aghanim, N.; Arnaud, M. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 536 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201116479	journal	December 2011
Planck intermediate results : IX. Detection of the Galactic haze with Planck Ade, P. A. R.; Aghanim, N.; Arnaud, M. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 554 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201220271	journal	June 2013
PAMELA Measurements of Cosmic-Ray Proton and Helium Spectra Adriani, O.; Barbarino, G. C.; Bazilevskaya, G. A. Science, Vol. 332, Issue 6025 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1199172	journal	March 2011
Precision Measurement of the Proton Flux in Primary Cosmic Rays from Rigidity 1 GV to 1.8 TV with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station Aguilar, M.; Aisa, D.; Alpat, B. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 114, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.114.171103	journal	April 2015
Nonlinear cosmic ray Galactic transport in the light of AMS-02 and Voyager data Aloisio, R.; Blasi, P.; Serpico, P. D. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 583 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201526877	journal	November 2015
The HIPASS survey of the Galactic plane in radio recombination lines Alves, Marta I. R.; Calabretta, Mark; Davies, Rodney D. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 450, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stv751	journal	April 2015
A derivation of the free-free emission on the Galactic plane between ℓ= 20° and 44°: The free-free emission on the Galactic plane Alves, Marta I. R.; Davies, Rodney D.; Dickinson, Clive Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 422, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.20796.x	journal	April 2012
THE LARGE AREA TELESCOPE ON THE FERMI GAMMA-RAY SPACE TELESCOPE MISSION Atwood, W. B.; Abdo, A. A.; Ackermann, M. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 697, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/697/2/1071	journal	May 2009
SPITZER SURVEY OF THE LARGE MAGELLANIC CLOUD, SURVEYING THE AGENTS OF A GALAXY'S EVOLUTION (SAGE). IV. DUST PROPERTIES IN THE INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM Bernard, Jean-Philippe; Reach, William T.; Paradis, Deborah The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 136, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-6256/136/3/919	journal	July 2008
Diffuse Gamma-Ray Emission in the Galactic Plane from Cosmic-Ray, Matter, and Photon Interactions Bertsch, D. L.; Dame, T. M.; Fichtel, C. E. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 416 https://doi.org/10.1086/173261	journal	October 1993
The Large‐Scale Bipolar Wind in the Galactic Center Bland‐Hawthorn, Joss; Cohen, Martin The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 582, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1086/344573	journal	January 2003
A survey of interstellar H I from L-alpha absorption measurements. II Bohlin, R. C.; Savage, B. D.; Drake, J. F. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 224 https://doi.org/10.1086/156357	journal	August 1978
DIFFUSE EMISSION MEASUREMENT WITH THE SPECTROMETER ON INTEGRAL AS AN INDIRECT PROBE OF COSMIC-RAY ELECTRONS AND POSITRONS Bouchet, Laurent; Strong, Andrew W.; Porter, Troy A. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 739, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/739/1/29	journal	September 2011
The gradient of diffuse γ -ray emission in the Galaxy Breitschwerdt, D.; Dogiel, V. A.; Völk, H. J. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 385, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20020152	journal	April 2002
Background model systematics for the Fermi GeV excess Calore, Francesca; Cholis, Ilias; Weniger, Christoph Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, Vol. 2015, Issue 03 https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2015/03/038	journal	March 2015
LOCAL H i EMISSIVITY MEASURED WITH FERMI -LAT AND IMPLICATIONS FOR COSMIC-RAY SPECTRA Casandjian, Jean-Marc The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 806, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/806/2/240	journal	June 2015
A revised catalogue of EGRET ${\sf \gamma}$-ray sources Casandjian, J. -M.; Grenier, I. A. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 489, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:200809685	journal	July 2008
Massachusetts-Stony Brook Galactic plane CO survey - The Galactic disk rotation curve Clemens, D. P. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 295 https://doi.org/10.1086/163386	journal	August 1985
The Milky Way in Molecular Clouds: A New Complete CO Survey Dame, T. M.; Hartmann, Dap; Thaddeus, P. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 547, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1086/318388	journal	February 2001
Fitting Together the H i Absorption and Emission in the Southern Galactic Plane Survey Dickey, John M.; McClure‐Griffiths, N. M.; Gaensler, B. M. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 585, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1086/346081	journal	March 2003
THE OUTER DISK OF THE MILKY WAY SEEN IN λ21 cm ABSORPTION Dickey, John M.; Strasser, Simon; Gaensler, B. M. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 693, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/693/2/1250	journal	March 2009
Towards a free-free template for CMB foregrounds Dickinson, C.; Davies, R. D.; Davis, R. J. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 341, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-8711.2003.06439.x	journal	May 2003
EGRET Observations of the Diffuse Gamma‐Ray Emission in Orion: Analysis through Cycle 6 Digel, S. W.; Aprile, E.; Hunter, S. D. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 520, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1086/307455	journal	July 1999
EGRET Observations of Monoceros: Diffuse Gamma‐Ray Emission in the Outer Galaxy Digel, S. W.; Grenier, I. A.; Hunter, S. D. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 555, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1086/321446	journal	July 2001
Extinction and dust/gas ratio in LMC molecular clouds Dobashi, K.; Bernard, J. -P.; Hughes, A. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 484, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20079151	journal	April 2008
Simultaneous cartoon and texture image inpainting using morphological component analysis (MCA) Elad, M.; Starck, J. -L.; Querre, P. Applied and Computational Harmonic Analysis, Vol. 19, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acha.2005.03.005	journal	November 2005
The Interaction of Cosmic rays with Diffuse Clouds Everett, John E.; Zweibel, Ellen G. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 739, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/739/2/60	journal	September 2011
The Milky Way’s Kiloparsec‐Scale Wind: A Hybrid Cosmic‐Ray and Thermally Driven Outflow Everett, John E.; Zweibel, Ellen G.; Benjamin, Robert A. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 674, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1086/524766	journal	February 2008
Spatial distribution of interstellar gas in the innermost 3 kpc of our galaxy Ferrière, K.; Gillard, W.; Jean, P. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 467, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20066992	journal	February 2007
Gamma rays from molecular clouds Gabici, Stefano; Aharonian, Felix A.; Blasi, Pasquale Astrophysics and Space Science, Vol. 309, Issue 1-4 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10509-007-9427-6	journal	April 2007
Three-Dimensional Model of Cosmic-Ray Lepton Propagation Reproduces Data from the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station Gaggero, Daniele; Maccione, Luca; Di Bernardo, Giuseppe Physical Review Letters, Vol. 111, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.021102	journal	July 2013
Gamma-ray sky points to radial gradients in cosmic-ray transport Gaggero, Daniele; Urbano, Alfredo; Valli, Mauro Physical Review D, Vol. 91, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.91.083012	journal	April 2015
Some problems in gamma and X-ray astronomy Ginzburg, V. L.; Syrovatskij, S. I. Space Science Reviews, Vol. 4, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00210707	journal	May 1965
On the relationship between molecular hydrogen and carbon monoxide abundances in molecular clouds: H2 versus CO abundance Glover, S. C. O.; Low, M. -M. Mac Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 412, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17907.x	journal	February 2011
HEALPix: A Framework for High‐Resolution Discretization and Fast Analysis of Data Distributed on the Sphere Gorski, K. M.; Hivon, E.; Banday, A. J. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 622, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1086/427976	journal	April 2005
High-Energy Bremsstrahlung in Collisions of Electrons with One- and Two-Electron Atoms Gould, Robert J. Physical Review, Vol. 185, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.185.72	journal	September 1969
The Nine Lives of Cosmic Rays in Galaxies Grenier, Isabelle A.; Black, John H.; Strong, Andrew W. Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Vol. 53, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-astro-082214-122457	journal	August 2015
Unveiling Extensive Clouds of Dark Gas in the Solar Neighborhood Grenier, I. A. Science, Vol. 307, Issue 5713 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1106924	journal	February 2005
Propagation of the Cosmic Radiation through Intersteller Space Hayakawa, S. Progress of Theoretical Physics, Vol. 8, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1143/PTP.8.571	journal	November 1952
The Correlation Between Dispersion Measure and X-Ray Column Density from Radio Pulsars He, C.; Ng, C. -Y.; Kaspi, V. M. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 768, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/768/1/64	journal	April 2013
The Millennium Arecibo 21 Centimeter Absorption‐Line Survey. II. Properties of the Warm and Cold Neutral Media Heiles, Carl; Troland, T. H. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 586, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1086/367828	journal	April 2003
Origin of the gamma rays from the Galactic Center Hooper, Dan; Linden, Tim Physical Review D, Vol. 84, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.84.123005	journal	December 2011
EGRET Observations of the Diffuse Gamma‐Ray Emission from the Galactic Plane Hunter, S. D.; Bertsch, D. L.; Catelli, J. R. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 481, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1086/304012	journal	May 1997
The Leiden/Argentine/Bonn (LAB) Survey of Galactic HI: Final data release of the combined LDS and IAR surveys with improved stray-radiation corrections Kalberla, P. M. W.; Burton, W. B.; Hartmann, Dap Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 440, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20041864	journal	September 2005
Parameterization of \documentclass{aastex} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{bm} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{pifont} \usepackage{stmaryrd} \usepackage{textcomp} \usepackage{portland,xspace} \usepackage{amsmath,amsxtra} \usepackage[OT2,OT1]{fontenc} \newcommand\cyr{ \renewcommand\rmdefault{wncyr} \renewcommand\sfdefault{wncyss} \renewcommand\encodingdefault{OT2} \normalfont \selectfont} \DeclareTextFontCommand{\textcyr}{\cyr} \pagestyle{empty} \DeclareMathSizes{10}{9}{7}{6} \begin{document} \landscape $\gamma ,\, e^{\pm }$ \end{document} , and Neutrino Spectra Produced by p‐p Interaction in Astronomical Environments Kamae, Tuneyoshi; Karlsson, Niklas; Mizuno, Tsunefumi The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 647, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1086/505189	journal	August 2006
An h i Column Density Threshold for cold gas Formation in the Galaxy Kanekar, N.; Braun, R.; Roy, N. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 737, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/2041-8205/737/2/L33	journal	August 2011
High-Energy Cosmic Gamma-Ray Observations from the OSO-3 Satellite Kraushaar, W. L.; Clark, G. W.; Garmire, G. P. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 177 https://doi.org/10.1086/151713	journal	October 1972
Gamma-rays from atomic and molecular gas in the first galactic quadrant Lebrun, F.; Bennett, K.; Bignami, G. F. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 274 https://doi.org/10.1086/161440	journal	November 1983
Atomic Hydrogen in a Galactic Center Outflow McClure-Griffiths, N. M.; Green, J. A.; Hill, A. S. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 770, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/2041-8205/770/1/L4	journal	May 2013
Nuclear enhancement factor in calculation of Galactic diffuse gamma-rays: A new estimate with DPMJET-3 Mori, Masaki Astroparticle Physics, Vol. 31, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.astropartphys.2009.03.004	journal	June 2009
On gamma-ray astronomy Morrison, P. Il Nuovo Cimento, Vol. 7, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02745590	journal	March 1958
THE 21-SPONGE H i ABSORPTION SURVEY. I. TECHNIQUES AND INITIAL RESULTS Murray, Claire E.; Stanimirović, Snežana; Goss, W. M. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 804, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/804/2/89	journal	May 2015
FERMI LARGE AREA TELESCOPE SECOND SOURCE CATALOG Nolan, P. L.; Abdo, A. A.; Ackermann, M. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 199, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/0067-0049/199/2/31	journal	March 2012
Galactic synchrotron emission with cosmic ray propagation models Orlando, Elena; Strong, Andrew Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 436, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stt1718	journal	October 2013
A broadband study of galactic dust emission Paladini, R.; Montier, L.; Giard, M. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 465, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20065835	journal	January 2007
Dark gas in the solar neighborhood from extinction data Paradis, D.; Dobashi, K.; Shimoikura, T. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 543 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201118740	journal	July 2012
A Herschel [C ii] Galactic plane survey : I. The global distribution of ISM gas components⋆⋆⋆ Pineda, J. L.; Langer, W. D.; Velusamy, T. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 554 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201321188	journal	June 2013
Production of $π$ Mesons and Gamma Radiation in the Galaxy by Cosmic Rays Pollack, J. B.; Fazio, G. G. Physical Review, Vol. 131, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.131.2684	journal	September 1963
Inverse Compton Origin of the Hard X‐Ray and Soft Gamma‐Ray Emission from the Galactic Ridge Porter, Troy A.; Moskalenko, Igor V.; Strong, Andrew W. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 682, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1086/589615	journal	July 2008
Maps of Dust Infrared Emission for Use in Estimation of Reddening and Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation Foregrounds Schlegel, David J.; Finkbeiner, Douglas P.; Davis, Marc The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 500, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1086/305772	journal	June 1998
The denoised, deconvolved, and decomposed Fermi γ -ray sky : An application of the D Selig, Marco; Vacca, Valentina; Oppermann, Niels Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 581 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201425172	journal	September 2015
On the Origins of the Diffuse hα Emission: Ionized gas or Dust-Scattered hα Halos? Seon, Kwang-Il; Witt, Adolf N. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 758, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/758/2/109	journal	October 2012
Sustained star formation in the central stellar cluster of the Milky Way Serabyn, E.; Morris, Mark Nature, Vol. 382, Issue 6592 https://doi.org/10.1038/382602a0	journal	August 1996
Modelling CO emission - II. The physical characteristics that determine the X factor in Galactic molecular clouds: Modelling CO emission from MCs: the X factor Shetty, Rahul; Glover, Simon C.; Dullemond, Cornelis P. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 415, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.18937.x	journal	June 2011
Cosmic-rays and diffuse γ-rays: Spatial gradients of Galactic parameters Shibata, T.; Honda, N.; Watanabe, J. Astroparticle Physics, Vol. 27, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.astropartphys.2007.01.003	journal	June 2007
Measurements of 0.2–20GeV/n cosmic-ray proton and helium spectra from 1997 through 2002 with the BESS spectrometer Shikaze, Y.; Haino, S.; Abe, K. Astroparticle Physics, Vol. 28, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.astropartphys.2007.05.001	journal	September 2007
The Ratio of H 2 Column Density to 12CO Intensity in the Vicinity of the Galactic Center Sodroski, T. J.; Odegard, N.; Dwek, E. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 452 https://doi.org/10.1086/176297	journal	October 1995
Mass, luminosity, and line width relations of Galactic molecular clouds Solomon, P. M.; Rivolo, A. R.; Barrett, J. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 319 https://doi.org/10.1086/165493	journal	August 1987
The cosmic ?-ray spectrum from secondary particle production in cosmic-ray interactions Stecker, F. W. Astrophysics and Space Science, Vol. 6, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00653856	journal	March 1970
The likely cause of the EGRET GeV anomaly and its implications Stecker, F. W.; Hunter, S. D.; Kniffen, D. A. Astroparticle Physics, Vol. 29, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.astropartphys.2007.11.002	journal	February 2008
Evolution of dust properties in an interstellar filament Stepnik, B.; Abergel, A.; Bernard, J. -P. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 398, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20021309	journal	January 2003
Cosmic-Ray Propagation and Interactions in the Galaxy Strong, Andrew W.; Moskalenko, Igor V.; Ptuskin, Vladimir S. Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science, Vol. 57, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nucl.57.090506.123011	journal	November 2007
Diffuse Continuum Gamma Rays from the Galaxy Strong, Andrew W.; Moskalenko, Igor V.; Reimer, Olaf The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 537, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1086/309038	journal	July 2000
A New Determination of the Extragalactic Diffuse Gamma‐Ray Background from EGRET Data Strong, Andrew W.; Moskalenko, Igor V.; Reimer, Olaf The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 613, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1086/423196	journal	October 2004
The distribution of cosmic-ray sources in the Galaxy, γ-rays and the gradient in the CO-to-H ₂ relation Strong, A. W.; Moskalenko, I. V.; Reimer, O. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 422, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20040172	journal	July 2004
The interstellar cosmic-ray electron spectrum from synchrotron radiation and direct measurements Strong, A. W.; Orlando, E.; Jaffe, T. R. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 534 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201116828	journal	September 2011
GIANT GAMMA-RAY BUBBLES FROM FERMI -LAT: ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEUS ACTIVITY OR BIPOLAR GALACTIC WIND? Su, Meng; Slatyer, Tracy R.; Finkbeiner, Douglas P. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 724, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/724/2/1044	journal	November 2010
Radio observational constraints on Galactic 3D-emission models Sun, X. H.; Reich, W.; Waelkens, A. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 477, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20078671	journal	November 2007
A Possible Extension of the Scutum-Centaurus arm into the Outer Second Quadrant Sun, Yan; Xu, Ye; Yang, Ji The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 798, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/2041-8205/798/2/L27	journal	December 2014
Galactic winds driven by cosmic ray streaming Uhlig, M.; Pfrommer, C.; Sharma, M. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 423, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21045.x	journal	May 2012
GALPROP WebRun: An internet-based service for calculating galactic cosmic ray propagation and associated photon emissions Vladimirov, A. E.; Digel, S. W.; Jóhannesson, G. Computer Physics Communications, Vol. 182, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2011.01.017	journal	May 2011
Carbon Monoxide in the Orion Nebula Wilson, R. W.; Jefferts, K. B.; Penzias, A. A. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 161 https://doi.org/10.1086/180567	journal	July 1970
On the Origins of the High-Latitude hα Background Witt, Adolf N.; Gold, Benjamin; Barnes, Frank S. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 724, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/724/2/1551	journal	November 2010
The dark Molecular gas Wolfire, Mark G.; Hollenbach, David; McKee, Christopher F. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 716, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/716/2/1191	journal	May 2010
ROTATIONAL QUENCHING OF CO DUE TO H ₂ COLLISIONS Yang, Benhui; Stancil, P. C.; Balakrishnan, N. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 718, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/718/2/1062	journal	July 2010
Cosmic-Ray Proton and Helium Spectra from the First Cream Flight Yoon, Y. S.; Ahn, H. S.; Allison, P. S. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 728, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/728/2/122	journal	January 2011
Star Formation in the Central 400 pc of the Milky way: Evidence for a Population of Massive Young Stellar Objects Yusef-Zadeh, F.; Hewitt, J. W.; Arendt, R. G. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 702, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/702/1/178	journal	August 2009
Revisiting the radial distribution of pulsars in the Galaxy Yusifov, I.; Küçük, I. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 422, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20040152	journal	July 2004

Cited By (140)

Galactic bulge preferred over dark matter for the Galactic centre gamma-ray excess Macias, Oscar; Gordon, Chris; Crocker, Roland M. Nature Astronomy, Vol. 2, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-018-0414-3	journal	March 2018
A very-high-energy component deep in the γ-ray burst afterglow Abdalla, H.; Adam, R.; Aharonian, F. Nature, Vol. 575, Issue 7783 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1743-9	journal	November 2019
Multiband variability studies and novel broadband SED modeling of Mrk 501 in 2009 Ahnen, M. L.; Ansoldi, S.; Antonelli, L. A. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 603 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201629540	journal	July 2017
Multiwavelength observations of a VHE gamma-ray flare from PKS 1510−089 in 2015 Ahnen, M. L.; Ansoldi, S.; Antonelli, L. A. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 603 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201629960	journal	July 2017
Cosmic-ray spectrum in the local Galaxy Neronov, Andrii; Malyshev, Denys; Semikoz, Dmitri V. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 606 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201731149	journal	September 2017
The γ -ray spectrum of the core of Centaurus A as observed with H.E.S.S. and Fermi -LAT Abdalla, H.; Abramowski, A.; Aharonian, F. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 619 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201832640	journal	November 2018
The mid-2016 flaring activity of the flat spectrum radio quasar PKS 2023-07 Piano, G.; Munar-Adrover, P.; Pacciani, L. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 616 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201832812	journal	August 2018
Gamma-ray flaring activity of NGC1275 in 2016–2017 measured by MAGIC Ansoldi, S.; Antonelli, L. A.; Arcaro, C. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 617 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201832895	journal	September 2018
The first catalog of Fermi -LAT sources below 100 MeV Principe, G.; Malyshev, D.; Ballet, J. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 618 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201833116	journal	October 2018
Disentangling multiple high-energy emission components in the Vela X pulsar wind nebula with the Fermi Large Area Telescope Tibaldo, L.; Zanin, R.; Faggioli, G. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 617 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201833356	journal	September 2018
Exploring the bulk of the BL Lacertae object population: II. Gamma-ray properties D’Ammando, F.; Giroletti, M.; Rainó, S. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 618 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201833540	journal	October 2018
Detection of persistent VHE gamma-ray emission from PKS 1510–089 by the MAGIC telescopes during low states between 2012 and 2017 Acciari, V. A.; Ansoldi, S.; Antonelli, L. A. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 619 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201833618	journal	November 2018
Cosmic-ray propagation in the bi-stable interstellar medium: I. Conditions for cosmic-ray trapping Commerçon, Benoît; Marcowith, Alexandre; Dubois, Yohan Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 622 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201833809	journal	February 2019
A fast, very-high-energy γ -ray flare from BL Lacertae during a period of multi-wavelength activity in June 2015 Acciari, V. A.; Ansoldi, S.; Antonelli, L. A. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 623 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201834010	journal	March 2019
Hard and bright gamma-ray emission at the base of the Fermi bubbles Herold, L.; Malyshev, D. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 625 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201834670	journal	May 2019
The large gamma-ray flare of the flat-spectrum radio quasar PKS 0346−27 Angioni, R.; Nesci, R.; Finke, J. D. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 627 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201935461	journal	July 2019
Galactic diffuse gamma-ray emission at TeV energy Neronov, A.; Semikoz, D. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 633 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201936368	journal	January 2020
Expectations for high energy diffuse galactic neutrinos for different cosmic ray distributions Pagliaroli, Giulia; Evoli, Carmelo; Villante, Francesco Lorenzo Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, Vol. 2016, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2016/11/004	journal	November 2016
Cosmic-ray propagation with DRAGON2: I. numerical solver and astrophysical ingredients Evoli, Carmelo; Gaggero, Daniele; Vittino, Andrea Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, Vol. 2017, Issue 02 https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2017/02/015	journal	February 2017
A multi-messenger study of the total galactic high-energy neutrino emission Pagliaroli, G.; Villante, F. L. Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, Vol. 2018, Issue 08 https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2018/08/035	journal	August 2018
On the progressive hardening of the cosmic-ray proton spectrum in the inner Galaxy Pothast, Mart; Gaggero, Daniele; Storm, Emma Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, Vol. 2018, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2018/10/045	journal	October 2018
A global analysis of dark matter signals from 27 dwarf spheroidal galaxies using 11 years of Fermi-LAT observations Hoof, Sebastian; Geringer-Sameth, Alex; Trotta, Roberto Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, Vol. 2020, Issue 02 https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2020/02/012	journal	February 2020
Multiwavelength monitoring and X-ray brightening of Be X-ray binary PSR J2032+4127/MT91 213 on its approach to periastron Ho, Wynn C. G.; Ng, C. -Y.; Lyne, Andrew G. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 464, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stw2420	journal	September 2016
Diffuse gamma-ray emission from self-confined cosmic rays around Galactic sources D'Angelo, M.; Morlino, G.; Amato, E. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 474, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx2828	journal	November 2017
KVN observations reveal multiple γ-ray emission regions in 3C 84? Hodgson, Jeffrey A.; Rani, Bindu; Lee, Sang-Sung Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 475, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx3041	journal	January 2018
Imprints of cosmic rays in multifrequency observations of the interstellar emission Orlando, E. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 475, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx3280	journal	December 2017
FBQS J1644+2619: multiwavelength properties and its place in the class of γ-ray emitting Narrow Line Seyfert 1s Larsson, J.; D’Ammando, F.; Falocco, S. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 476, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sty241	journal	January 2018
Multiwavelength study of Fermi hard spectrum blazar B2 0806+35 using Swift, Fermi, and TACTIC observations Bhattacharyya, S.; Ghosal, B.; Chandra, P. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 481, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sty2588	journal	September 2018
The hidden giant: discovery of an enormous Galactic dwarf satellite in Gaia DR2 Torrealba, G.; Belokurov, V.; Koposov, S. E. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 488, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz1624	journal	June 2019
Testing emission models on the extreme blazar 2WHSP J073326.7+515354 detected at very high energies with the MAGIC telescopes Acciari, V. A.; Ansoldi, S.; Antonelli, L. A. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 490, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz2725	journal	September 2019
Investigating the multiwavelength behaviour of the flat spectrum radio quasar CTA 102 during 2013–2017 D’Ammando, F.; Raiteri, C. M.; Villata, M. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 490, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz2792	journal	October 2019
On the radial distribution of Galactic cosmic rays Recchia, S.; Blasi, P.; Morlino, G. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters, Vol. 462, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnrasl/slw136	journal	July 2016
Detection of a $γ$ -ray halo around Geminga with the Fermi -LAT data and implications for the positron flux Di Mauro, Mattia; Manconi, Silvia; Donato, Fiorenza Physical Review D, Vol. 100, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.100.123015	journal	December 2019
Gamma-ray puzzle in Cygnus X: Implications for high-energy neutrinos Yoast-Hull, Tova M.; Gallagher, John S.; Halzen, Francis Physical Review D, Vol. 96, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.96.043011	journal	August 2017
Einstein@Home discovers a radio-quiet gamma-ray millisecond pulsar Clark, Colin J.; Pletsch, Holger J.; Wu, Jason Science Advances, Vol. 4, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aao7228	journal	February 2018
Impact of Cosmic-Ray Physics on Dark Matter Indirect Searches Gaggero, Daniele; Valli, Mauro Advances in High Energy Physics, Vol. 2018 https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/3010514	journal	December 2018
H.E.S.S. observations of RX J1713.7-3946 with improved angular and spectral resolution; evidence for gamma-ray emission extending beyond the X-ray emitting shell Abdalla, H.; Abdalla, H.; Abramowski, A. Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg https://doi.org/10.3204/pubdb-2017-00450	text	January 2016
Search for gamma-ray emission from Galactic novae with the Fermi-LAT Franckowiak, Anna; Jean, P.; Wood, M. Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg https://doi.org/10.3204/pubdb-2017-13647	text	January 2017
Systematic Study of Gamma-Ray-Bright Blazars with Optical Polarization and Gamma-Ray Variability Itoh, Ryosuke; Nalewajko, Krzysztof; Fukazawa, Yasushi The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 833, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/833/1/77	journal	December 2016
The Einstein@Home Gamma-Ray Pulsar Survey. i. Search Methods, Sensitivity, and Discovery of new Young Gamma-Ray Pulsars Clark, C. J.; Wu, J.; Pletsch, H. J. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 834, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/834/2/106	journal	January 2017
Light Curve and SED Modeling of the Gamma-Ray Binary 1FGL J1018.6–5856: Constraints on the Orbital Geometry and Relativistic Flow An, Hongjun; Romani, Roger W. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 838, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aa6623	journal	April 2017
High-energy Gamma-Ray Activity from V404 Cygni Detected by AGILE during the 2015 June Outburst Piano, G.; Munar-Adrover, P.; Verrecchia, F. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 839, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aa6796	journal	April 2017
The Fermi Galactic Center GeV Excess and Implications for Dark Matter Ackermann, M.; Ajello, M.; Albert, A. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 840, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aa6cab	journal	May 2017
GeV Detection of HESS J0632+057 Li, Jian; Torres, Diego F.; Cheng, K. -S. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 846, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aa7ff7	journal	September 2017
General Physical Properties of CGRaBS Blazars Paliya, Vaidehi S.; Marcotulli, L.; Ajello, M. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 851, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aa98e1	journal	December 2017
2FGL J0846.0+2820: A New Neutron Star Binary with a Giant Secondary and Variable γ -Ray Emission Swihart, Samuel J.; Strader, Jay; Johnson, Tyrel J. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 851, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aa9937	journal	December 2017
Exploring the Variability of the Flat Spectrum Radio Source 1633+382. I. Phenomenology of the Light Curves Algaba, Juan-Carlos; Lee, Sang-Sung; Kim, Dae-Won The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 852, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aa9e50	journal	January 2018
Fast γ -Ray Variability in Blazars beyond Redshift 3 Li, Shang; Xia, Zi-Qing; Liang, Yun-Feng The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 853, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aaa3fb	journal	February 2018
The Einstein@Home Gamma-ray Pulsar Survey. II. Source Selection, Spectral Analysis, and Multiwavelength Follow-up Wu, J.; Clark, C. J.; Pletsch, H. J. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 854, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aaa411	journal	February 2018
X-Ray and GeV Gamma-Ray Variability of the Radio Galaxy NGC 1275 Fukazawa, Yasushi; Shiki, Kensei; Tanaka, Yasuyuki The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 855, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aaabc0	journal	March 2018
Deriving the Contribution of Blazars to the Fermi -LAT Extragalactic γ -ray Background at E > 10 GeV with Efficiency Corrections and Photon Statistics Di Mauro, M.; Manconi, S.; Zechlin, H. -S. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 856, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aab3e5	journal	March 2018
SED Constraints on the Highest- z Blazar Jet: QSO J0906+6930 An, Hongjun; Romani, Roger W. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 856, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aab435	journal	March 2018
Ships Passing in the Night: Spectroscopic Analysis of Two Ultra-faint Satellites in the Constellation Carina Li, T. S.; Simon, J. D.; Pace, A. B. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 857, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aab666	journal	April 2018
Observing and Modeling the Gamma-Ray Emission from Pulsar/Pulsar Wind Nebula Complex PSR J0205+6449/3C 58 Li, Jian; Torres, Diego F.; Lin, Ting Ting The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 858, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aabac9	journal	May 2018
Diffuse X-Ray Emission from the Northern Arc of Loop I Observed with Suzaku Akita, Masahiro; Kataoka, Jun; Arimoto, Makoto The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 862, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aacd08	journal	July 2018
A Luminous and Highly Variable Gamma-Ray Flare Following the 2017 Periastron of PSR B1259–63/LS 2883 Johnson, T. J.; Wood, K. S.; Kerr, M. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 863, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aad185	journal	August 2018
Search for GeV Gamma-Ray Counterparts of Gravitational Wave Events by CALET Adriani, O.; Akaike, Y.; Asano, K. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 863, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aad18f	journal	August 2018
Multiwavelength Observations of a New Redback Millisecond Pulsar Candidate: 3FGL J0954.8–3948 Li, Kwan-Lok; Hou, Xian; Strader, Jay The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 863, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aad243	journal	August 2018
Stochastic Modeling of Multiwavelength Variability of the Classical BL Lac Object OJ 287 on Timescales Ranging from Decades to Hours Goyal, A.; Stawarz, Ł.; Zola, S. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 863, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aad2de	journal	August 2018
Evidence for Cosmic-Ray Escape in the Small Magellanic Cloud Using Fermi Gamma Rays Lopez, Laura A.; Auchettl, Katie; Linden, Tim The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 867, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aae0f8	journal	October 2018
Gamma-Ray Emission from Molecular Clouds Generated by Penetrating Cosmic Rays Dogiel, V. A.; Chernyshov, D. O.; Ivlev, A. V. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 868, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aae827	journal	November 2018
The Extended Flare in CTA 102 in 2016 and 2017 within a Hadronic Model through Cloud Ablation by the Relativistic Jet Zacharias, M.; Böttcher, M.; Jankowsky, F. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 871, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aaf4f7	journal	January 2019
Detection of a Gamma-Ray Flare from the High-redshift Blazar DA 193 Paliya, Vaidehi S.; Ajello, M.; Ojha, R. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 871, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aafa10	journal	February 2019
XMM-Newton and Chandra Observations of the Unidentified Fermi -LAT Source 3FGL J1016.5–6034: A Young Pulsar with a Nebula? Hare, Jeremy; Volkov, Igor; Kargaltsev, Oleg The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 875, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab10da	journal	April 2019
Ejection of Double Knots from the Radio Core of PKS 1510–089 during the Strong Gamma-Ray Flares in 2015 Park, Jongho; Lee, Sang-Sung; Kim, Jae-Young The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 877, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab1b27	journal	May 2019
Probing the Pulsar Population of Terzan 5 via Spectral Modeling Ndiyavala, H.; Venter, C.; Johnson, T. J. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 880, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab24ca	journal	July 2019
Cosmic-Ray Propagation in Light of the Recent Observation of Geminga Jóhannesson, Guđlaugur; Porter, Troy A.; Moskalenko, Igor V. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 879, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab258e	journal	July 2019
Probing Blazar Emission Processes with Optical/Gamma-Ray Flare Correlations Liodakis, Ioannis; Romani, Roger W.; Filippenko, Alexei V. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 880, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab26b7	journal	July 2019
Fermi -LAT Observations of γ -Ray Emission toward the Outer Halo of M31 Karwin, Christopher M.; Murgia, Simona; Campbell, Sheldon The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 880, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab2880	journal	July 2019
The GMRT High-resolution Southern Sky Survey for Pulsars and Transients. II. New Discoveries, Timing, and Polarization Properties Bhattacharyya, B.; Roy, J.; Stappers, B. W. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 881, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab2bf3	journal	August 2019
BAT AGN Spectroscopic Survey. XVI. General Physical Characteristics of BAT Blazars Paliya, Vaidehi S.; Koss, M.; Trakhtenbrot, B. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 881, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab2f8b	journal	August 2019
Detection and Timing of Gamma-Ray Pulsations from the 707 Hz Pulsar J0952−0607 Nieder, L.; Clark, C. J.; Bassa, C. G. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 883, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab357e	journal	September 2019
Identifying TeV Source Candidates among Fermi -LAT Unclassified Blazars Chiaro, G.; Meyer, M.; Mauro, M. Di The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 887, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab46ad	journal	December 2019
Is the SNR HESS J1731-347 Colliding with Molecular Clouds? Cui, Yudong; Yang, Ruizhi; He, Xinbo The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 887, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab4ea0	journal	December 2019
Deciphering Residual Emissions: Time-dependent Models for the Nonthermal Interstellar Radiation from the Milky Way Porter, T. A.; Jóhannesson, G.; Moskalenko, I. V. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 887, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab5961	journal	December 2019
Fermi Large Area Telescope Fourth Source Catalog Abdollahi, S.; Acero, F.; Ackermann, M. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 247, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/ab6bcb	journal	March 2020
A Millisecond Pulsar Discovery in a Survey of Unidentified Fermi γ -Ray Sources with LOFAR Pleunis, Z.; Bassa, C. G.; Hessels, J. W. T. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 846, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aa83ff	journal	September 2017
Gamma-Ray-emitting Narrow-line Seyfert 1 Galaxies in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Paliya, Vaidehi S.; Ajello, M.; Rakshit, S. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 853, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aaa5ab	journal	January 2018
Signatures of Intra-binary Shock Emission in the Black Widow Pulsar Binary PSR J2241−5236 An, Hongjun; Romani, Roger W.; Kerr, Matthew The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 868, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aaedaf	journal	November 2018
Fermi -LAT Stacking Analysis Technique: An Application to Extreme Blazars and Prospects for their CTA Detection Paliya, Vaidehi S.; Domínguez, A.; Ajello, M. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 882, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab398a	journal	August 2019
Search for gamma-ray emission from Galactic novae with the Fermi -LAT Franckowiak, A.; Jean, P.; Wood, M. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 609 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201731516	journal	January 2018
Detection and Timing of Gamma-Ray Pulsations from the 707 Hz Pulsar J0952-0607 Nieder, L.; Clark, C. J.; Bassa, C. G. Bristol : Institute of Physics Publishing https://doi.org/10.15488/9766	other	January 2019
The hidden giant: Discovery of an enormous Galactic dwarf satellite in Gaia DR2 Torrealba, G.; Belokurov, Vasily; Koposov, Sergey Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository https://doi.org/10.17863/cam.46984	text	January 2019
Gamma-ray blazar spectra with H.E.S.S. II mono analysis: the case of PKS 2155-304 and PG 1553+113 Abdalla, H.; Abramowski, A.; Aharonian, F. Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg https://doi.org/10.3204/pubdb-2017-00438	text	January 2016
Multiband variability studies and novel broadband SED modeling of Mrk 501 in 2009 Ahnen, M. L.; Ansoldi, S.; Antonelli, L. A. Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg https://doi.org/10.3204/pubdb-2017-09408	text	January 2017
The $γ$-ray spectrum of the core of Centaurus A as observed with H.E.S.S. and Fermi-LAT Abdalla, H.; Abramowski, A.; Aharonian, F. Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg https://doi.org/10.3204/pubdb-2018-05468	text	January 2018
Einstein@Home discovers a radio-quiet gamma-ray millisecond pulsar Clark, Colin J.; Pletsch, Holger J.; Wu, Jason Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg https://doi.org/10.3204/pubdb-2019-00107	text	January 2018
Detection of persistent VHE gamma-ray emission from PKS 1510-089 by the MAGIC telescopes during low states between 2012 and 2017 Acciari, V. A.; Ansoldi, S.; Antonelli, L. A. Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg https://doi.org/10.3204/pubdb-2019-00134	text	January 2018
Fermi-LAT Stacking Analysis Technique: An Application to Extreme Blazars and Prospects for their CTA Detection Paliya, Vaidehi Sharan; Domínguez, A.; Ajello, M. Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg https://doi.org/10.3204/pubdb-2019-03436	text	January 2019
Fermi Large Area Telescope Fourth Source Catalog Abdollahi, S.; Acero, F.; Ackermann, Markus Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg https://doi.org/10.3204/pubdb-2020-01400	text	January 2020
Gamma-ray blazar spectra with H.E.S.S. II mono analysis: The case of PKS 2155−304 and PG 1553+113 Abdalla, H.; Abramowski, A.; Aharonian, F. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 600 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201629427	journal	April 2017
Galactic bulge preferred over dark matter for the Galactic centre gamma-ray excess Macias, Oscar; Gordon, Chris; Crocker, Roland M. Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg https://doi.org/10.3204/pubdb-2018-02026	text	January 2018
Unresolved Gamma-Ray Sky through its Angular Power Spectrum Ackermann, M.; Ajello, M.; Baldini, L. Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg https://doi.org/10.3204/pubdb-2019-00033	text	January 2018
Fermi Large Area Telescope Fourth Source Catalog Abdollahi, S. IOP https://doi.org/10.13016/m2hfkt-y90r	collection	January 2020
Minute-Timescale > 100 MeV $\gamma$-Ray Variability During the Giant Outburst of Quasar 3C 279 Observed by FERMI-LAT in 2015 June Ackermann, Markus; Anantua, R.; Asano, K. Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg https://doi.org/10.3204/pubdb-2016-06149	text	January 2016
Multiwavelength observations of a VHE gamma-ray flare from PKS 1510-089 in 2015 Collaboration, Magic; Ahnen, M. L.; Ansoldi, S. Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg https://doi.org/10.3204/pubdb-2016-06249	text	January 2016
H.E.S.S. observations of RX J1713.7−3946 with improved angular and spectral resolution: Evidence for gamma-ray emission extending beyond the X-ray emitting shell Abdalla, H.; Abramowski, A.; Aharonian, F. Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg https://doi.org/10.3204/pubdb-2019-00138	text	January 2018
BAT AGN Spectroscopic Survey. XVI. General Physical Characteristics of BAT Blazars Paliya, Vaidehi Sharan Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg https://doi.org/10.3204/pubdb-2019-03549	text	January 2019
Testing emission models on the extreme blazar 2WHSP J073326.7+515354 detected at very high energies with the MAGIC telescopes Acciari, V. A.; Ansoldi, S.; Antonelli, L. A. Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg https://doi.org/10.3204/pubdb-2019-04815	text	January 2019
Multiwavelength observations of a VHE gamma-ray flare from PKS 1510−089 in 2015 Ahnen, M. L.; Ansoldi, S.; Antonelli, L. A. Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg https://doi.org/10.3204/pubdb-2018-00435	text	January 2017
A very-high-energy component deep in the γ-ray burst afterglow H., Abdalla,; al, et; W., Mitchell, A. M. Springer https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-185550	text	January 2019
Fermi-LAT Observations of Gamma-Ray Emission Towards the Outer Halo of M31 Karwin, Chris; Murgia, Simona; Campbell, Sheldon Proceedings of 36th International Cosmic Ray Conference — PoS(ICRC2019) https://doi.org/10.22323/1.358.0570	conference	July 2019
On the radial distribution of Galactic cosmic rays Recchia, S.; Blasi, P.; Morlino, G. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1604.07682	text	January 2016
CALET Upper Limits on X-ray and Gamma-ray Counterparts of GW 151226 Adriani, O.; Akaike, Y.; Asano, K. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1607.00233	text	January 2016
Multiwavelength monitoring and X-ray brightening of Be X-ray binary PSR J2032+4127/MT91 213 on its approach to periastron Ho, Wynn C. G.; Ng, C. -Y.; Lyne, Andrew G. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1609.06328	text	January 2016
H.E.S.S. observations of RX J1713.7-3946 with improved angular and spectral resolution; evidence for gamma-ray emission extending beyond the X-ray emitting shell Collaboration, H. E. S. S.; Abdalla, H.; Abdalla, H. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1609.08671	text	January 2016
Systematic Study of Gamma-ray bright Blazars with Optical Polarization and Gamma-ray Variability Itoh, Ryosuke; Nalewajko, Krzysztof; Fukazawa, Yasushi arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1610.04313	text	January 2016
Multiwavelength observations of a VHE gamma-ray flare from PKS 1510-089 in 2015 Collaboration, Magic; Ahnen, M. L.; Ansoldi, S. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1610.09416	text	January 2016
The Einstein@Home Gamma-ray Pulsar Survey. I. Search Methods, Sensitivity and Discovery of New Young Gamma-ray Pulsars Clark, C. J.; Wu, J.; Pletsch, H. J. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1611.01015	text	January 2016
Galactic Bulge Preferred Over Dark Matter for the Galactic Center Gamma-Ray Excess Macias, Oscar; Gordon, Chris; Crocker, Roland M. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1611.06644	text	January 2016
Multiband variability studies and novel broadband SED modeling of Mrk 501 in 2009 Ahnen, M. L.; Ansoldi, S.; Antonelli, L. A. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1612.09472	text	January 2016
Light curve and SED modeling of the gamma-ray binary 1FGL J1018.6$-$5856: constraints on the orbital geometry and relativistic flow An, Hongjun; Romani, Roger W. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1703.04214	text	January 2017
High-energy gamma-ray activity from V404 Cygni detected by AGILE during the 2015 June outburst Piano, G.; Munar-Adrover, P.; Verrecchia, F. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1703.10085	text	January 2017
A multi-messenger study of the total galactic high-energy neutrino emission Pagliaroli, G.; Villante, F. L. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1710.01040	text	January 2017
General Physical Properties of CGRaBS Blazars Paliya, Vaidehi S.; Marcotulli, L.; Ajello, M. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1711.01292	text	January 2017
The Einstein@Home Gamma-Ray Pulsar Survey II. Source Selection, Spectral Analysis and Multi-wavelength Follow-up Wu, J.; Clark, C. J.; Pletsch, H. J. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1712.05395	text	January 2017
Imprints of Cosmic Rays in Multifrequency Observations of the Interstellar Emission Orlando, E. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1712.07127	text	January 2017
FBQS J1644+2619: multiwavelength properties and its place in the class of gamma-ray emitting Narrow Line Seyfert 1s Larsson, J.; D'Ammando, F.; Falocco, S. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1801.08750	text	January 2018
SED constraints on the highest-$z$ blazar jet: QSO J0906+6930 An, Hongjun; Romani, Roger W. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1803.01510	text	January 2018
Einstein@Home discovers a radio-quiet gamma-ray millisecond pulsar Clark, C. J.; Pletsch, H. J.; Wu, J. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1803.06855	text	January 2018
Observing and modeling the gamma-ray emission from pulsar/pulsar wind nebula complex PSR J0205+6449/3C 58 Li, Jian; Torres, Diego F.; Lin, Ting Ting arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1803.10863	text	January 2018
A Luminous and Highly-variable Gamma-ray Flare Following the 2017 Periastron of PSR B1259-63/LS 2883 Johnson, T. J.; Wood, K. S.; Kerr, M. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1805.03537	text	January 2018
Gamma-ray flaring activity of NGC 1275 in 2016-2017 measured by MAGIC Collaboration, Magic; Ansoldi, S.; Antonelli, L. A. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1806.01559	text	January 2018
The first catalog of Fermi-LAT sources below 100 MeV Principe, Giacomo; Malyshev, Dmitry; Ballet, Jean arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1806.10865	text	January 2018
Disentangling multiple high-energy emission components in the Vela X pulsar wind nebula with the Fermi Large Area Telescope Tibaldo, L.; Zanin, R.; Faggioli, G. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1806.11499	text	January 2018
On the progressive hardening of the cosmic-ray proton spectrum in the inner Galaxy Pothast, Mart; Gaggero, Daniele; Storm, Emma arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1807.04554	text	January 2018
Evidence for Cosmic-Ray Escape in the Small Magellanic Cloud using Fermi Gamma-rays Lopez, Laura A.; Auchettl, Katie; Linden, Tim arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1807.06595	text	January 2018
Exploring the bulk of the BL Lac object population. II. Gamma-ray properties D'Ammando, F.; Giroletti, M.; Rainò, S. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1809.01173	text	January 2018
The extended flare in CTA 102 in 2016 and 2017 within a hadronic model through cloud ablation by the relativistic jet Zacharias, Michael; Böttcher, Markus; Jankowsky, Felix arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1811.12299	text	January 2018
A Global Analysis of Dark Matter Signals from 27 Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxies using 11 Years of Fermi-LAT Observations Hoof, Sebastian; Geringer-Sameth, Alex; Trotta, Roberto arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1812.06986	text	January 2018
XMM-Newton and Chandra observations of the unidentified Fermi-LAT source 3FGL J1016.5-6034: A Young Pulsar with a Nebula? Hare, Jeremy; Volkov, Igor; Kargaltsev, Oleg arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1903.07651	text	January 2019
Hard and bright gamma-ray emission at the base of the Fermi bubbles Herold, Laura; Malyshev, Dmitry arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1904.01454	text	January 2019
Is the SNR HESS J1731-347 colliding with molecular clouds? Cui, Yudong; Yang, Ruizhi; He, Xinbo arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1904.01761	text	January 2019
Ejection of Double knots from the radio core of PKS 1510--089 during the strong gamma-ray flares in 2015 Park, Jongho; Lee, Sang-Sung; Kim, Jae-Young arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1904.11118	text	January 2019
Probing the pulsar population of Terzan 5 via spectral modeling Ndiyavala, Hambeleleni; Venter, Christo; Johnson, Tyrel J. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1905.10229	text	January 2019
The GMRT High Resolution Southern Sky Survey for pulsars and transients -II. New discoveries, timing and polarization properties Bhattacharyya, B.; Roy, J.; Stappers, B. W. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1906.09574	text	January 2019
{\it Fermi}-LAT Stacking Analysis Technique: An Application to Extreme Blazars and Prospects for their CTA Detection Paliya, Vaidehi S.; Dominguez, Alberto; Ajello, Marco arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1908.02496	text	January 2019
Identifying TeV Source Candidates among Fermi-LAT Unclassified Blazars Chiaro, G.; Meyer, M.; Di Mauro, M. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1909.10834	text	January 2019
Investigating the multiwavelength behaviour of the flat spectrum radio quasar CTA 102 during 2013-2017 D'Ammando, F.; Raiteri, C. M.; Villata, M. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1910.03609	text	January 2019
A very-high-energy component deep in the Gamma-ray Burst afterglow Arakawa, H. Abdalla R. Adam F. Aharonian F. Ait Benkhali E. O. Anguener M.; Arcaro, C.; Armand, C. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1911.08961	text	January 2019