Single-trial classification of evoked responses to auditory tones using OPM- and SQUID-MEG

Iivanainen, Joonas; Carter, Tony R.; Trumbo, Michael C. S.; McKay, Jim; Taulu, Samu; Wang, Jun; Stephen, Julia M.; Schwindt, Peter D. D.; Borna, Amir

doi:10.1088/1741-2552/acfcd9

Title: Single-trial classification of evoked responses to auditory tones using OPM- and SQUID-MEG

Journal Article · Fri Oct 06 00:00:00 EDT 2023 · Journal of Neural Engineering

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-2552/acfcd9· OSTI ID:2007979

; Carter, Tony R.; Trumbo, Michael C. S.; McKay, Jim; Taulu, Samu;

; Stephen, Julia M.; Schwindt, Peter D. D.; Borna, Amir

Abstract Objective. Optically pumped magnetometers (OPMs) are emerging as a near-room-temperature alternative to superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs) for magnetoencephalography (MEG). In contrast to SQUIDs, OPMs can be placed in a close proximity to subject’s scalp potentially increasing the signal-to-noise ratio and spatial resolution of MEG. However, experimental demonstrations of these suggested benefits are still scarce. Here, to compare a 24-channel OPM-MEG system to a commercial whole-head SQUID system in a data-driven way, we quantified their performance in classifying single-trial evoked responses. Approach. We measured evoked responses to three auditory tones in six participants using both OPM- and SQUID-MEG systems. We performed pairwise temporal classification of the single-trial responses with linear discriminant analysis as well as multiclass classification with both EEGNet convolutional neural network and xDAWN decoding. Main results. OPMs provided higher classification accuracies than SQUIDs having a similar coverage of the left hemisphere of the participant. However, the SQUID sensors covering the whole helmet had classification scores larger than those of OPMs for two of the tone pairs, demonstrating the benefits of a whole-head measurement. Significance. The results demonstrate that the current OPM-MEG system provides high-quality data about the brain with room for improvement for high bandwidth non-invasive brain–computer interfacing.

View Journal Article

Cite

Export

Save

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE

Grant/Contract Number:: U01EB028656; R01EB013302

OSTI ID:: 2007979

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 2005010

Journal Information:: Journal of Neural Engineering, Journal Name: Journal of Neural Engineering Vol. 20 Journal Issue: 5; ISSN 1741-2560

Publisher:: IOP PublishingCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United Kingdom

Language:: English

References (46)

Non-Invasive Functional-Brain-Imaging with an OPM-based Magnetoencephalography System Borna, Amir; Carter, Tony R.; Colombo, Anthony P. PLOS ONE, Vol. 15, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0227684	journal	January 2020
On the interpretation of weight vectors of linear models in multivariate neuroimaging Haufe, Stefan; Meinecke, Frank; Görgen, Kai NeuroImage, Vol. 87 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.10.067	journal	February 2014
Four-channel optically pumped atomic magnetometer for magnetoencephalography Colombo, Anthony P.; Carter, Tony R.; Borna, Amir Optics Express, Vol. 24, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.24.015403	journal	January 2016
Rhythmic pulsing: linking ongoing brain activity with evoked responses Mazaheri, Ali Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, Vol. 4 https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2010.00177	journal	January 2010
Microfabricated optically-pumped magnetometers for imaging applications Knappe, Svenja A.; Hughes, Jeramy; Alem, Orang Quantum Sensing, Imaging, and Precision Metrology https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2657353	conference	March 2023
Optical magnetometry Budker, Dmitry; Romalis, Michael Nature Physics, Vol. 3, Issue 4, p. 227-234 https://doi.org/10.1038/nphys566	journal	April 2007
MNE software for processing MEG and EEG data Gramfort, Alexandre; Luessi, Martin; Larson, Eric NeuroImage, Vol. 86 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.10.027	journal	February 2014
Transforming and comparing data between standard SQUID and OPM-MEG systems Marhl, Urban; Jodko-Władzińska, Anna; Brühl, Rüdiger PLOS ONE, Vol. 17, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0262669	journal	January 2022
Kernel Flux: a whole-head 432-magnetometer optically-pumped magnetoencephalography (OP-MEG) system for brain activity imaging during natural human experiences Pratt, Ethan J.; Ledbetter, Micah; Jiménez-Martínez, Ricardo Optical and Quantum Sensing and Precision Metrology https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2581794	conference	March 2021
The development of auditory evoked dipole source activity from childhood to adulthood Albrecht, R.; Suchodoletz, W. v.; Uwer, R. Clinical Neurophysiology, Vol. 111, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1388-2457(00)00464-8	journal	December 2000
A minimum assumption approach to MEG sensor array design Zhdanov, Andrey; Nurminen, Jussi; Iivanainen, Joonas Physics in Medicine & Biology, Vol. 68, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6560/ace306	journal	August 2023
Magnetoencephalography—theory, instrumentation, and applications to noninvasive studies of the working human brain Hämäläinen, Matti; Hari, Riitta; Ilmoniemi, Risto J. Reviews of Modern Physics, Vol. 65, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.65.413	journal	April 1993
Pragmatic spatial sampling for wearable MEG arrays Tierney, Tim M.; Mellor, Stephanie; O’Neill, George C. Scientific Reports, Vol. 10, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-77589-8	journal	December 2020
Optimising the sensing volume of OPM sensors for MEG source reconstruction Bezsudnova, Yulia; Koponen, Lari M.; Barontini, Giovanni NeuroImage, Vol. 264 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119747	journal	December 2022
Multi-channel whole-head OPM-MEG: Helmet design and a comparison with a conventional system Hill, Ryan M.; Boto, Elena; Rea, Molly NeuroImage, Vol. 219 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116995	journal	October 2020
Triaxial detection of the neuromagnetic field using optically-pumped magnetometry: feasibility and application in children Boto, Elena; Shah, Vishal; Hill, Ryan M. NeuroImage, Vol. 252 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119027	journal	May 2022
On-scalp magnetocorticography with optically pumped magnetometers: Simulated performance in resolving simultaneous sources Nugent, Allison C.; Benitez Andonegui, Amaia; Holroyd, Tom Neuroimage: Reports, Vol. 2, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ynirp.2022.100093	journal	June 2022
A compact, high performance atomic magnetometer for biomedical applications Shah, Vishal K.; Wakai, Ronald T. Physics in Medicine and Biology, Vol. 58, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/58/22/8153	journal	November 2013
Cross-Axis projection error in optically pumped magnetometers and its implication for magnetoencephalography systems Borna, Amir; Iivanainen, Joonas; Carter, Tony R. NeuroImage, Vol. 247 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118818	journal	February 2022
Cognitive neuroscience using wearable magnetometer arrays: Non-invasive assessment of language function Tierney, Tim M.; Holmes, Niall; Meyer, Sofie S. NeuroImage, Vol. 181 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.07.035	journal	November 2018
Detection of the 40 Hz auditory steady-state response with optically pumped magnetometers An, Kyung-min; Shim, Jeong Hyun; Kwon, Hyukchan Scientific Reports, Vol. 12, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-21870-5	journal	October 2022
A tool for functional brain imaging with lifespan compliance Hill, Ryan M.; Boto, Elena; Holmes, Niall Nature Communications, Vol. 10, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-12486-x	journal	November 2019
Multiclass Brain–Computer Interface Classification by Riemannian Geometry Barachant, A.; Bonnet, S.; Congedo, M. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, Vol. 59, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1109/TBME.2011.2172210	journal	April 2012
Spatiotemporal signal space separation method for rejecting nearby interference in MEG measurements Taulu, S.; Simola, J. Physics in Medicine and Biology, Vol. 51, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/51/7/008	journal	March 2006
Measuring MEG closer to the brain: Performance of on-scalp sensor arrays Iivanainen, Joonas; Stenroos, Matti; Parkkonen, Lauri NeuroImage, Vol. 147 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.12.048	journal	February 2017
Evolution of MEG: A first MEG‐feasible fluxgate magnetometer Koshev, Nikolay; Butorina, Anna; Skidchenko, Ekaterina Human Brain Mapping, Vol. 42, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.25582	journal	July 2021
A 20-channel magnetoencephalography system based on optically pumped magnetometers Borna, Amir; Carter, Tony R.; Goldberg, Josh D. Physics in Medicine & Biology, Vol. 62, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6560/aa93d1	journal	November 2017
Comparison Between Conventional SQUID Based and Novel OPM Based Measuring Systems in MEG Marhl, Urban; Jodko-Wladzinska, Anna; Brühl, Rüdiger 8th European Medical and Biological Engineering Conference https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64610-3_30	book	November 2020
Optimal design of on‐scalp electromagnetic sensor arrays for brain source localisation Beltrachini, Leandro; von Ellenrieder, Nicolas; Eichardt, Roland Human Brain Mapping, Vol. 42, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.25586	journal	July 2021
Non-invasive measurements of ictal and interictal epileptiform activity using optically pumped magnetometers Hillebrand, Arjan; Holmes, Niall; Sijsma, Ndedi Scientific Reports, Vol. 13, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-31111-y	journal	March 2023
Potential of on‐scalp MEG: Robust detection of human visual gamma‐band responses Iivanainen, Joonas; Zetter, Rasmus; Parkkonen, Lauri Human Brain Mapping, Vol. 41, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.24795	journal	October 2019
An integrated full-head OPM-MEG system based on 128 zero-field sensors Alem, Orang; Hughes, K. Jeramy; Buard, Isabelle Frontiers in Neuroscience, Vol. 17 https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2023.1190310	journal	June 2023
On the Potential of a New Generation of Magnetometers for MEG: A Beamformer Simulation Study Boto, Elena; Bowtell, Richard; Krüger, Peter PLOS ONE, Vol. 11, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0157655	journal	August 2016
Independent component analysis: algorithms and applications Hyvärinen, A.; Oja, E. Neural Networks, Vol. 13, Issue 4-5 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0893-6080(00)00026-5	journal	June 2000
Imaging somatosensory cortex responses measured by OPM-MEG: Variational free energy-based spatial smoothing estimation approach An, Nan; Cao, Fuzhi; Li, Wen iScience, Vol. 25, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2022.103752	journal	February 2022
Theoretical advantages of a triaxial optically pumped magnetometer magnetoencephalography system Brookes, Matthew J.; Boto, Elena; Rea, Molly NeuroImage, Vol. 236 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118025	journal	August 2021
On-scalp MEG SQUIDs are sensitive to early somatosensory activity unseen by conventional MEG Andersen, Lau M.; Pfeiffer, Christoph; Ruffieux, Silvia NeuroImage, Vol. 221 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117157	journal	November 2020
A New Generation of OPM for High Dynamic and Large Bandwidth MEG: The 4He OPMs—First Applications in Healthy Volunteers Gutteling, Tjerk; Bonnefond, Mathilde; Clausner, Tommy Sensors, Vol. 23, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.3390/s23052801	journal	March 2023
xDAWN Algorithm to Enhance Evoked Potentials: Application to Brain–Computer Interface Rivet, B.; Souloumiac, A.; Attina, V. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, Vol. 56, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1109/TBME.2009.2012869	journal	August 2009
Controlling the False Discovery Rate: A Practical and Powerful Approach to Multiple Testing Benjamini, Yoav; Hochberg, Yosef Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Methodological), Vol. 57, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x	journal	January 1995
EEGNet: a compact convolutional neural network for EEG-based brain–computer interfaces Lawhern, Vernon J.; Solon, Amelia J.; Waytowich, Nicholas R. Journal of Neural Engineering, Vol. 15, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-2552/aace8c	journal	July 2018
Moving magnetoencephalography towards real-world applications with a wearable system Boto, Elena; Holmes, Niall; Leggett, James Nature, Vol. 555, Issue 7698 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature26147	journal	March 2018
Centrality of Social Interaction in Human Brain Function Hari, Riitta; Henriksson, Linda; Malinen, Sanna Neuron, Vol. 88, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2015.09.022	journal	October 2015
Spatial sampling of MEG and EEG based on generalized spatial-frequency analysis and optimal design Iivanainen, Joonas; Mäkinen, Antti J.; Zetter, Rasmus NeuroImage, Vol. 245 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118747	journal	December 2021
Performance Analysis of Optically Pumped 4He Magnetometers vs. Conventional SQUIDs: From Adult to Infant Head Models Zahran, Saeed; Mahmoudzadeh, Mahdi; Wallois, Fabrice Sensors, Vol. 22, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.3390/s22083093	journal	April 2022
On-scalp MEG system utilizing an actively shielded array of optically-pumped magnetometers Iivanainen, Joonas; Zetter, Rasmus; Grön, Mikael NeuroImage, Vol. 194 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.03.022	journal	July 2019

Similar Records

Non-Invasive Functional-Brain-Imaging with an OPM-based Magnetoencephalography System

Journal Article · Fri Jan 24 00:00:00 EST 2020 · PLoS ONE · OSTI ID:2007979

Borna, Amir; Carter, Tony R.; Colombo, Anthony P.; +6 more

A 20-channel magnetoencephalography system based on optically pumped magnetometers

Journal Article · Mon Oct 16 00:00:00 EDT 2017 · Physics in Medicine and Biology · OSTI ID:2007979

Borna, Amir; Carter, Tony R.; Goldberg, Josh D.; +7 more

Localization precision of the superconducting imaging-surface MEG system

Conference · Mon Jan 01 00:00:00 EST 2001 · OSTI ID:2007979

Kraus, Jr, Robert H; Matlachov, A N; Espy, M A; +2 more

Title: Single-trial classification of evoked responses to auditory tones using OPM- and SQUID-MEG

Citation Formats

References (46)

Similar Records

Related Subjects